Shin Meiwa US-1A
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| PS-1 / US-1A | |
|---|---|
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| |
| A US-1 doing touch-and-gos at Marine Corps Air Station Iwakuni | |
| Role | Air-sea rescue amphibian |
| Manufacturer | Shin Meiwa |
| First flight | 5 October 1967 (PX-S) |
| Introduction | 1971 (PS-1) |
| Primary user | Japan Maritime Self Defense Force |
| Produced | PS-1: 23 US-1: 6 US-1A: 14 |
| Variants | ShinMaywa US-2 |
The Shin Meiwa PS-1 and US-1A (Japanese: 新明和 PS-1, US-1A) are large STOL aircraft designed for anti-submarine warfare (ASW) and air-sea rescue (SAR) work respectively by Japanese aircraft manufacturer Shin Meiwa. The PS-1 was a flying boat which carried its own beaching gear on board, while the US-1A is a true amphibian.
Design and development
In 1960, Shin Meiwa demonstrated a prototype flying boat, the UF-XS , that featured a novel boundary layer control system to provide enhanced STOL performance. The company built upon its wartime experience (as Kawanishi) to refine the Grumman HU-16 Albatross hull that the aircraft was based on. In 1966, the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) awarded the company a contract to further develop these ideas into an anti-submarine warfare (ASW) patrol aircraft. Two prototypes were built under the designation PS-X and flight tests began on October 5, 1967, leading to an order for production under the designation PS-1 in 1969.
Apart from the boundary layer control system (powered by an independent gas turbine carried in the fuselage), the aircraft had a number of other innovative features, including a system to suppress spray during water handling, and directing the propwash from the aircraft's four turboprop engines over its wings to create yet more lift. Between 1971 and 1978, the JMSDF ordered 21 of these aircraft, and operated them until 1989 when they were phased out and replaced by Lockheed P-3 Orions. The small production run resulted in an extremely high unit-cost for these aircraft, and the programme was politically controversial.
The PS-1 ASW variant carried homing torpedoes, depth charges and 127mm Zuni rockets as offensive armament but had no defensive weapons. It was equipped with dipping sonar, which had limited use as it required the aircraft to land on water to deploy. It could also carry up to 20 sonobuoys. It had a crew of ten: pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, navigator and six sensor/weapons operators.[1]
The PS-1 had not been in service long before the JMSDF requested the development of a search-and-rescue variant. The deletion of the PS-1's military equipment allowed for greater fuel capacity, workable landing gear, and rescue equipment. The new variant, the US-1A, could also quickly be converted for troop-carrying duties. First flown on October 15, 1974, it was accepted into service the following year, and eventually 19 aircraft were purchased. From the seventh aircraft on, an uprated version of the original engine was used, but all aircraft were eventually modified to this US-1A standard. The US-1A's first rescue was from a Greek vessel in 1976. Between that time and 1999, US-1As had been used in over 500 rescues, saving 550 lives.[2]
In 1976, one PS-1 was experimentally modified for aerial firefighting, with an internal capacity of 7,350 litres (1,940 US gal) of water.[3]
With the US-1A fleet beginning to show its age, the JMSDF attempted to obtain funding for a replacement in the 1990s, but could not obtain enough to develop an entirely new aircraft. Therefore, in 1995, ShinMaywa (as Shin Meiwa was by then renamed) began plans for an upgraded version of the US-1A, the US-1A kai (US-1A 改 - "improved US-1A"). This aircraft features numerous aerodynamic refinements, a pressurised hull, and more powerful Rolls-Royce AE 2100 engines. Flight tests began on December 18, 2003. The JMSDF purchased up to 14 of these aircraft, which entered service as the ShinMaywa US-2.
Concept aircraft not built
In 1977 Shin Meiwa had several ideas for its STOL flying boat concept on the drawing board but none were ever built. They were the Shin Meiwa LA (Light Amphibian), a 40-passenger light amphibian for inter-island feeder service; the 400-passenger Shin Meiwa MA (Medium Amphibian); the Shin Meiwa MS (Medium Seaplane) a 300-passenger long-range flying boat with its own beaching gear; and the gargantuan Shin Meiwa GS (Giant Seaplane) with a capacity of an astonishing 1200 passengers seated on three decks. Unlike the Shin Meiwa LA and MA which were like the US-1 in design, the Shin Meiwa MS and GS had their engines located in front of and above the wing to take advantage of the Coandă effect. In the end, none of the four designs got beyond the drawing boards.[4]
Operators
Specifications (US-1A)
Data from Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988-89[5]
General characteristics
- Crew: nine (pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, navigator, radio operator, radar operator, two observers)
- Capacity: 20 survivors or 12 stretchersplus 1× General Electric T58 gas turbine, 1,104 kW (1,360 shp) driving boundary layer control system
Performance
Armament
- 4 x 150 kilograms (330 lb) depth charges, 2 x homing torpedoes, 6 x 127mm Zuni rockets (PS-1 only)
Avionics
- Ocean search radar
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References
Notes
- ^ Bernard Fitzsimons (1978). The Illustrated encyclopedia of 20th century weapons and warfare. Vol. 20. Columbia House. p. 2149.
- ^ "Rescue Operations". ShinMaywa Industries, Ltd. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
- ^ Jane's All the World's Aircraft 2003-2004. Jane's Information Group. 2003. p. 313. ISBN 0-7106-2537-5.
- ^ Paul Wahl "1200 Passengers on three decks...a come back for flying boats" Popular Mechanics November 1977, pp. 84-85
- ^ Taylor 1988, pp.172-173.
- ^ Operating from land - Maximum takeoff weight from water 43,000 kg (94,800 lb)
Bibliography
- Taylor, John W.R. (editor). Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1988-89. Coulsdon, UK: Jane's Defence Data, 1988. ISBN 0-7106-0867-5.
External links
- ShinMaywa aircraft page
- Giant Amphibian - Japan has one godzilla of a seaplane - Air & Space/Smithsonian magazine
- The Shin Meiwa PS-1 / US-1 & Harbin SH-5 Flying Boats www.airvectors.net