Slavic vocabulary
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The following list is a comparison of basic Proto-Slavic vocabulary and the corresponding reflexes in the modern languages, for assistance in understanding the discussion in Proto-Slavic and History of the Slavic languages. The word list is based on the Swadesh word list, developed by the linguist Morris Swadesh, a tool to study the evolution of languages via comparison, containing a set of 207 basic words which can be found in every language and are rarely borrowed. However, the words given as the modern versions are not necessarily the normal words with the given meaning in the various modern languages, but the words directly descended from the corresponding Proto-Slavic word (the reflex). The list here is given both in the orthography of each language, with accent marks added as necessary to aid in pronunciation and Proto-Slavic reconstruction. See below for a capsule summary of how to pronounce each language, as well as some discussion of the conventions used.
Table
Translation | Late Proto-Slavic | class | Russian | Bulgarian | Czech | Polish | Serbo-Croatian | Slovenian | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cyrillic | Latin | Cyrillic | Latin | standard (Shtokavian) |
Chakavian | ||||||
I |
|
prn. | я | ja | аз | az | já | ja | jâ | jå̃ | jàz |
thou |
|
prn. | ты | ty | ти | ti | ty | ty | tî | tĩ | tî |
he |
|
prn. | он, она, оно | on, oná, onó | ((той)) | ((toj)) | on, ona, ono | ȍn/ôn, òna, òno | õn, onȁ, onȍ | òn, óna, onộ/ónọ | |
we |
|
prn. | мы | my | mi (dial.) | my | my | mî | mĩ | mî | |
ye |
|
prn. | вы | vy | (ви́е) | (víe) | vy | wy | vî | vĩ | vî |
they |
|
prn. | они́ | on'í | те | te | oni, ony, ona | oni, one | oni | oni | |
this, that |
|
prn. | то | tot, ta, to | (това́) | (tová) | ten, ta, to | tâj, tâ, tô | tȁ, tâ, tô/tȍ | tâ, tâ, tộ | |
there |
|
там | tam | там | tam | tam | tam | tam | |||
who |
|
prn. | кто | kto | ((кой)) | ((koi)) | kdo | kto | tkȍ; ki | kdọ́ | |
what |
|
prn. | что | čto /što/ | što | co | co | štȍ | (Vrg.) ča (<*čь) | kaj | |
where |
|
prn. | где | gd'e | къде | kəde | kde | gdzie | gdjȅ | kadȅ (Orb.) | kjẹ́ |
when |
|
adv./conj. | когда́ | kogdá | кога́ | kogá | (kdy); OCz. kehdy | kiedy | kàda | kǝdá(j); kdá(j); kadá; kadaj | |
how; what (kind of) | какъ | adv.; prn. | как | kak; kakój | как | kak | (jak) (OCz. kaký) | (jak) (arch. kaki) | kàko, kakav | káko, kakšen | |
not |
|
adv. | не | n'e | не | ne | ne | nie | ne | nè | |
all |
|
prn. | весь, вся, всё | v'es', vs'a, vs'o | (вси́чки) | (vsíčki) | (všichni); OCz. veš, všě, vše | (wszyscy); OPl. wszy, wsza, wsze | sȁv, svȁ, svȅ | svȁs, svȁ, svȅ | vǝ̀s, vsà, vsè |
many |
|
adj. o | мно́гий | mnógij | мно́го | mnógo (adv.) | mnohý | mnogi | mnȍgī | mnǫ̂gi | |
some |
|
не́сколько | n'éskol'ko | ня́колко | njákolko | několik | kilka | nekoliko | nekoliko | ||
few |
|
ма́ло | málo | ма́лко | málko | málo | mało | malo | malo | ||
second |
|
adj. o (c) | друго́й | drugój | друг | drug | druhý | drugi | drûg | drȕgī | drûg |
other |
|
prn. (a) | ино́й | inój | --- | --- | jiný | inny | ȉn | ||
one |
|
num. o | оди́н, одна́ | od'ín, odná | еди́н | edín | jeden | jeden | jèdan, jȅdna | jedå̃n, jednȁ, jednȍ | eden, ena, eno |
two |
|
num. | два | dva, dve, dva | двa | dva | dva, dvě, dvě | dwa, dwie, dwa | dvâ, dvȉje, dvâ | dvå̂, dvî, dvå̂ | dvâ |
three |
|
num. | три | tr'i | три | tri | tři | trzy | trî | trî | triję̂, trî, trî |
four |
|
num. (a) | четы́ре | č'etýr'e | че́ти́ри | čétíri | čtyři | cztery | čètiri | četȉri | štirje, štiri, štiri |
five | pę̂tь | num. i (c) | пять | p'at' | пет | pet | pět | pięć | pêt | pêt | pę̂t |
big, great |
|
adj. o | вели́кий | v'el'ík'ij | вели́к | velík | velký | wielki | vȅlikī, vȅlikā, vȅlikō | vȅlik, velikȁ, velikȍ | vélik, velíka |
long |
|
adj. o (a) | до́лгий | dólg'ij | дъ́лъг | dǝ́lǝg | dlouhý | długi | dȕg | dȕg | dôļg, dółga |
wide |
|
широ́кий | širók'ij | широ́к | širók | široký | szeroki | širok | širok | ||
thick |
|
то́лстый | tólstyj | тлъст | tlǝst | tlustý | tłusty | debel, tolst | |||
heavy |
|
adj. o | тя́жкий | t'ážkij | те́жък | téžǝk | těžký | ciężki | téžak, téška | tȅžak, tēškȁ | téžǝk, téžka; težâk |
small |
|
adj. o (a) | ма́лый | mályj | (ма́лък); мал | (málǝk); mal | malý | mały | mȁo | må̃lī | mâli, majhen |
short |
|
adj. o (b) | коро́ткий | korótk'ij | кра́тък | krátǝk | krátký | krótki | krátak, krátka | krå̂tak, krå̄tkȁ, krå̂tko; krãtak, krãtka, krãtko |
krátǝk |
narrow |
|
adj. o | у́зкий | úzk'ij; úzok, uzká, úzko | ((те́сен)) | ((tésen)) | úzký | wąski | ȕzak, ȕska/uskȁ | ȕsak, uskȁ, ȕsko | ǫ́zǝk, ǫ́zka |
thin |
|
adj. o (c) | то́нкий | tónk'ij; tónok, tanká, tónko | тъ́нък | tǝ́nǝk | tenký | cienki | tȁnak, tànka/tánka | tȁnak, tankȁ, tânko | tǝnǝ́k, tǝnkà |
husband |
|
m. jo (c) | муж | muž | мъж | mǝž | muž | mąż | mûž (mûža) | mǫ̂ž (možâ) | |
woman/wife |
|
f. ā (b) | жена́ | ž'ená /žená/ | жена́ | žená | žena | żona | žèna (acc. žènu) | ženȁ (acc. ženȕ) | žéna |
man (human) |
|
m. o | челове́к | č'elov'ék | чове́к | čelovék; čovék | člověk | człowiek | čòvjek (čòvjeka); čȍvjek (čovjèka) | čovȉk (čokȉka) | člóvẹk (človẹ́ka) |
child |
|
дитя́ | d'it'á | дете́ | deté | dítě | dziecko, dziecię | dijete | otrok, dete | ||
mother | *mati | мать | mat' | ма́йка | májka | matka | matka | majka, mater | mati | ||
father | *otьcь | оте́ц | ot'éc | баща́, та́тко | baštá, tátko | otec | ojciec | otac | oče | ||
wild animal |
|
m. i (c) | зверь | zv'er' | zvjar | zvěř | zwierz, zwierzę | zvȉjer f. (i) | zvîr (zvîri) f. (i) | zvę̂r (zverî) | |
fish | *ryba | ры́ба | rýba | ри́ба | ríba | ryba | ryba | riba | riba | ||
bird |
|
пти́ца | pt'íca | пти́ца | ptíca | pták | ptak | ptica | ptica | ||
dog |
|
соба́ка, пёс | sobáka, p'os | пес, ку́че | pes, kúče | pes | pies | pas | pes | ||
louse |
|
f. i (c) | вошь | voš' /voš/ (vš'i) | въ́шка | vǝ́ška | veš | wesz | vâš (vȁši); ûš (ȕši) | ùš (ušî); ûš | |
snake |
|
f. iā | змея́ | zm'ejá | змия́ | zmijá | zmije[1] | żmija[2] | zmìja | zmijȁ | kača |
worm |
|
червь | č'erv' | че́рвей | čérvej | červ | czerw, robak | crv | črv | ||
tree |
|
де́рево | d'ér'evo | дърво́ | dǝrvó | strom | drzewo | drvo | drevo | ||
forest |
|
лес | l'es | гора́ | gorá | les | las | šuma, dubrava | gozd, les, šuma, hosta, meja | ||
stick |
|
па́лка | pálka | пръ́чка | prǝ́čka | hůl | laska / pałka / kij | štap, palica | palica | ||
fruit |
|
плод | plod | плод | plod | ovoce (plod) | owoc (płód) | voće, plod | sadež, plod | ||
seed |
|
се́мя | s'ém'a | се́ме | séme | semeno | nasiono/nasienie, ziarno, siemię | sjeme | seme | ||
leaf |
|
лист | l'ist | листо́ | listó | list | liść | list | list | ||
root |
|
ко́рень | kór'en' | ко́рен | kóren | kořen | korzeń | korijen | koren, korenina | ||
bark (of a tree) |
|
кора́ | korá | кора́ | korá | kůra | kora | kora | skorja | ||
flower |
|
цвето́к | cv'etók | цве́те | cvéte | květ | kwiat | cvijet | cvet, cvetlica | ||
grass |
|
трава́ | travá | трева́ | trevá | tráva | trawa | trava | trava | ||
rope |
|
верёвка | v'er'óvka | въже́ | vǝžé | provaz | sznur, lina, powróz | konop, špaga, uže | vrv, konop | ||
skin |
|
ко́жа | kóža | ко́жа | kóža | kůže | kożuch[3] | koža | koža | ||
meat |
|
мя́со | m'áso | ме́со | méso | maso | mięso | meso | meso | ||
blood | *kry | кровь | krov' | кръв | krǝv | krev | krew | krv | kri | ||
bone |
|
кость | kost' | кост, ко́кал | kost, kókal | kost | kość | kost | kost | ||
fat (noun) |
|
са́ло | sálo | слани́на | slanína | tuk | tłuszcz, sadło | masnoča, masti, salo | mast, tolšča, maščoba, salo | ||
egg |
|
n. jo (c); n. jo | яйцо́ | jajcó | яйце́ | jajcé | vejce | jajo; jajko | jáje; jájce | jå̂je | jájce |
horn | *rôgъ m. o (c) | рог | rog | рог | rog | roh | róg (rogu) | rôg (rȍga) | rộg (rộga/rogâ) | ||
feather |
|
n. o (b) | перо́ | p'eró | перо́ | peró | péro | pióro | pèro | perȍ | pérọ (pérạ); perộ (perę̂sa) |
hair | *vôlsъ | m. o (c) | во́лос | vólos (vólosa) | --- | --- | vlas | włos | vlâs (vlâsa) | vlå̂s (vlå̂sa) | lâs (lâsa/lasû) |
hair, braided hair | *kosà | f. ā (c) | kosá (kósu)[4] | коса́ | kosá | OCz. kosa | OPl. kosa[5] | kòsa (acc. kȍsu) | (Novi) kosȁ (acc. kosȕ/kȍsu) | lasje | |
head | *golvà | f. ā (c) | голова́ | golová (acc. gólovu) | глава́ | glavá | hlava | głowa | gláva (acc. glâvu) | glå̄vȁ (acc. glå̂vu) | gláva |
ear |
|
n. o (c) | у́хо | úxo, pl. úš'i /úšy/ | ухо́ | uxó, pl. uší | ucho | ucho | ȕho/ȕvo, pl. f. ȕši | ȕho (ȕha), pl. m. ȕši | uhộ (ušę́sa) |
eye | *ȍko | n. o (c) | глаз, о́ко | óko (poet.) | око́ | okó | oko | oko | ȍko | okộ (očę̂sa) | |
nose |
|
m. o (c) | нос | nos | нос | nos | nos | nos | nôs (nȍsa) | nộs (nộsa/nọsâ/nọsû) | |
mouth |
|
pl. n. o (b) | уста́ | ustá (poet.) | уста́ | ustá | ústa | usta | ústa | ũstå̄; ũsta | ústa |
tooth |
|
m. o (c) | зуб | zub | зъб | zǝb | zub | ząb | zûb (zûba) | zǫ̂b (zǫ̂ba, zobû) | |
tongue/language |
|
m. o (a) | язы́к | jazýk | ези́к | ezík | jazyk | język | jèzik | jazȉk | jézik (jezíka) |
nail (of finger/toe), claw |
|
m. i/io (c) | но́готь | nógot' (nógt'a) | но́кът | nókǝt | nehet | paznokieć (OPl. paznogiedź), pazur | nȍkat (nȍkta); nogat (nokta) | nȍhat (nȍhta) | nộhǝt (nộhta); nǫ̂hǝt/nǫ̂gǝt (nǫ̂hta); nohǝ̀t (nohtà) |
foot, leg |
|
f. ā (c) | нога́ | nogá (nógu) | nogá | noha | noga | nòga (nȍgu) | nogȁ (nȍgu) | nóga | |
knee |
|
n. o (a) | коле́но | kol'éno | коля́но | kol'áno | koleno | kolano | kòljeno | kolȉno | kolẹ́nọ |
hand | *rǭkà | f. ā (c) | рука́ | ruká | ръка́ | rǝká | ruka | ręka | rúka (rûku) | rūkȁ (rûku) | róka |
wing |
|
n. o (b) | крыло́ | kryló | крило́ | kriló | křídlo | skrzydło | krílo | (Orb.) krīlȍ | krílọ |
belly |
|
m./n. o (c) | брю́хо | br'úxo | --- | --- | břicho | brzuch | trbuh | --- | trebuh |
guts |
|
вну́тренности, кишки́ | vnútr'ennost'i, k'išk'í | въ́трешности, черва́ | vǝ́trešnosti, červá | vnitřnosti, střeva | wnętrzności (ścierwo[6]) | crijevo | črevo, drobovje | ||
neck |
|
ше́я | š'éja /šéja/ | ши́я | šíja | krk | szyja, kark | vrat | vrat | ||
shoulder |
|
n. jo (b) | плечó | plečó | pléšti/pleští pl. | plec | plecy pl.[7] | pléće, rame | (Novi) plećȅ | pléče, rame | |
breast |
|
f. i (c) | грудь | grud' | гръд | grǝd | prsa, hruď | pierś; OPl. grędzi (pl.) | grûd, prsa | prsi, grod | |
heart |
|
n. jo (c) | се́рдце | s'érdc'e /s'érce/ | сърце́ | sǝrcé | srdce | serce (OPl. serdce) | sȑce (sȑca) | srcę̂ | |
liver |
|
n. o (b) | játro/jatró[8] | jatró | játra (pl.) | (wątroba) | jȅtra (pl.) | (Orb.) jiẽtra (pl.) | ję́tra (pl.) | ||
to drink |
|
v. | пить | p'it' | пи́я | píja | píti | pić | pȉti (pȉjēm) | pȉti (pījȅš) | píti (píjem) |
to eat |
|
v. | есть | jest' | ям | jam | jísti | jeść | jȅsti (jȅdem) | ȉsti/ĩsti (3sg. idẽ) | jẹ́sti (jẹ́m) |
to gnaw |
|
v. (c) | грызть | gryzt' | --- | --- | hryzat | gryźć | grȉsti (grízēm) | grȉsti (2sg. grīzȅš) | grísti (grízem) |
to suck |
|
v. | соса́ть | sosát' (sosú, sos'ót) | (су́ча) | (súča) | sát (saji) | ssać (ssę) | sisati | sǝsáti (sǝsâm) | |
to spit |
|
v. (a) | плева́ть | pl'evát' (pljujú, plujót) | плю́я | pljúja; pljúvam | plivat (plivu) | pluć (pluję) | pljùvati (pljȕjēm) | pljúvati (pljújem) | |
to vomit |
|
v. | блева́ть | bl'evát' (bljujú, bljujót) | bǝ́lvam | blít (bliju) | wymiotować, zwracać; OPl. bluć (bluj̨ę) | bljùvati (bljȕjēm), povračati | (Orb.) bljȕvat (3sg. bljûje/bljȕva) | bljǝváti/bljuváti/bljúti (bljúvam/bljújem) | |
to breathe |
|
v. | дышать | dyshat' (dial.) | ди́шам | díšam | dýchat (dýchám) | oddychać; dychać (colloq.), dyszeć[9] | dísati (dîšēm/dîhām) | dȉhati (2sg. dȉšeš) | díhati (dîham) |
to laugh |
|
v. (c) | смея́ться | sm'eját's'a (smejús', smejóts'a) | сме́я се | sméja se | smát se (směju se) | śmiać się (śmieję się) | smìjati se (sjìjēm se) | (Vrg.) smījȁti se (smijȅš se) | smẹ́jati/smẹjáti se (smẹ́jem/smẹ́jam/smẹjím se) |
to see |
|
v. (a) | ви́деть | v'íd'et' (1sg. v'ížu, 3sg. v'íd'it) | ви́ждам | vídja, víždam | vidět (vidím) | widzieć | vȉdjeti (vȉdīm) | vìti (2sg. vȉdīš) | vídẹti (vîdim) |
to hear |
|
слу́шать | slúšat' | слу́шам, чу́вам | slúšam, čúvam | slyšet (slyším) | słyszeć | slušati | slišati (slišim) | ||
to know, be familiar with |
|
v. (a) | знать | znat' (znáju) | зна́я; знам | znája; znam | znát (znám) | znać | znȁti (znâm) | znȁti (2sg. znå̂š) | znáti (znâm) |
to know, understand |
|
v. | ведать | v'édat'[10] | --- | --- | vědět (vím) | wiedzieć (wiem) | znati | vẹ́dẹti (vẹ́m) | |
to think |
|
мы́слить | mýsl'it' | ми́сля | míslja | myslet (myslím) | myśleć | misliti | misliti (mislim) | ||
to smell |
|
ню́хать, чу́ять | n'úkhat', čújat' | мири́ша, ду́ша | miríša, dúša | vonět (voním), čichat (čichám) | czuć | mirisati | vohati | ||
to fear |
|
боя́ться | boját's'a | страху́вам се | straxúvam se | bát se | bać się (boję się) | bojati se | bati se | ||
to sleep |
|
спать | spat' | спя | spja | spát | spać | spavati | spati | ||
to live |
|
v. (c) | жить | ž'it' /žyt'/ | живе́я | živéja | žít | żyć | žívjeti, 1sg. žívīm | žīvȉti, 2sg. žīvȅš | živeti |
to die |
|
умира́ть | um'irát' | уми́рам | umíram | umírat | umierać, mrzeć | umrjeti, umriti | umreti | ||
to kill |
|
убива́ть | ub'ivát' | уби́вам | ubívam | zabíjet | zabijać, ubijać | ubiti | ubiti | ||
to fight |
|
боро́ться | borót's'a | бо́ря се, би́я се | bórja se, bír se | bojovat | walczyć, bić się | boriti se, tući se | boriti se, biti se, bojevati se | ||
to hunt |
|
охо́титься | oxót'it's'a | лову́вам | lovúvam | lovit | polować,[11] łowić[12] | loviti | loviti | ||
to hit |
|
v. | ударя́ть | udar'át' | у́дрям | údrjam | udeřit | uderzać | ùdariti, 1sg. ùdarīm | udariti | |
to cut |
|
ре́зать, руби́ть | r'ézat', rub'ít' | ре́жа, сека́ | réža, seká | řezat | ciąć,[13] strzyc,[14] OPl. rzezać (arch.) | rezati | rezati | ||
to split | разделя́ть | razd'el'át' | разде́лям | razdéljam | rozdělit | podzielić,[15] rozdzielić[16] | podijeliti, razdijeliti | razdeliti | |||
to stab |
|
коло́ть | kolót' | буча́, прому́швам, пробо́ждам | bučá, promúšvam, probóždam | píchnout | pchnąć,[17] bóść[18] (coll. kolnąć) | ubosti, zabosti | zabosti, prebosti | ||
to scratch |
|
цара́пать | carápat' | че́ша, дра́скам | čéša, dráskam | škrábat | drapać,[19] skrobać,[20] czesać[21] | češati, grebati | praskati | ||
to dig |
|
копа́ть | kopát' | копа́я | kopája | kopat | kopać | kopati | kopati | ||
to swim, sail |
|
v.; v. (a) | плыть | plyt' (plyvú, plyv'ót) | плу́вам | plúvam | plout (pluju) | (pływać), pluć[22] | plȉti (plȉjēm) | plúti (plújem/plóvem) | |
to swim, sail |
|
v. (a) | пла́вать | plávat' | пла́вам | plávam | plavat | pływać, pławić się,[23] OPl. pławać | plivati | plávati (plâvam) | |
to fly |
|
лета́ть | l'etát' | летя́ | letjá | létat | latać, lecieć | letjeti | leteti | ||
to walk |
|
v. | ходи́ть | xod'ít' | хо́дя | xódja | chodit | chodzić | hòdati (hȍdīm) | hodȉti | hóditi (hǫ́dim) |
to go |
|
v. | идти́ | idt'í (idú, id'ót) | ída | jít (jdu) | iść (idę) | ìći (ȉdēm) | íti (ídem) | ||
to come | приходи́ть, прийти́ | pr'ixod'ít', pr'ijt'í | и́двам | ídvam | přicházet, přijít | przychodzić, przyjść | doći, prići | priti | |||
to lie (as in a bed) |
|
лежа́ть | l'ežát' | лежа́ | ležá | ležet | leżeć | ležati, lijegati | ležati | ||
to sit | *sěsti | сиде́ть | s'id'ét' | седя́ | sedjá | sedět | siedzieć | sjediti | sesti | ||
to stand |
|
стоя́ть | stoját' | стоя́ | stojá | stát | stać | stajati | vstati | ||
to turn |
|
v. (c) | верте́ть | v'ert'ét' (1sg. v'erčú, 3sg. v'ért'it) | въртя́ | vǝrtjá | vrtět | (obracać), wiercić | vŕtjeti (vŕtīm) | vrtȉti (2sg. vrtĩš) | vrtẹ́ti (vrtím) |
to turn, return |
|
v. (b) | воротить, вернуть | vorot'ít' (1sg. voročú, 3sg. vorót'it)[24] vernut' | --- | --- | vrátit | wrócić | vrátiti (1sg. vrâtīm) | vrå̄tȉti (2sg. vrå̃tīš) | vrniti |
to fall |
|
па́дать | pádat' | па́дам | pádam | padat | spadać/padać, paść/spaść | pasti | pasti | ||
to give |
|
дава́ть | davát' | да́вам | dávam | dávat | dawać, dać | dati | dati | ||
to hold |
|
держа́ть | d'eržát' | държа́ | dǝržá | držet | trzymać, dzierżyć | držati | držati | ||
to squeeze |
|
v. (b) | сжима́ть | sž'imát' /žžymát'/ | сти́скам, ма́чкам | stískam, máčkam | mačkat | ściskać | stiskati | stiskati | |
to rub |
|
тере́ть | t'er'ét' | три́я, тъ́ркам | tríja, tǝ́rkam | třít | trzeć | trljati | treti, drgniti | ||
to wash |
|
мыть | myt' | ми́я, пера́ | míja, perá | mýt | myć | oprati, umiti | umiti, oprati | ||
to wipe | вытира́ть | vyt'irát' | бъ́рша, три́я | bǝ́rša, tríja | vytírat | wycierać | obrisati, brisati | brisati, otreti | |||
to pull |
|
тяну́ть | t'anút' | дъ́рпам, те́гля, вла́ча | dǝ́rpam, téglja, vláča | táhnout | ciągnąć | potegnuti | vleči, potegniti | ||
to push | толка́ть, пиха́ть | tolkát', p'ixát' | нати́скам, бу́там | natískam, bútam | tlačit | pchać | gurnuti | potistniti, poriniti | |||
to throw |
|
броса́ть, кида́ть | brosát', k'idát' | хвъ́рлям | xvǝ́rljam | házet; OCz. vrci (1sg. vrhu) | rzucać | |veȑć, 2sg. veȑžeš | vreči | ||
to tie |
|
v. (b) | вяза́ть | v'azát' | връ́звам | vrǝ́zvam | vázat | wiązać | vézati, 1sg. véžēm | vēzȁti, 2sg. vēžeš | vezati |
to sew |
|
шить | š'it' /šyt'/ | ши́я | šíja | šít | szyć | šivati | sejati | ||
to read, count |
|
v. | чита́ть | č'itát' | --- | --- | číst (čtu) | czytać | čìtati (čìtām) | čȉtati (2sg. čȉtå̄š) | brati (berem), čítati (čítam) |
to speak, talk |
|
v. | говори́ть | govor'ít' | govórja | mluvit, hovořit | OPl. goworzyć; gaworzyć[25] | govòriti (gòvorīm) | govȍrīti (2sg. govȍrīš) | govoríti (govorím) | |
to show |
|
v. | каза́ть | kazát' | káža | ukázat | kazać | kázati (kâžēm) | kå̄zȁti (2sg. kå̃žeš) | kázati (kážem) | |
to sing |
|
v. (c) | петь | p'et' (pojú, pojót) | пе́я | péja (2sg. péeš) | zpívat (zpívám) | piać (pieję) | pjevati | pẹ́ti (pójem); pójati (pójam/pójem) | |
to play |
|
игра́ть | igrát' | игра́я | igrája | hrát | grać | igrati | igrati | ||
to flow |
|
течь | t'eč' | тека́ | teká | téct | ciec, cieknąć | teči | teči | ||
to freeze |
|
замерзáть | zam'erzát' | замръ́звам | zamrǝ́zvam | zamrznout | marznąć | zamrznuti | zamrzniti | ||
to swell |
|
пу́хнуть | púxnut' | подпу́хвам, оти́чам, поду́вам се | podpúxvam, otíčam, podúvam se | opuchnout, otéct | puchnąć | oteknuti, oteći | oteči | ||
sun |
|
со́лнце | sólnc'e /sónce/ | слъ́нце | slǝ́nce | slunce | słońce | sunce | sonce | ||
moon |
|
луна́, ме́сяц | luná, m'és'ac | луна́ | luná | měsíc | księżyc, OPl. miesiąc | mjesec | mesec | ||
star |
|
звезда́ | zv'ezdá | звезда́ | zvezdá | hvězda | gwiazda | zvijezda | zvezda | ||
water |
|
f. ā (c) | вода́ | vodá (acc. vódu) | вода́ | vodá | voda | woda | vòda (acc. vȍdu) | vodȁ (acc. vȍdu) | vóda |
rain |
|
дождь | dožd' /došš', došt'/ | дъжд | dǝžd | déšť | deszcz, OPl. deżdż (gen. deszczu/dżdżu) | kiša | dež | ||
river |
|
река́ | r'eká | река́ | reká | řeka | rzeka | rijeka | reka | ||
lake |
|
о́зеро | óz'ero | е́зеро | ézero | jezero | jezioro | jezero | jezero | ||
sea |
|
мо́ре | mór'e | море́ | moré | moře | morze | more | morje | ||
salt |
|
соль | sol' | сол | sol | sůl | sól | sol | sol | ||
stone |
|
ка́мень | kám'en' | ка́мък | kámǝk | kámen | kamień (dim. kamyk) | kamen | kamen | ||
sand |
|
песо́к | p'esók | пя́сък | pjásǝk | písek | piasek | pijesak | pesek | ||
dust |
|
пыль | pyl' | прах | prax | prach | pył, kurz | prašina, prah | prah | ||
earth |
|
f. jā (b/c) | земля́ | z'eml'á (acc. z'éml'u) | земя́ | zemjá | země | ziemia | zèmlja (acc. zȅmlju) | zemļȁ (acc. zȅmļu) | zémlja |
cloud |
|
ту́ча, о́блако | túča, óblako | о́блак | óblak | oblak | chmura, obłok | oblak | oblak | ||
fog | мгла, туман | mgla, tuman | мъгла́ | mǝglá | mlha | mgła | magla | megla | |||
sky | *nebo | не́бо | n'ébo | небе́ | nebé | nebe | niebo | nebo | nebo | ||
wind |
|
m. o (a) | ве́тер | v'ét'er | вя́тър | vjátǝr | vítr | wiatr | vjȅtar (vjȅtra) | vȉtar (vȉtra) | vệtǝr |
snow |
|
снег | sn'eg | сняг | snjag | sníh | śnieg | snijeg | sneg | ||
ice |
|
лёд | l'od | лед | led | led | lód | led | led | ||
smoke |
|
дым | dym | дим, пу́шек | dim, púšek | dým | dym | dim | dim | ||
fire |
|
ого́нь | ogón' | о́гън | ógǝn | oheň | ogień (ognia) | vatra | ogenj | ||
ash |
|
пе́пел | p'ép'el | пе́пел | pépel | popel | popiół | pepeo | pepel | ||
to burn |
|
горе́ть, пыла́ть | gor'ét', pylát' | горя́, паля́ | gorjá, paljá | hořet | palić, arch. gorzeć | goriti | goreti | ||
way |
|
m. i (b) | путь | put' | път | pǝt | pout' (fem.)[26] | droga, OPl. pąć | pût (púta) | pũt (pũta) | pǫ́t |
mountain |
|
fem. ā (c) | гора́ | gorá | гора́ | gorá[27] | hora | góra | gòra (gȍru), planina | gorȁ (gȍru) | góra |
red |
|
adj. o | č'er'emnój/č'er'ómnyj (dial.)[28] | --- | --- | čermný/črmný (Kott) | (dial. czermny) | crveno | črmljen | ||
red |
|
adj. o | č'er'evl'onyj (obs.)[29] | черве́н | červén | červený | czerwony, czerwień | cr̀ven | rdeč | ||
green |
|
adj. o (b) | зелёный | z'el'ónyj | зеле́н | zelén | zelený | zielony, zieleń | zèlen, zelèna, zelèno | zelẽn, zelenȁ, zelenȍ | zelèn, zeléna |
yellow |
|
adj. o | жёлтый | ž'óltyj /žóltyj/ | жълт | žǝlt | žlutý | żółty, żółć, żółcień | žût, f. žúta | žût, f. žūtȁ, n. žûto | rumen, žôłt, žółta |
white |
|
бе́лый | b'élyj | бял | bjal | bílý | biały, biel | bijelo | bel | ||
black |
|
чёрный | č'órnyj | че́рен | čéren | černý | czarny, czerń | crno | črn | ||
night |
|
ночь | noč' | нощ | nošt | noc | noc | noć | noč | ||
day |
|
день | d'en' | ден | den | den | dzień | dan | dan | ||
year |
|
год | god | годи́на | godína | rok | rok | godina | leto | ||
warm |
|
тёплый | t'óplyj | то́пъл | tópǝl | teplý | ciepły | toplo | toplo | ||
cool, cold |
|
adj. o (c) | холо́дный | xolódnyj | хла́ден | xláden | chladný | chłodny | hládǝn | hlå̂dan | hládǝn |
full |
|
по́лный | pólnyj | пъ́лен | pǝ́len | plný | pełny, pełen | pun | poln | ||
new |
|
но́вый | nóvyj | нов | nov | nový | nowy | nov | nov | ||
old |
|
ста́рый | stáryj | стар | star | starý | stary | star | star | ||
good |
|
хоро́ший, добрый | xoróš'ij, dobryj | добъ́р | dobǝ́r | dobrý | dobry | dobar | dober | ||
bad |
|
adj. o | злой | zloj; zol, zla, zlo[30] | лош | loš | zlý | zły | zȁo, zlȁ, zlȍ | zǝ̀ł, zlà; zâl | |
rotten |
|
гнило́й | gn'ilój | гнил | gnil | shnilý | zgniły | pokvaren | gnil | ||
dirty | гря́зный | gr'áznyj | мръ́сен | mrǝ́sen | špinavý | brudny | prljav, zmazan | umazan | |||
straight |
|
прямо́й | pr'amój | прав | prav | přímý | prosty; prawy[31] | ravan | raven | ||
round |
|
кру́глый | krúglyj | кръ́гъл | krǝ́gǝl | kulatý / okrouhlý | krągły/okrągły | okruglo | okrogel | ||
sharp |
|
о́стрый | óstryj | о́стър | óstǝr | ostrý | ostry | oštro | oster | ||
dull |
|
тупо́й | tupój | тъп | tup | tupý | tępy | tup | top | ||
smooth |
|
гла́дкий, ро́вный | gládk'ij, róvnyj | гла́дък, ра́вен | gládǝk, ráven | hladký | gładki | gladak | gladek | ||
wet |
|
мо́крый | mókryj | мо́кър | mókǝr | mokrý | mokry | mokar | moker | ||
dry |
|
сухо́й | suxój | сух | sux | suchý | suchy | suh | suh | ||
correct | пра́вильный | práv'il'nyj | пра́вилен | právilen | správný | poprawny | pravilan | pravilen | |||
near |
|
бли́зкий | bl'ízk'ij | бли́зък | blízǝk | blízký | bliski | blizu | blizu, blizek | ||
far |
|
далёкий | dal'ók'ij | дале́чен | daléčen | daleký | daleki | daleko | deleč, daljni | ||
right |
|
пра́вый | právyj | де́сен | désen | pravý | prawy | desno, pravo | desen | ||
left |
|
ле́вый | lévyj | ляв | ljav | levý | lewy | lijevo | levi | ||
at |
|
prep./pref. | при, у | pr'i, u | при, у, на | pri, u, na | při, u | przy, u | u; u- | pri | |
in(to) |
|
prep. | в | v; vn- | в | v | v; v(n)- | w(e); wn- | u; va- | v | |
with |
|
с | s | с(със) | s(sǝs) | s | z | s, sa | s, z | ||
and | (j)ь, *a | и, а | i, a | и, а | i, a | a, i | i, a | i | in | ||
if |
|
е́сли | jésl'i | ако́ | akó | jestli | jeśli, jeżeli | ako, ukoliko | če, ako | ||
because |
|
потому́ что | potomú čto /što/ | защо́то | zaštóto | protože | bo, dlatego że, ponieważ | zato (što, jer), stoga | zato, zato ker | ||
name |
|
и́мя | ím'a | и́ме | íme | jméno | imię, arch. miano | ime | ime |
Conventions in the table
- Common Slavic accents follow Serbo-Croatian conventions: á (long rising), à (short rising), â (long falling), ȁ (short falling), ā (length in unstressed syllable). The Late Common Slavic neoacute is indicated as ã. This was pronounced as short rising in ь̃ ъ̃; long rising in ẽ õ in most languages, but short rising in Serbo-Croatian and Slovenian; and consistently long rising over other vowels.
- The accent pattern (a, b or c) of Common Slavic nouns, verbs and adjectives is indicated. These patterns are as follows: a = consistent root accent; b = predominant suffix accent; c = mobile accent.
- Nouns are given in the nominative singular; a form in parentheses is genitive singular except as indicated (acc. = accusative singular, pl. = nominative plural).
- Verbs are given in the infinitive (but the first singular present in Bulgarian, which has no infinitives). A form in parentheses is first singular present except as indicated (2sg. = second singular, 3sg. = third singular). A second form in parentheses is third singular present.
- When multiple forms of an adjective are given, the order is masculine, feminine, neuter.
- Chakavian forms are given in the Vrgada dialect except as indicated (Novi = Novi dialect, Orb. = Orbanići dialect).
Transcription of Russian and Bulgarian
Transcription of Bulgarian follows the standard conventions for academic transliteration of Cyrillic, with the exception that Cyrillic ъ is represented as ǝ instead of ă for ease of reading, particularly when combined with a stress mark (ǝ́ instead of ắ). This is a one-to-one transliteration that directly represents the spelling of Cyrillic. This transliteration also represents Bulgarian phonology quite well (unlike the situation in Russian).
Transcription of Russian is based on the same standard, but deviates from it in order to consistently represent palatalization (always written with a following apostrophe, e.g. l', n', t', v') and the phoneme /j/ (always written j), both of which are spelled in multiple ways in Cyrillic. The following indicates how to convert between the two:
Cyrillic letters | Letter class | Academic transliteration | This article's transcription |
---|---|---|---|
а э ы о у | Non-palatal vowels | a è y o u | a e y o u |
я е и ё ю | Palatal vowels | ja e i ë ju | If following a consonant, a e i o u with preceding apostrophe ('); if following another letter, ja je ji jo ju; if word-initial, ja je i jo ju. |
й ў | Semivowels | j ŭ | same |
ь | Soft sign | ' | same |
ъ | Hard sign | '' | not written |
щ | A consonant sign | šč | šš' |
The result is that this article's transcription is almost directly phonemic, making it significantly easier for readers not familiar with the complications of Cyrillic spelling. Note that the transcription used here continues the standard practice of representing the Cyrillic letters ы и as y i, although they are normally considered allophones of each other. This is because the pronunciation of the two letters is significantly different, and Russian ы normally continues Common Slavic *y [ɨ], which was a separate phoneme.
The letter щ is conventionally written št in Bulgarian, šč in Russian. This article writes šš' in Russian to reflect the modern pronunciation [ɕɕ].
Both transcriptions indicate stress with an acute accent (á é í ó ú ý ǝ́). Stress is indicated in Cyrillic in the same fashion, except with the letter ё, which is always stressed.
Pronunciation
Capsule summary of Russian pronunciation
The transcription used in this article is morphophonemic rather than strictly phonemic, i.e. it writes the underlying phonemes rather than the phonemes actually heard when pronounced. The difference occurs particularly in the representation of unstressed vowels, where multiple underlying phonemes merge. For example, underlying e and i merge into the same sound when unstressed, but the difference is revealed in related forms based on the same root: e.g. z'eml'á [zʲɪmˈlʲæ] "land" has accusative z'éml'u [ˈzʲemlʲʉ], but z'imá [zʲɪˈma] "winter" has accusative z'ímu [ˈzʲimu]. When the transcription (which is derived from the spelling) disagrees with the actual morphophonemic pronunciation, the latter is indicated specially, e.g. čto /što/; š'it' /šyt'/; ž'óltyj /žóltyj/; ž'ená /žená/ [ʐɨˈna]; sólnc'e /sónce/ [ˈsont͡sǝ]. This occurs mostly with the letters š, ž, c, which are normally written palatal but pronounced non-palatal; but it is also due to occasional assimilations. Note that the rules for unstressed vowels still need to be applied (see below).
- á, é, í etc. indicates stress.
- š [ʂ], ž [ʐ] and c [t͡s] are never palatal, while č [t͡ɕ] and šš [ɕɕ] are always palatal, regardless of spelling.
- y [ɨ]: allophone of i [i] after non-palatal consonants, but written differently by convention. Written i sounds as y after š, ž, c, regardless of whether indicated as palatal in the spelling: ž'it [ʐɨtʲ] "to live".
- Vowel mergers in unstressed syllables are extensive, but not written.
- After palatal, vowels a, o, e, i all merge as [ɪ]: t'až'ólyj [tʲɪˈʐolɨj] "heavy", v'el'ík'ij [vʲɪˈlʲikʲɪj] "big".
- After non-palatal, vowels a and o merge as [ɐ] directly before the stress and absolutely word-initially, [ǝ] elsewhere: molokó [mǝlɐˈko] "milk", sobáka [sɐˈbakǝ] "dog", č'elov'ék [t͡ɕɪlɐˈvʲek] "man (human)".
- After non-palatal, vowels e and i/y merge as [ɨ]: ž'ená [ʐɨˈna].
- Exception: Absolutely word-finally after a palatal, e, i merge as [ɪ] but a, o merge as [ǝ]: s'ém'a [ˈsʲemʲə] "seed".
- Obstruents are devoiced word-finally, and agree in voicing in a cluster before another obstruent: muž [muʂ] "husband", vs'o [fsʲɵ] "everything", vokzál [vɐɡˈzal] "railway station". But v does not trigger voicing of preceding obstruent, nor is it devoiced.
- The reflexive suffix -s'a and reflexive infinitive -t'-s'a are pronounced without palatalization, i.e. as if written -sa and -t-sa.
Capsule summary of Bulgarian pronunciation
- á, é, í etc. indicates stress.
- Stressed ǝ is actually [ɤ]; unstressed a and ǝ tend to merge as [ɐ].
- Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian.
Capsule summary of Czech pronunciation
- á, é, í etc. indicates vowel length.
- ů [uː] < *ó. ou [oʊ̯] < *ú.
- h [ɦ], ch [x].
- č [tʃ], š [ʃ], ž [ʒ], ř [r̝] (a palatal fricative trill, sounding a bit like [rʑ]).
- ď [ɟ], ť [c], ň [ɲ]. Also indicated by d, t, n before i, í or ě.
- y = i but indicates normal rather than palatal pronunciation after d t n.
- ě = short e but signals palatal nature of previous consonant: dě, tě, ně = ďe, ťe, ňe; vě, fě, bě, pě = vje, fje, bje, pje; mě = mňe.
- Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian. ř after obstruent is itself devoiced rather than trigger voicing: přímý [pr̝̊iːmiː] "straight".
Capsule summary of Polish pronunciation
- Retroflex consonants: sz [ʂ], cz [t͡ʂ], ż [ʐ], rz [ʐ] < *ř (as in Czech), dż [d͡ʐ].
- Alveolopalatal consonants: ś or si [ɕ], ć or ci [t͡ɕ], ź or zi [ʑ], dź or dzi [d͡ʑ], ń or ni [ɲ].
- All consonants are palatalized before i. Note that alveolar s, z, n become alveolopalatal when palatalized, absorbing the i before another vowel: chodzić [ˈxɔd͡ʑit͡ɕ] "to walk", siedzieć [ˈɕɛd͡ʑɛt͡ɕ] "to sit".
- h or ch [x], w [v], ł [w].
- y [ɨ], ó [u] < *oː, ę [ɛ̃], ą [ɔ̃].
- Obstruent voicing/devoicing as in Russian and Czech. However, w and rz do not voice a preceding voiceless obstruent, but instead are devoiced: kwiat [kfʲat] "flower", przyjść [pʂɨjɕt͡ɕ] "to come" < *prʲijtʲ (cf. Russian pr'ijt'í).
Capsule summary of Serbo-Croatian pronunciation
- Accents: á (long rising), à (short rising), â (long falling), ȁ (short falling), ā (length in unstressed syllable), ã (long rising in Chakavian dialect = Common Slavic neoacute).
- š [ʃ], č [tʃ], ž [ʒ], dž [dʒ], ć [tɕ], đ [dʑ], nj [ɲ], lj [ʎ].
- Russian-style obstruent voicing/devoicing does not occur.
Dialectal differentiation
After the three palatalizations of Proto-Slavic, dialectal variation became more apparent. Some dialects (such as Proto-East Slavic), applied the second regressive palatalization across an intervening *v.[32]
- Russian: *gwojzda > *gwězda > zvězda > [zʲvʲɪˈzda] ('star')
- Polish: *gwojzda > *gwězda > gwiazda > [ˈɡvʲazda] ('star')
Also, the realization of the palatalizations' sibilants varied a little amongst dialects. Belić (1921) argues that the phonetic character of the palatalizations was uniform throughout Common Slavic and that West Slavic languages developed *š later on by analogy.[33] In all dialects (except for Lechitic), [dz] was deaffricated to [z]:[32]
- Ukrainian: *zvizda> z'vizda; and zyrka/z'irka> Cf. Pol.: gwiazda-> GV/ZV + I + ZD; Z'/Z + Y/I + R + K +A ( zIr > vision).
The final cutoff point for the Proto-Slavic period was the change of *ě to *a after palatal consonants and *j, which then created *ča/*ka contrasts.[34] This, and the shortening and elision of weak yers (*ь/ĭ and *ъ/ŭ) (see Havlík's law) that created newly formed closed syllables[35] ended the period of syllabic synharmony characteristic of Common Slavic.
For many Common Slavic dialects—including most of West Slavic, all but the northernmost portions of East Slavic, and some western parts of South Slavic— *g lenited from a voiced velar plosive to a voiced velar fricative ([ɡ] > [ɣ]). Because this change was not universal and because it did not occur in a number of East Slavic dialects (such as Belarusian and South Russian) until after the application of Havlík's law, Shevelov (1977) calls into question early projections of this change and postulates three independent instigations of lenition, dating the earliest to before 900 AD and the latest to the early thirteenth century.[36]
Because the reflexes for the nasal vowels *ę and *ǫ differ so widely, it's very likely that their phonetic value in Late Proto-Slavic was not uniform.[37]
See also
- Slavic languages
- History of the Slavic languages
- Proto-Slavic language
- Indo-European vocabulary
- Wiktionary:Appendix:Swadesh lists for Slavic languages
References
- ^ "adder"
- ^ "venomous snake, adder"
- ^ "sheepskin coat"
- ^ "braid, plait"
- ^ "braid, mane"
- ^ "carcass"
- ^ "back"
- ^ "entrails, eggs"
- ^ "pant, gasp"
- ^ "manage"; "know" (obs.)
- ^ "hunt, chase, prowl, course"
- ^ "hunt, fish, catch, snare"
- ^ "cut, slice, chop"
- ^ "cut, mow, trim, shear"
- ^ "split, divide, separate, share, distribute, "
- ^ "split (up), (divide up), disunite, pull apart, separate, parcel, give away, share, distribute, provide, disperse"
- ^ "push"
- ^ "stab, spike, prick, butt"
- ^ "scratch, scrape, irritate, rub"
- ^ "scratch, scrape, rasp, scrub, grate, scribble"
- ^ "comb, brush"
- ^ "spit, sputter"
- ^ "wallow"
- ^ "bring back"
- ^ "babble, coo"
- ^ "pilgrimage, journey"
- ^ "woods"
- ^ "red-haired, ginger"
- ^ "dark red"
- ^ "angry"
- ^ "righteous"
- ^ a b Channon (1971:9)
- ^ Belić (1921:31)
- ^ Channon (1971:12)
- ^ Bethin (1997:13)
- ^ Shevelov (1977:137, 145)
- ^ Schenkdar (2002:74)
Bibliography
- Belić, Aleksandar (1921), "Најмлађа (Трећа) Промена Задњенепчаних Сугласника k, g и h у Прасловенском Језику", Јужнословенски Филолог, II: 18–39
- Bethin, Christina Yurkiw (1998), Slavic Prosody: Language Change and Phonological Theory, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-59148-1
- Channon, Robert (1972), On the Place of the Progressive Palatalization of Velars in the Relative Chronology of Slavic, The Hague: Mouton
- Lehr-Spławiński, Tadeusz (1957), "Z dziejów języka prasłowiańskiego (Urywek z większej całości)", Езиковедски Изследвания В Чест На Академик Стефан Младенов, Sofia
- Schenkar, Alexander M. (2002), "Proto-Slavonic", in Comrie, Bernard; Corbett, Greville. G. (eds.), The Slavonic Languages, London: Routledge, pp. 60–124, ISBN 0-415-28078-8
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