Southern Thailand

Southern Thailand is a distinct region of Thailand, connected with the central region by the narrow Kra Isthmus.

Geography

Southern Thailand is on the Malay Peninsula, with an area around 70,713 km², bounded to the north by Kra Isthmus, the narrowest part of the peninsula. The western part has steeper coasts, while on the east side river plains dominate. The largest river of the south is the Tapi in Surat Thani, which together with the Phum Duang in Surat Thani drains more than 8,000 km², more than 10% of the total area of Southern Thailand. Smaller rivers include the Pattani, Saiburi, Krabi, and the Trang. The biggest lake of the south is Songkhla Lake (1,040 km² altogether). The largest artificial lake is the Chiao Lan (Ratchaprapha Dam), occupying 165 km² of Khao Sok National Park in Surat Thani.

Surat Thani

Ko Lao Liang Phi with the steep limestone hills present at most of the western coast

Running through the middle of the peninsula are several mountain chains, with the highest elevation at Khao Luang, 1,835 m, in Nakhon Si Thammarat Province. Ranging from the Kra Isthmus to Phuket island is the Phuket chain, which connects to the Tanao Si Mountain Range further north. Almost parallel to the Phuket chain, but 100 km to the east is the Nakhon Si Thammarat or Banthat chain, which begins with Samui island, Ko Pha Ngan, and Ko Tao in Surat Thani and ends at the Malaysian border at the Ko Ta Ru Tao archipelago. The border with Malaysia is formed by the Sankalakhiri range, sometimes subdivided into the Pattani, Taluban, and Songkhla chain. At the Malaysian border the Titiwangsa chain rises up.

The limestone of the west coast has been eroded into many steep singular hills. Those parts submerged by the rising sea after the last ice age now form many islands, like the well-known Phi Phi Islands. Also quite famous is the so-called James Bond Island in Phang Nga Bay, featured in the movie The Man with the Golden Gun.

History

The Malay peninsula has been settled since prehistoric times. Archeological remains were found in several caves, some used for dwellings, others as burial sites. The oldest remains were found in Lang Rongrien Cave, dating 38,000 to 27,000 years before present, and in the contemporary Moh Khiew cave.

In the first millennium Chinese chronicles mention several coastal cities or city-states. No exact geographical locations were recorded, so the identification of these cities with later settlements is difficult. The most important of these states were Langkasuka, usually considered a precursor of the Pattani Kingdom; Tambralinga, probably the precursor of the Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom, or P'an-p'an in Phunphin district, Surat Thani, probably located at the Bandon Bay Tapi River. The cities were highly influenced by Indian culture, and have adopted Brahman or Buddhist religion. When Srivijaya in Chaiya extended its sphere of influence, those cities became tributary states of Srivijaya. The city Chaiya in Surat Thani Province contains several ruins from Srivijaya times, and was probably a regional capital of the kingdom. Some Thai historians even claim that it was the capital of the kingdom itself for some time, but this is disputed.

After Srivijaya lost its influence, Nakhon Si Thammarat became the dominant kingdom of the area. During the rule of King Ramkhamhaeng the Great of Sukhothai, Thai influence first reached Nakhon Si Thammarat. According to the Ramkhamhaeng inscription, Nakhon Si THammarat was a tributary state of Sukhothai. During most of later periods, Nakhon became a tributary of Ayutthaya.

The deep south belonged to the Malay sultanates of Pattani and Kedah, while the northernmost part of the peninsula was under the control of Bangkok.

During the thesaphiban reforms at the end of the 19th century, both Nakhon Si Thammarat and Pattani were incorporated into the central state. The area was subdivided into 5 monthon, which were installed to control the city states (mueang). Minor mueang were merged into larger ones, thus forming the present 14 provinces. With the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909 the boundary to Malaysia was fixed. Kedah came under British control, while Pattani stayed with Siam.

Languages

The main language is Southern Thai (Template:Lang-th [pʰaːsǎː tʰajtâːj]), also known as Pak Thai or Dambro (Template:Lang-th [pʰaːsǎː taːmpʰroː]), which is a southwestern Tai language spoken in the 14 changwat of Southern Thailand as well as by small communities in the northernmost Malaysian states. It is spoken by roughly five million people, and as a second language by the 1.5 million speakers of Patani Malay and other ethnic groups such as the local Thai Chinese communities, Negritos, and other tribal groups. Most speakers are also fluent or understand the central Thai dialect.

Administration

Usually the south is identified as 14 provinces (1 Nov 2008)

No.	Name	Thai	Area	Inh.	Density	GPP(THB)(2007)	GPP/capita(2007)^{[citation needed]}
1.	Chumphon	ชุมพร	6,009.00	485,713	80.83	45,580	92,192
2.	Krabi	กระบี่	4,708.00	417,735	88.73	41,383	108,629
3.	Nakhon Si Thammarat	นครศรีธรรมราช	9,942.50	1,512,249	152.10	123,614	73,960
4.	Narathiwat	นราธิวาส	4,475.00	718,724	160.61	46,468	62,625
5.	Pattani	ปัตตานี	1,940.40	641,187	330.44	39,534	59,618
6.	Phang Nga	พังงา	4,170.00	250,079	59.97	29,828	114,988
7.	Phatthalung	พัทลุง	3,423.50	504,470	147.36	33,259	60,677
8.	Phuket	ภูเก็ต	543.00	325,586	599.61	62,055	214,621
9.	Ranong	ระนอง	3,298.00	191,744	58.14	17,309	94,640
10.	Satun	สตูล	2,479.00	287,866	116.12	27,217	97,614
11.	Songkhla	สงขลา	7,393.90	1,329,635	179.69	168,611	119,620
12.	Surat Thani	สุราษฎร์ธานี	12,891.50	981,595	76.14	122,398	125,651
13.	Trang	ตรัง	4,917.50	614,222	124.91	62,912	94,863
14.	Yala	ยะลา	4,521.10	474,559	104.97	39,198	84,614

Demography

Southern Thailand has around 8.734 million inhabitants and its population density is around 126 inh/km².

Ten major cities of southern Thailand

No.	Name	Inh.	Metropolitan
1.	Hat Yai	157,359	801,747 in Songkla Province.
2.	Surat Thani	126,280	358,000 in Surat Thani Metropolitan Area
3.	Nakhon Si Thammarat	108,139	280,000 in Amphoe Mueang Nakhon Si Thammarat.
4.	Phuket	75,971	325,600 on Phuket Metropolitan Area.
5.	Songkhla	73,835	801,747 in Greater Hat Yai-Songkhla Metropolitan Area.
6.	Yala	63,640
7.	Trang	61,067
8.	Ko Samui	51,044	Ko Samui, Surat Thani Province
9.	Kho Hong	43,989	801,747 in Greater Hat Yai-Songkhla Metropolitan Area.
10.	Pattani	43,255

Economy

Main article GPP of Southern Thailand

In 2007, Southern Thailand had a GRP (Gross Regional Product) of about THB859,325 million (US$25 million). The regional economic hubs of the region are Hat Yai City for "lower southern", Surat Thani City for "upper southern", and Phuket City for "west coast southern".

Transportation

Southern Thailand is connected with Bangkok by railway as well as highway. Several regional airports are located at the larger towns. The transportation hub of all south Thailand is Hat Yai.

Road

Phetkasem Road is the longest road in Thailand, running from Bangkok along the Kra Isthmus and then along the west coast of the peninsula. From Trang it crosses over to the east coast to Hat Yai, and ends at the Malaysian border.

Two Asian highways run through Southern Thailand: Asian Highway 2 runs mostly parallel to the railroad all the way from Bangkok. It crosses to Malaysia at Sadao, and continues on the west side of the peninsula. Asian Highway 18 begins in Hat Yai and runs south along the east coast, crossing to Malaysia at Sungai Kolok.

Rail

The southern railway connects Bangkok to Hat Yai, and continues from there to Sungai Kolok. There are branches from Ban Thung Phoe Junction to Kirirat Nikhom. Two smaller branches of the railway run from Thung Song to Trang and Nakhon Si Thammarat, and from Hat Yai Junction to Malaysia and Singapore.

Air

Southern Thailand has 5 international airports and 6 domestic airports.

References

Suthiwong Pongpaiboon. Southern Thai Cultural Structures and Dynamics Vis-à-vis Development. ISBN 974-9553-75-6.

External links

Southern Thailand travel guide from Wikivoyage

v t e Regions of Thailand
	Four-region division system	Northern Region Northeastern Region (Isan) Central Region Southern Region
	Six-region division system	Northern Region Northeastern Region (Isan) Western Region Central Region Eastern Region Southern Region