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Spanish language in science and technology

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Mate gourds, on top of a scientific article in English.

Spanish language is used in a wide range of areas of science and technology. However given its large number of speakers, the Spanish language does not feature prominently in scientific writing, with the exception of the humanities.[A][2] One estimate puts the percentage of Spanish language publications in natural sciences and technology as 0.5% of the world's total,[B] a low number in the view that Spanish is often considered the to rank second or third among languages in various metrics and estimates.[4] In humanities a similar estimate yields 2.81%.[4] A bibliometric study of publications on the subject of "digital communication" indexed in Scopus and Web of Science found that in both databases Spanish-language articles make up about 6.5% of the content.[C] Notably, in these databases various authors with articles published in Spanish were based in non-Spanish speaking countries.[5] A 2014 Google Scholar search on the words "biodiversity" and "conservation" yielded Spanish as the second language with most entries far behind English and just ahead of Portuguese.[6]

Summarizing the situation of Spanish language in science researcher Álvaro Cabezas writes: "No serious scientist publish his best works in a language other than English".[7]

Among Spanish-language articles indexed in Scopus from 1996 to 2011 10.8% qualify as "Life Sciences", 13.2% as "Physical Sciences", 44.4% as "Health Sciences", 29.6 as "Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities" and 2.0% as "Multi-disciplinary & Undefined".[1] Thus a higher percentage of the Spanish language content is published in "Health Sciences" and "Social Sciences, Arts & Humanities" than what it is for English, Chinese or Russian.[1] Spanish share this trait with Portuguese, Italian, Dutch and French.[1]

The creation of new terminology in Spanish corresponds more to the translation of concepts from other languages than to the crafting of original ideas.[8]

Causes for the limited use of Spanish

The Spanish language is one of many languages with limited use in science and technology and one of main causes of this is the hypercentralization of scientific writing into English. This is a process that has been going on at least since English outcompeted French and German as languages of science in the first half of the 20th century.[9]

A cause of the scant publication of articles in Spanish in scientific journals is that scientists from Spain tend to form, at least from the 2000s, more partnerships with researchers from elsewhere in Europe or United States. Collaboration with Latin American peers is in contrast less common.[3] As is the case of other languages, including the historically important German language, writing in Spanish appear to limit the access the foreign journals.[3] Spanish language journals and articles are systematically underrepresented in the ISI database and obtaining also unfavourable starting conditions when being evaluated by impact factor, a widely used metric for evaluating scientific journals.[3]

The scientific policy of Spain has since the 1980s focused towards promoting the international diffusion of research from Spain not taking into consideration which language is used.[7]

Language modernization

Spanish language has not kept pace with the development of language in various fields of knowledge.[4] Writing in 2007 Daniel Prado note that Google searches on Spanish terms do often not yield quality results, hampering the work of translators and editors.[4]

Scholar Enrique Alarcón explains the case of engineering where he posits three causes for the poor quality Spanish used in the subject; words exists but are unknown, confusion between similar but not identical concepts and lack of precision when using terminology.[10] The poor state of the Spanish language used in engineering may stem from the mishmash of engineering traditions and impossibility for individuals in having a classical education in multiple branches of engineering. Alternatively the poor state of the language in engineering may derive from the lack of a previous tradition in a subject.[10]

By 2007 each of the languages of Icelandic, Dutch, Danish and Swedish had ten to twenty times more financial resources invested in language care and improvement than those in Spanish, despite the small size of the communities and the economies of supporting countries.[4]

Proposed reasons to promote Spanish

Scholar Rainer Enrique Hamel points at three arguments to promote the use of Spanish in science:[9]

  1. Language diversity in science is good for reasons akin to why ecological diversity is good.
  2. Excessive use of English reinforces undesirable asymmetric relations in science.
  3. Scholars from Anglo-Saxon countries are adopting bad practices like not reading research in languages other than English, reinforcing an unjustified privileged situation.

"Practitioners and policy makers" may not benefit by the adding up of new scientific information if it's not in a language they understand.[6] An example of this are protected area directors in Spain who self-report to have language barrier difficulties with publications relevant to carry out their work.[6]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Relative to other languages humanities is also a field where the dominance of English is weaker.[1]
  2. ^ Data from a study of the Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) where articles published between 1992 and 1997 were analyzed.[3]
  3. ^ The study analyses content published between 2011 and 2012.[5]

References

  1. ^ a b c d van Weijen, Daphne (2012). "The Language of (Future) Scientific Communication". Research Trends (31).
  2. ^ "El español se atasca como lengua científica". Servicio de Información y Noticias Científicas (in Spanish). March 5, 2014. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  3. ^ a b c d Vivanco Cervero, Verónica (2010). "Proyección internacional de la producción científica en español" [International projection of the scientific production in Spanish]. Anales de Documentación (in Spanish). 13: 275–284. Retrieved February 2, 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d e Prado, Daniel (2007). "¿Está preparado el españolpara la comunicación especializada?". In Sequera, Reyes (ed.). Ciencia, tecnología y lengua española: la terminología científica en español (in Spanish). Madrid: Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología. pp. 24–42.
  5. ^ a b Villa Montoya, María Isabel; Gómez Vargas, Maricela; Palacio Correa, Marta Aida (2014). "Impacto de la producción académica sobre comunicación digital en español. Un estudio comparativo entre Scopus y Web of Science". ALAIC. XII Congreso Latinoamericano de Investigadores de la Comunicación (in Spanish). Lima, Peru.
  6. ^ a b c Tatsuya, Amano; González-Varo, Juan P.; Sutherland, William J. (2016). "Languages Are Still a Major Barrier to Global Science". PLOS Biology. 14 (12). doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.2000933. Retrieved January 12, 2019.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ a b Cabezas Clavijo, Álvaro (2010). "El español como idioma científico: Salto al vacío o salto a la red" (PDF). Apuntes de Ciencia y Tecnología (in Spanish). 34: 11–13. Retrieved January 21, 2019.
  8. ^ Irazazábal, Amelia (2007). "¿Podremos coordinar, al fin, la terminología científica en lengua española?". In Sequera, Reyes (ed.). Ciencia, tecnología y lengua española: la terminología científica en español (in Spanish). Madrid: Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología. pp. 43–50.
  9. ^ a b Hamel, Rainer Enrique (2013). "El campo de las ciencias y la educación superior entre el monopolio del inglés y el plurilingüismo: elementos para una política del lenguaje en América Latina" [The field of science and higher education between the monopoly of English and plurilingualism: elements for a language policy in Latin America]. Trabalhos em Linguística Aplicada (in Spanish). 52 (2). doi:10.1590/S0103-18132013000200008. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  10. ^ a b Alarcón, Enrique (2007). "El lexicón de la Real Academia de Ingeniería". In Sequera, Reyes (ed.). Ciencia, tecnología y lengua española: la terminología científica en español (in Spanish). Madrid: Fundación Española para la Ciencia y la Tecnología. pp. 11–15.
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