Standard J
 | This article has an unclear citation style. (April 2013) |
| Standard J | |
|---|---|
| |
| Role | Trainer |
| National origin | United States |
| Manufacturer | Standard Aircraft Corporation |
| Designer | Charles Healy Day |
| First flight | 1916 |
| Number built | 1,600+ |
| Developed from | Sloan H series |
The Standard J was a two-seat basic trainer two-bay biplane produced in the United States from 1916 to 1918 powered by a four-cylinder inline Hall-Scott A-7a engine. It was constructed from wood with wire bracing and fabric covering. The J-1 was built as a stopgap to supplement the Curtiss JN-4 in production.
Development
Charles Healy Day had designed the preceding Sloan H series of aircraft and continued the line under the Standard Aero Corporation (later Standard Aircraft Corporation). Four companies, Standard, Dayton-Wright, Fisher Body, and Wright-Martin, delivered 1,601 J-1s between June 1917 and June 1918. The Standard J-1 can be differentiated from the Curtiss JN series by its slightly swept-back wing planform, triangular king posts above the upper wings, and the rear legs of the landing gear which were mounted behind the lower wing's leading edge.
Operational history
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Although produced in large numbers, its four-cylinder Hall-Scott A-7a engine was unreliable and vibrated badly. While JN-4 production outnumbered J-1s by about two to one to June 1918, fatalities in JN-4s versus J-1s was about seven to one as a result of the limited use of the J-1s. Few later production J-1s left their delivery crates.
All Standard J-1s were grounded In June 1918 even while training remained at a fever pitch. Sufficient JN-4s were available to meet training needs and at $2,000 per aircraft it was not cost-effective to convert them to use Curtiss OX-5 engines. Contracts for 2,600+ JS-1s were canceled, and those not used for ground instruction by the US Army were sold as surplus or scrapped. Curtiss, which produced its competitor (the Curtiss JN) bought surplus J-1s which they modified with different powerplants, for resale.
Many J-1s were flown by civilian flying schools, and for joy-riding, and barnstorming operations until they were worn out, or were forced into retirement by new air transport legislation in 1927 which banned passenger aircraft with wood structures due to a number of high profile accidents.
Variants
- Sloan H series - trainers and reconnaissance aircraft from 1913
- Standard H series - production by Standard of Sloan H-series
- Standard J - first Standard-designed variant
- Standard J-1 - trainer for U.S. Army
- Standard SJ-1 - J-1 with additional pair of forward wheels to prevent noseovers
- Standard JR-1 - advanced trainer for US Army
- Standard JR-1B - mail carrier for US Post Office, modification of JR-1
- Standard E-4 - redesignated JR-1B mailcarrier
War-surplus conversions
- Curtiss Night Mail - 1922 mailplane conversion of J-1 by Curtiss with new wings (about 6 converted)
- Lincoln Standard L.S.5 J-1 modified with an open cockpit for four passengers
- Nicholas-Beazley-Standard - J-1 aircraft modified by Nicholas-Beazley
- Ryan Standard - J-1 with a 180 hp Hispano Suiza engine[1] and an enclosed cabin for four passengers fitted by the Ryan Flying Company[2] (9 converted)[3]
- Sikorsky Standard - civil trainer with Sikorsky-Gluhareff Parasol wing (also known as Standard SJ)
Operators
- US Army Air Service
- US Navy
- US Post Office
- The San Diego - Los Angeles Airlines[1]
Survivors
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Over a dozen J-1s are on display or being restored. Others projects are incomplete and awaiting restoration.
- Two J-1s are on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force in Dayton, Ohio.
- One has a 100 hp Hall-Scott A-4A engine is displayed uncovered.[4]
- The second displayed J-1 (s/n 1141) has the rarer 100 hp Curtiss OXX-6 engine.
- A Hispano-Suiza J-1 (s/n 1956) is displayed at EAA AirVenture Museum.
- A OXX-6-powered J-1 (s/n 2434 registered and flown as N9477) is part of the collection of the Cass County, North Dakota's Bonanzaville, U.S.A. Museum but is currently on loan to the Fargo Air Museum.
- Hispano-Suiza 8-powered Standard J-1 s/n 581 is displayed and flown, at the Owl's Head Transportation Museum, Owls Head, Maine
- s/n 823H on loan to Glenn H. Curtiss Museum, Hammondsport, New York from the Henry Ford Museum,
- s/n 1000 James Hammond, Yellow Springs, Ohio
- s/n 1582 Kermit Weeks, is displayed at Fantasy of Flight in Polk City, Florida (composite of two aircraft)
- "N62505" Historic Aircraft Museum, Creve Coeur Airport, Missouri.
- s/n 1598 reported existent, location unknown
- s/n 2969 Michael Cilurso, Schnecksville, Pennsylvania (assembled from original components – period kit)
- s/n 4598 is displayed at the Pioneer Flight Museum, Kingsbury, Texas.
- s/n 5083 is displayed at the San Diego Aerospace Museum with a Wright-Hispano E-2 with E-3 heads. It was previously part of Cole Palen's Old Rhinebeck Aerodrome Collection, in Rhinebeck, New York.
- One, s/n unknown, was being restored by John Barker, Contoocook, New Hampshire.
- One, s/n unknown, was being restored for the Golden Age Air Museum, Bethel, Pennsylvania.
Specifications (SJ-1)
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
Performance
See also
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
Related lists
References
- Notes
- ^ a b c Radecki, Alan (2012). "The First Airline in America". Vintage Air. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft p.2835
- ^ Taylor 1989, p.774
- ^ United States Air Force Museum 1975, p. 7.
- ^ "Hispano-Suiza V-8, Model A". WINGS of EAGLES DISCOVERY CENTRE. Wings of Eagles Discovery Center. 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- ^ Harrison, Robert (1 Jan 1985). Aviation Lore in Faulkner. John Benjamins Publishing. p. 143. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
- Bibliography
- Donald, David, ed (1997). Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. Ontario: Prospero Books. p. 854.
{{cite book}}:|first=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft. London: Aerospace Publishing.
- "Standard, Standard-Caproni, Standard-DH,Standard-Handley-Page, Gates-Day Standard". Aerofiles. Retrieved 2008-10-28.
- Taylor, Michael J. H. (1989). Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation. London: Studio Editions.
- United States Air Force Museum. Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio: Air Force Museum Foundation. 1975.