TMEM44
| TMEM44 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Aliases | TMEM44, transmembrane protein 44 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| External IDs | MGI: 1924489; HomoloGene: 26702; GeneCards: TMEM44; OMA:TMEM44 - orthologs | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Wikidata | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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TMEM44 (Transmembrane protein 44) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TMEM44 gene.[5] DKFZp686O18124 is a synonym of TMEM44.
Gene
[edit]TMEM44 gene has 14 transcripts (splice variants). The whole span of the gene is 46,016 base pairs long, while the mRNA sequence of TMEM44 is 1,483 base pairs long, with 13 exons. Exon 1 and 2 partial are part of 5'-UTR, and the partial exon 2 is only highly conserved in primates.[6]
Regulation
[edit]There are 5 experimentally verified promoters, and 4 predicted ones. Promoter GXP_232172, which is promoter set 5 is the longest with 1,276 base pairs and a total of 11 coding transcripts.[7]
Expression
[edit]There is an overall low level expression of TMEM44 gene throughout the body parts and throughout the developmental stages of humans. Some parts where TMEM44 expression is detected are in bone, brain, eye, ovary, pancreas and uterus. Some expression was also detected under certain health conditions including gastrointestinal tumor, glioma, ovarian tumor, pancreatic tumor, muscle tissue tumor and uterine tumor.[8]
Locus
[edit]TMEM44 gene is located near the end of the long arm of chromosome 3 (3q29) in humans (Homo sapiens).[9]
Protein
[edit]TMEM44 is 428 amino acids in length. The molecular weight of the protein is 47.1kDa, and its formula is C2086H3315N585O611S22, with a total of 6,619 atoms.[10] The theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of TMEM44 is 8.12.[11] The instability index (II) of TMEM44 is 47.96, which classifies the protein as unstable. There are 12 isoforms of TMEM44, with isoform c being the longest.[9] The function of TMEM44 is currently unknown.
Subcellular Localization
[edit]The C-terminus of TMEM44 is found in the cytoplasm, and the protein is predicted to be integrated within the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.[12]
Secondary Structure
[edit]TMEM44 has 41.12% of alpha helix, 15.65% of extended strand and 43.22% of random coil.[13]
Transmembrane Region Allocation
[edit]There are seven predicted transmembrane domains in TMEM44 protein.
Interacting Proteins
[edit]GSK3B (Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta), KAT6B (Histone acetyltransferase KAT6B/Histone acetyltransferase MYST4), TMEM31 (Transmembrane protein 31), SPAG9 (sperm associated antigen 9) and TNKS (tankyrase-1) are predicted to interact with TMEM44.[14][15][16]
Post-Translational Modification
[edit]TMEM44 undergoes threonine, tyrosine and serine phosphorylations.[17] Many serine phosphorylation takes place near the C-terminus, causing it to be negatively charged.
The Glycine (G) found nearest from the C-terminus is predicted to have glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) attached, which anchors the protein to the cellular plasma membrane.[18]
The first 45 amino acids serve as a signal peptide cleavage site.[19]
Conservation
[edit]Orthologs
[edit]Orthologs with the TMEM44 protein include amphibians, birds, fish, and mammals. The closest ortholog from human with TMEM44 is common chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) with 98% identity, and the most distantly related ortholog is common carp (Cyprinus carpio) with 27% identity.[20]
12 selected orthologs of TMEM44 are shown below.
| sequence number | genus | species | common name | date of divergence/MYA | NCBI[21] accession number | identity/% |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Homo | sapiens | human | 0 | AAI44160.1 | 100 | |
| 1 | Macaca | fascicularis | crab-eating macaque | 29 | XP_005545405.1 | 94 |
| 2 | Rhinolophus | sinicus | Chinese rufous horseshoe bat | 96 | XP_019578895.1 | 80 |
| 3 | Condylura | cristata | star-nosed mole | 96 | XP_012585115.1 | 79 |
| 4 | Enhydra | lutris kenyoni | sea otter | 96 | XP_022370817.1 | 78 |
| 5 | Sorex | araneus | common shrew | 96 | XP_012791655.1 | 63 |
| 6 | Chrysemys | picta bellii | painted turtle | 312 | XP_023967126.1 | 51 |
| 7 | Nipponia | nippon | crested ibis | 312 | XP_009466798.1 | 42 |
| 8 | Xenopus | tropicalis | western clawed frog | 353 | XP_012818195.1 | 39 |
| 9 | Salvelinus | alpinus | arctic char | 435 | XP_023859379.1 | 35 |
| 10 | Hippocampus | comes | tiger tail seahorse | 435 | XP_019735697.1 | 33 |
| 11 | Oreochromis | niloticus | Nile tilapia | 435 | XP_013119610.1 | 30 |
| 12 | Monopterus | albus | Asian swamp eel | 435 | XP_020452501.1 | 29 |
TMEM44 is generally fast evolving, with about 0.310 changes of amino acids per 100 over a million year.
Paralogs
[edit]Predicted paralogous proteins of TMEM44 are C9IZ85, F8WCY1, F8WE47, H7C3X7, J3KQW3, Q6PL43, and Q96I73.[22]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000145014 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022537 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: Transmembrane protein 44". Retrieved 2018-05-01.
- ^ "Homo sapiens transmembrane protein 44, mRNA (cDNA clone IMAGE:4747146) - Nucleotide - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 16 March 2005. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
- ^ "Genomatix - NGS Data Analysis & Personalized Medicine". www.genomatix.de. Archived from the original on 2001-02-24. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ Group, Schuler. "EST Profile - Hs.478729". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-04-23.
{{cite web}}:|last=has generic name (help) - ^ a b "TMEM44 transmembrane protein 44 [Homo sapiens (human)] - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-15.
- ^ "ExPASy - ProtParam tool". web.expasy.org. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ "ExPASy - Compute pI/Mw tool". web.expasy.org. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ "PSORT WWW Server". psort.hgc.jp. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ UCBL, Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Proteines - UMR5086 - CNRS -. "NPS@ : GOR4 secondary structure prediction". npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ IntAct. "IntAct Portal". www.ebi.ac.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ Lab, Mike Tyers. "BioGRID | Database of Protein, Chemical, and Genetic Interactions". thebiogrid.org. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ "The Molecular INTeraction Database – An ELIXIR Core Resource". mint.bio.uniroma2.it. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ "NetPhos 3.1 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2018-04-22.
- ^ "GPI Prediction Server". mendel.imp.ac.at. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ "ProP 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ "BLAST: Basic Local Alignment Search Tool". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-02-18.
- ^ "Home - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ .Database, GeneCards Human Gene. "TMEM44 Gene - GeneCards | TMM44 Protein | TMM44 Antibody". www.genecards.org. Retrieved 2018-04-23.