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Tarbagan marmot

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Tarbagan marmot
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Marmota
Species:
M. sibirica
Binomial name
Marmota sibirica
(Radde, 1862)

The tarbagan marmot (Marmota sibirica) is a species of rodent in the family Sciuridae. It is found in China (Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang), northern and western Mongolia, and Russia (southwest Siberia, Tuva, Transbaikalia).[2] In the Mongolian Altai Mountains, its range overlaps with that of the Gray marmot.[3] The species was classified as endangered by the IUCN in 2008.[1]

Two subspecies are recognized:[2]

  • M. s. sibirica
  • M. s. caliginosus

Etymology

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The etymology of the word "tarbagan" comes from Russian "тарбаган" (tarbagan), which originates from Proto-Mongolic and denotes specific rodent species; it is related to the Ulch- and Nanai-language word for beaver, "targa".[4][5][6] Other names for the tarabagan marmot include Siberian marmot and Mongolian marmot.[7]

Description and ecology

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Two tarbagan marmots on a rock

The tarbagan marmot is medium-sized compared to other marmots, with a 0.25 head-to-body ratio. During the summer, its hair is between 11–20 mm and grows up to 30 mm during winter months. Its fur has two separate slate bands, followed by a white band, and its cheeks are yellow. Its zygomatic arches are slightly expanded compared to other marmot species.[8] Populations in western Mongolia tend to have wider skulls compared to other tarbagan marmots. Males tend to weigh more than females and are larger, both having an average weight of 6–8 kg. The tarabagan marmot is one of the two only marmot species to inhabit lowland areas, the other being the groundhog.[8]

It is mainly found throughout Mongolia, with its range extending west to the Altai Mountains, east to Inner Mongolia, north to Transbaikal, and south to the Dzungarian Basin, in the Gobi Desert.[8]

As a game animal

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The tarbagan marmot has been eaten for centuries in the native cuisine of Mongolia, and in particular in a local dish called boodog. The meat is cooked by inserting hot stones, preheated in a fire, into the abdominal cavity of a deboned marmot. The skin is then tied up to make a bag, within which the meat cooks.[9] Hunting of marmots for food is typically done in autumn, when the animals are heavier, since they are preparing for hibernation.[10]

The Russian explorer Richard Maack, who encountered tarbagans in the Ingoda Valley in Siberia, described the tarbagan hunt as follows:[11]

Hunting the tarbagan is quite difficult. It is not easy to approach to a tarbagan within a rifle shot; besides, the wary animal never goes far from its burrow, and, if it is not killed right away, always manage to hide in the burrow. In that case one needs to dig it out, which involves a lot of labor, as tarbagans' burrows are quite deep.

As a disease carrier

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Epizootics of the plague occur in tarbagan marmots in northeastern China and Mongolia, such as the Manchurian plague of 1910–1911.[12][13] The plague in marmots is of the pneumonic form, spread by marmots coughing.[14] The plague can jump from marmots to humans through the bite of the tarbagan flea (Ceratophyllus silantievi), or through consumption of meat.[13] Marmot epizootics are known to co-occur with human epidemics in the same area.[12][13] Human plague epidemics in this area are largely pneumonic plague, the most deadly form of plague.[13] In 2019, a Mongolian couple died of plague after eating raw marmot meat.[15]

Benefits to the environment

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The tarbagan marmot is known to be an ecosystem engineer as it provides various resources to other organisms. Within the landscape, tarbagan marmot burrows provide a network of basking sites for thermoregulation, feeding areas, and refuges for other species, possibly leading to a more suitable habitat and increased survivability.[16] In addition, for raptors and carnivorous species like gray wolves and golden eagles, tarbagan marmots are a significant source of food.[16]

References

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  1. ^ a b Clayton, E. (2016). "Marmota sibirica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T12832A22258643. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T12832A22258643.en. Retrieved 13 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ^ Rogovin, Konstantin A. (1992). "Habitat use by two species of Mongolian marmots (Marmota sibirica and M. baibacina) in a zone of sympatry'" (PDF). Acta Theriologica. 37 (4): 345–350. doi:10.4098/at.arch.92-35.
  4. ^ Nugteren, Hans. Mongolic phonology and the Qinghai-Gansu languages (dissertation) page 512.
  5. ^ Comparative Dictionary of Tungus-Manchu Languages (in Russian), volume 2
  6. ^ Rozycki, William Vincent (1994). Mongol Elements in Manchu (Uralic and Altaic series; 157), Bloomington. Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies. p. 264.
  7. ^ "Meet the Mongolian marmot: Keystone species of the steppe grasslands". One Earth.
  8. ^ a b c Krystufek, Boris; Vohralík, Vladimir. "Taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic rodents (Rodentia), part 2".
  9. ^ "Boodog: Hot Stones in Stomach". Cuisine of Mongolia. Retrieved 27 November 2009.
  10. ^ Carole, Pegg (2001). Mongolian music, dance, and oral narrative. University of Washington Press. p. 294. ISBN 0-295-98030-3.
  11. ^ Maack, Richard Karlovich (Ричард Карлович Маак) (1859), Путешествие на Амур, совершенное по распоряжению Сибирскаго Отдѣла Императорскаго Русскаго Географическаго Общества, в 1855 году: Один том, с портретом графа Муравьева-Амурскаго и с отдѣлельным собранием рисунков, карт и планов (The travel to the Amur, carried out on orders of the Siberian Division of the Russian Imperial Geographic Society in 1855...), Изд. члена-соревнователя Сибирскаго отдѣла С. Ф. Соловьева, p. 31
  12. ^ a b Wu, Lien-teh (1924). "A further note on Natural and Experimental Plague in Tarbagans". Journal of Hygiene. 22 (3): 329–334. doi:10.1017/s0022172400008263. PMC 2167504. PMID 20474813.
  13. ^ a b c d Elton, C.S. (1925). "Plague and the Regulation of Numbers in Wild Mammals". Journal of Hygiene. 24 (2): 138–163. doi:10.1017/S0022172400008652. PMC 2167669. PMID 20474858.
  14. ^ Kelly, John (2006). The Great Mortality: An Intimate History of the Black Death, the Most Devastating Plague of All Time. HarperCollins. p. 300. ISBN 0-06-000693-5. OCLC 68437303.
  15. ^ "Mongolian couple die of bubonic plague after eating marmot". The Guardian. 6 May 2019.
  16. ^ a b Suuri, Buyandelger; Baatargal, Otgonbayar; Bayartogtokh, Badamdorj; Reading, Richard P (2022). "Ecosystem engineering influence of Mongolian marmots (Marmota sibirica) on small mammal communities in Mongolia". Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 15 (2): 172–179. doi:10.1016/j.japb.2022.02.003. S2CID 247646631.

Further reading

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  • Thorington, R. W. Jr. and R. S. Hoffman (2005). "Family Sciuridae". pp. 754–818 in Mammal Species of the World a Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. D. E. Wilson and D. M. Reeder eds. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
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