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Bourgeois Tarot

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Tarot Nouveau oudlers circa 1910

The Tarot Nouveau, French Tarot Nouveau or Bourgeois Tarot deck is a pattern of tarot cards. The Tarot Nouveau differs from other types of tarot decks, such as the Tarot of Marseilles and Rider-Waite decks, in that the Tarot Nouveau is designed solely for playing the various tarot card games for which the 78-card tarot deck was originally devised, such as French Tarot. In the French language, this deck is often called the tarot à jouer or playing tarot. This usage is distinct from cartomancy and other divinatory purposes, for which the tarot is most commonly known outside Continental Europe. This deck is most commonly found in France, Wallonia, Romandy, Québec, and Denmark.[1][2]

Origin

An early German Tarock trump card, showing center indices

This pattern originated in the late 19th century with the C.L. Wüst cardmaker of Frankfurt, Germany.[3][4][5][6] This earlier edition lacked the corner indices found on the later 20th century version published by French cardmakers such as Grimaud, but the values of trumps changed from Latin numerals common on older decks to Arabic numbers used in modern writing. These numerals were placed in the center of the panels in a Fraktur font similar to cards which were used for the German Tarock game of Cego. In the early 1900s, French cardmakers appropriated this pattern and would later add the corner indices now found on most modern card decks.[7] The largest manufacturers of this pattern are Cartamundi (and its subsidiaries), Naipes Heraclio Fournier, and Piatnik & Söhne.

Cards

The cards bear the French suits of Spades, Hearts, Diamonds and Clubs, rather than the Italian suits of Swords, Cups, Coins and Batons (typical in tarot decks used for cartomancy) or the traditional German suits of Hearts, Bells, Acorns and Leaves (commonly seen on Tarock and Schafkopf decks in East Germany, Austria and Hungary). The "pip" and court cards of the Tarot Nouveau (which are called the Minor Arcana in cartomancy) are similar in format to those of the traditional 52-card deck, with the addition of the Knight (Chevalier) face card.

The atouts or trumps depict genre scenes of whimsical early 19th-century social activities of the well-to-do European bourgeoisie, hence a common alternate name for this deck, the "Bourgeois Tarot".[3] This is in contrast to the trionfi of Italian Tarocco decks and the Major Arcana of "esoteric" decks used for cartomancy, which have allegorical illustrations and, in cartomancy, interpretive meaning.

All cards use corner indices as opposed to the top-center indices of older tarot decks and their "esoteric" descendants used for readings; this allows the cards to be held in a single hand as is required for many card games. They also include reversible art for court and trump cards while traditional and modern reading tarots have full-length character art.

Composition

Tarot Nouveau court cards with English indices

The Tarot Nouveau deck, like most (but not all) tarot decks, is composed of 78 cards. 56 are suited in the traditional French suits, with 14 cards per suit; ten "pip" cards with values 1-10 (the Ace bears the number 1 instead of the familiar "A", and usually ranks low), and four court cards: Jack (Valet), Knight (Chevalier or Cavalier), Queen (Dame) and King (Roi). The other 22 are the 21 atouts or trumps and one Fool.[3] The deck is thus primarily different from the 52-card Poker deck in the existence of the separate trump "suit", and the addition of the Knight court card. With these cards removed the deck is identical to the 52-card deck for playing purposes. The face cards do not use the Parisian pattern (portrait officiel) but have their own unique illustrations. The Fool, though similar in appearance and function to the Joker card of poker decks, has differing origins (see Joker for more information).

Trumps

The 21 trumps in a Tarot Nouveau deck each have two scenes taking up the graphic portion of the card, in a roughly reversible fashion (one scene is always face-up), but unlike the court cards which have similar reversible art, most of the cards' scenes are not rotationally symmetrical. Each card has one scene show an "urban" representation of a particular trait or idea (listed below), while the other side depicts a more "rural" interpretation. These themes, instead of the more historic depictions ("Major Arcana"), was chosen to represent tarot trumps in Unicode 7.0.[8] The scenes depicted are as follows:[9]

General theme Card Number Card Theme Urban Representation Rural Representation
The four ages 2 Childhood Children playing in the park Boys playing at the fête
3 Youth Group of youths in the park Three maidens in town clothes
4 Maturity In the Office Women with children
5 Old Age The Grandfather The Grandmother
The four times of day 6 Morning Breakfast Mowing the Wheat
7 Afternoon Discussion in the Parlour Rest in the Field
8 Evening The Music Room The Family Reunited on the Doorstep
9 Night Returning home after hunting The Night Watch
The four elements 10 Earth The Mine
Air Shepherd in the Mountains
11 Water Boating on the Lake
Fire The Picnic
The Four Leisures 12 Dance Soirée Folk Dance
13 Shopping The Store The Village Store
14 Open air Hunting Fishing
15 Visual Arts Photography Painting
The Four Seasons 16 Spring Gardener in the Park Sheep Shearing
17 Summer At the Races Drying the Wheat
18 Autumn At the Market Threshing Wheat
19 Winter Skating The Vigil
The Game 20 The Game Cards Bowling
Folly 21 Collective The Carnival The Military Parade
1 Individual The Sad Clown The Fool and the Ballerina

References

  1. ^ McLeod, John. French Tarot at Pagat.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  2. ^ McLeod, John. Tarok (Danish) at Pagat.com. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  3. ^ a b c International Playing Card Society - The Bourgeois Tarot
  4. ^ Wintle, Simon. Wüst “Encyclopedic Tarot” at the World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  5. ^ Wintle, Simon. Bourgeois Tarot at the World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  6. ^ Mann, Sylvia (1990). All Cards on the Table. Leinfelden: Deutsches Spielkarten-Museum. pp. 67, 83, 315.
  7. ^ Wintle, Simon. Héron French tarot at the World of Playing Cards. Retrieved 29 October 2016.
  8. ^ Unicode playing cards 7.0 (PDF)
  9. ^ L'histoire du Tarot at Tarot Club d'Orphin (78). Retrieved 29 October 2016.
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