The Crystal Maze

The Crystal Maze
Genre	Game show
Created by	Jacques Antoine
Presented by	Richard O'Brien (1990–93) Ed Tudor-Pole (1993–95) Stephen Merchant (2016) Richard Ayoade (2017–)
Starring	Sandra Caron (1990–93) Maureen Lipman (2016) Adam Buxton (2017–) Jessica Hynes (2017–)
Theme music composer	Zack Laurence
Opening theme	"Force Field"
Ending theme	"Force Field"
Country of origin	United Kingdom
Original language	English
No. of series	6 (original) 1 (revival)
No. of episodes	78 (inc. 5 specials) (original) 15 (inc. 6 specials) (revival)
Production
Production locations	Lee International Studios, Shepperton (1990) Aces High Studio, North Weald Airfield (1991–95) The Crystal Maze Live Experience, London (2016) The Bottle Yard Studios, Bristol (2017–)
Running time	60 minutes (inc. adverts)
Production companies	Chatsworth Television (1990–95) Fizz in association with Little Lion Entertainment (2016) Fizz and RDF West (2017–)
Original release
Network	Channel 4
Release	Original series: 15 February 1990 (1990-02-15) – 10 August 1995 (1995-08-10) One-off Celebrity Special: 16 October 2016 (2016-10-16) Revived series: 23 June 2017 (2017-06-23)  – present
Related
Interceptor Fort Boyard Jungle Run

The Crystal Maze is a British game show devised by Jacques Antoine, in which a team of contestants take on a range of challenges set within a labyrinth of the same name consisting of four time zones, winning a "time crystal" (golf ball-sized Swarovski glass crystals) for each one they successfully complete. Upon reaching the centerpiece of the Maze, "The Crystal Dome", the team work together collecting a certain amount of gold tokens to win a prize, with the allotted time inside the Dome being determined by the number of crystals they obtained in the previous zones.

Broadcast on Channel 4 in the United Kingdom, The Crystal Maze was originally aired over six series and five Christmas specials between 15 February 1990 and 10 August 1995; the first four series and three specials were hosted by Richard O'Brien, with the remaining two series and specials hosted by Edward Tudor-Pole. In October 2016, Stephen Merchant hosted a one-off celebrity edition of the show for Stand Up to Cancer, before Channel 4 announced the return of the show a month later, to be hosted by Richard Ayoade and featuring a revamped format. The revived series began broadcasting a series of celebrity specials, starting on 23 June 2017, before taking a break between 14 - 23 July, due to the broadcaster airing live coverage of the World Para Athletics Championships; it is due to resume in the beginning of August 2017.

In March 2016, The Crystal Maze Live Experience opened, allowing the public to buy tickets and compete in a replica of the game show's zones and challenges.

Creation

Upon seeing the French version of Fort Boyard, producers at Chatsworth Television decided to devise a British version and began work on making a concept. According to Richard O'Brien, who was selected to be the host for this project, the original outlined concept was "kind of like Dungeons and Dragons", with the host acting as the "Dungeon master". A pilot of the British version was filmed with O'Brien as host, yet it soon became apparent that the fort used by Fort Boyard would be unavailable for filming due to its ongoing refurbishments between 1988-89. As Channel 4 had commissioned the production company for a full series, producer Malcolm Heyworth contacted Fort Boyard's creator, Jacques Antoine, about developing an alternative format, with a proposal that it used themed zones as a means of keeping the show visually fresh. The concept of The Crystal Maze was developed in just "two days", creating a show which although similar to Fort Boyard, was substantially different in presentation and style.

Format

For the games used in "The Crystal Maze", see List of The Crystal Maze games.

Each team that competed on The Crystal Maze have to undertake a series of challenges (referred to as games) within four different "zones" within the Maze, each based on a different point of time in human history, and each consisting of six game rooms, referred to as "cells". Teams begin at a pre-determined zone, and first must complete a simple challenge together to enter the Maze, whereupon they compete in a series of games in each zone, amassing as many time crystals as they can before completing their last zone and travelling to The Crystal Dome" within the centre of the maze, where their final challenge resides. For each game, a member of the team is nominated by the team's leader, who can volunteer themselves if they wish. Upon entering a game's cell, the goal of the puzzle is usually determined by a written message, the objects within, or a clue, although it is not immediately obvious in some games and requires being initially figured out. The rest of the team watches their teammate's progress either through a cell's windows or via monitors, depending on the zone they are in, and can give advice to the contestant unless advised against doing so by the host, who primarily provides an overlay of the challenge's time-limit, any special condition, and generally does not give clues, hints or even the game's goal unless the contestant is struggling with the game, mainly if they have not spotted something that they should have or have not understood a clue properly.

Each game falls under one of four categories:

• Physical - These are aimed at testing a contestants strength, agility and stamina, and can range from climbing over, between and around obstacles, to lifting, using, cranking, or manipulating objects with their hands, arms and feet.
• Skill - These are aimed at testing a contestant's dexterity and accuracy, and can include target-shooting, skillful timing tests, and careful miniature vehicle driving.
• Mental - These are aimed at testing a contestant's mental and memory skills, and can range from simple brainteasers, to acute memory and 2D/3D puzzles.
• Mystery - These are aimed at a contestant's overall ability to solve a puzzle, and range from treasure hunts, to solving mazes and searching a cell for clues to the location of the crystal.

One major hazard of partaking in a game for a contestant is the risk of being locked within a game's cell. If a contestant is locked in, they are unable to take any further part in proceedings, meaning they can be absent from the final challenge and thus increase the difficulty for the team completing it; if the team's captain is locked in, then the member appointed as vice-captain takes over. However, a locked-in contestant can be released at any time by the captain/vice-captain, in exchange for a crystal that had been won by the team, which has to be left behind in their cell before they rejoin the team; the host usually does this if the decision is made in the same zone that the contestant is in, otherwise a member of the team is elected to return to the zone the contestant is in and leave the crystal behind in their cell before returning with them, though in the latter situation, the decision to release them must be made before the last game is played. There are two ways a lock-in can occur in The Crystal Maze:

• Exceeding the time limit: Each game is usually set within one of three time limits - 2 minutes, 2 and a half minutes, and 3 minutes - and thus a contestant must complete the game, secure the crystal, and exit the cell within the allotted time that the host sets for it. While contestants can leave the cell whenever they wish to, particularly if they have had no luck completing the game, staying within a game's cell beyond the allotted time will cause them to be locked-in. In a minority of games, particularly in later series, the contestant could not leave a cell without the crystal; although it is easily accessible, taking it directly will trigger a trap connected to the game, meaning that they had to solve it before time ran out, otherwise they would be locked-in.
• Automatic Lock-In: In a number of games, contestants can be locked-in if they breached a game's special rules or restrictions, irrespective of their progress in obtaining the crystal. For some games, the rule strictly forbids the contestant from making contact with the floor, while other games follow a "three-strikes" rule, in which a contestant may make two mistakes but cannot make a third; an example of the latter is making contact with a restricted part of the game's puzzle, which the host states they must not touch or which a game details in a clue within its cell.

Several games were derived from familiar, commercially available children's or fairground games, including steady hand testers, mazes, and sliding puzzles; games in some zones sometimes appeared in other zones with some cosmetic changes and some variations to previous incarnations, with some game designs tending to become more elaborate in later series. A small number of games differed from the traditional style of those that were featured; while they fell under one of the four categories available, they did not comply to the traditional style for the games on the show:

• Some games had a special condition that would forfeit the crystal after it is obtained, if the contestant did something that was against that game's rule. In one game, for example, contestants could not wade back through a body of water after getting the crystal, only earning it if they stuck to using a set of platforms they swung across with or using a raft, while in another game, if the contestant dropped the crystal into a cell's pool of water, it was forfeited.
• A game designed for the Futuristic Zone, featured a humanoid "robot" opponent whom the chosen contestant had to shoot with a quasar gun, while the robot could shoot back at them; if the contestant lost all their lives against the robot, they were locked-in. Once the robot was defeated, the contestant them had to complete a second puzzle to secure the crystal, located behind the robot.
• During the first series, a game in the Aztec Zone saw contestant riding a mechanical bull and trying to shoot a target to secure the crystal; the game did not fit in with the design of the zone.
• A brain-teaser game featured prominently in the original run, in which contestants had to get one of three mental questions correct to win the crystal. They could not confer with their team-mates, but could move on to another question if they could not think of an answer. The game was run during the first four series of the original run, before it was later brought back for the one-off edition and the revived series.
• A maze game used on the show was designed with 'virtual reality' properties. In it, a contestant is given a special piece of headgear and had to be navigated around a maze by their team-mates, who could shout commands on how they should move, seeing the maze on a monitor outside the game's cell, along with a special marker on the contestant's headgear that marked where they were. The contestant was restricted from letting this marker touch the walls of the maze, being locked-in if they did this a third time, but could freely leave the cell once they had navigated round to the crystal's location and picked it up from the cell's floor.
• Some games involved contestants donning special gear, sometimes for protection, before they were allowed into a game's cell, which they later took off after leaving the cell, regardless of whether they had gotten the crystal or not. In a number of games set within the same cell in Ocean Zone, contestants had to remove a piece of their clothing, due to them having to swim/wade through a pool of water. Furthermore, any contestant who was soaked, were usually sent away to dry off or get a fresh set of clothes.
• In some games, a contestant could be penalized by having their progress cancelled out by any mistakes they made. One example of this was a game in Aztec Zone, which was designed so that contestants needed to get balls into a "win" basket, in order to secure the crystal, thus if any were missed, they landed in a "lose" basket and counter-weighed against any in the win basket.
• Several skill games involving target shooting only had a limited number of instruments and each can only be used once. If a contestant uses all of them, the game is over. Similarly, in series 3's Futuristic Zone, one game involved a player taking out bars from an apparatus but at the risk of dropping tennis balls. If the player dropped more than four tennis balls, the crystal's path would be blocked.
• In some games, the contestant may leave the cell with the crystal in a small cage, but in a few others they cannot, especially when a clue indicates they must unlock the cage and retrieve the crystal before leaving the cell in order for the crystal to count.
• During the fourth series, a game in Medieval Zone did not reward the crystal. Instead, if the contestant successfully completed it, they released a sword with a crystal-like object in the hilt, which the host took and placed into a suit of armor next to the game's cell, retrieving a crystal locked in the armor's glove.

Once the team arrives at the Dome, they are told about how much time that they have to complete the final challenge, based on the number of crystals they have brought with them. At this point, the team enter the Dome, and upon the challenge beginning, they must collect as many gold (foil) tokens as they can and deposit them into a container along a wall of the Dome, while avoiding any silver tokens mixed in with them; these are blown about by fans beneath the floor of the Dome. Once time is up, the fans are switched off and no more tokens can be deposited into the container; a slot is opened during the challenge, which closes up when the time is up. Once the team is outside the dome, they, along with any members who were not present for the final challenge, are given the tally of their efforts by the host. If the team can accumulate a total of 100 gold tokens or more, after deduction of any silvers they collected, the team wins the grand prize that they chose for themselves before partaking in the show. All contestants who participate in the show win a commemorative crystal saying "I Cracked the Crystal Maze", which acts as a consolation prize if a team fails to secure the required number of gold tokens.

Original series

During the run of the original series between 1990 and 1995, teams consisted of three men and three women, each aged between 16 and 40, who were put together by the production team and did not know each other before appearing on the show. From their pre-determined starting zone, teams either traveled clockwise or counter-clockwise around the maze, engaging in at least three games in each zone, sometimes being given the opportunity to play a fourth game in a zone during their trip around the maze. Between the first and fourth series, the total number of games that could be played varied between 14 and 16 per episode, but for the fifth and sixth series, the number of games played was reduced to standard of 13. Throughout the run, a 3D map was used to highlight where the host and team were, zooming in on the zones they were in; between the first and third series, it was a 3d wireframe map, which sometimes indicated where the team when moving form one zone to another, while between the fourth and sixth series, it was a full 3D model of the maze. Up until the end of the third series, each contestant on the team could win a prize for themselves that they chose before taking on the Maze if the team succeeded at collecting 100 or more gold tokens, but from the fourth series, this format was changed to the team choosing a prize that they shared together if they won the final challenge. During the first series, a runner-up prize could also be chosen by each member of a team, which they won if the final tally of tokens was between 50-99, but this format was dropped by the start of the second series.

During the Christmas specials, the teams consisted of similar setup, with each aged between 8 and 16, and selected by the production team from the applications they sent in. While the format was similar to the adult version, there are notable differences between the two:

• The host is more willing to supply clues and hints for the children.
• Some of the games were exclusively designed for them, while some of those later featured in the series following the special were designed with lenient time limits, and/or were simplified for them.
• The children did not face a Lock-In game until around the final game they could play.
• The team would always win the prize, regardless of whether they had collected 100 gold tokens or not, due to the nature of the special; only two of the teams that partook ever successfully got the required 100 gold tokens.

One-off special

For the Stand Up to Cancer special in 2016, the format was slightly changed. The team, which consisted of celebrities, was reduced to five members, and because the show did not take place on the original set, fewer games were played, with the team watching their nominated member via a game's cell's windows. However, the one-off special stuck to the format of the captain choosing the type of game and who in the team played it. The brain-teaser game was featured but operated slightly differently, in that there was no time limit, and the nominated contestant had to get two out of three correct to get the crystal. Although the show was not filmed on the set used in the original run, due to it being dismantled in 1999, it did feature a revamped map was also used to indicate the team's position; while it retained the same layout, it was more rendered, used icons for each zone, and renamed Futuristic zone to Future zone. For the final challenge at the Dome, the team were given an extra crystal due to the nature of the special, and were now tasked with collecting as many gold tokens as they could, with the amount they had when the time was up, after deduction of silver tokens, determining how much money was donated to Stand Up to Cancer - £10,000 for 100 to 149 gold, £15,000 for 150 to 199 gold, and £25,000 for 200 or more. The team managed to get over 200 gold, after deduction, securing the top cash amount for the charity event.

Revived series

A year after the one-off edition Channel 4 revived the show. It returned the original setup of zones, used the same map design from the Stand Up to Cancer special, included a brand new collection of games and a newly designed taller set, it also revamped the format:

• The team setup was based on that from the one-off edition, with all five contestants knowing each other, rather than being a group of strangers put together by the production team. The roles of captain and vice-captain are still retained and the host now spends time at the start of each episode getting to know each contestant, usually asking them about themselves and giving or getting interesting trivia preceding the opening Zone.
• The number of games that can be played is reduced to 10 - two in the first and last zone, and three in the other two zones.
• The specific category of games to be played next is now pre-determined by the host. The captain now only needs to determine who to nominate in the team to tackle each game.
• Teams don't necessarily travel in a circular fashion as they did in the original series, meaning the order in which the zones are visited can be completely random - for example, if the team begins in Medieval, they can move on to Aztec directly after playing all the games that are available, without having to do so via Industrial or Futuristic.
• The riddle game format from the one-off edition is retained; the nominated contestant may confer with the team. A variation of this game now requires the contestant to get two out of three correct answers to avoid being locked-in.
• Each zone now has its own background music which is played while a contestant is engaged in a game.
• The digital timer, used on all versions of The Crystal Maze, is no longer used during the final challenge. Instead, viewers are left to rely on both the host and a shot of the crystals to know how much time the team has left.

A series of celebrity episodes were initially broadcast. Like the one-off edition in 2016, the contestants taking part were given an extra crystal upon reaching the Dome to add to those that they had brought, and would earn cash for Stand Up to Cancer depending on how many gold tokens they got, after deduction of silver - £5,000 for less than 50 gold tokens, £10,000 for 50 to 99 tokens, and £20,000 for 100 or more tokens.

Hosts and characters

Throughout its history, The Crystal Maze has been presented by a series of hosts. Each takes on the role of the Maze's custodian, responsible for guiding each team around the various zones, keeping them updated on their progress, leading each nominated team member to the respective games, acting as the timekeeper on all games and the final challenge at the Dome, and taking safe custody of each crystal won by the team. During each game, while the team is focused on watching and helping their nominated member tackle it, the host will sometimes conduct a short monologue to camera, sometimes being more more disparaging about a contestant's attempt at a game in 'private', and occasionally interacting with props left around the maze, talking about them and even giving fictional 'side stories' about them, the zones and the 'other inhabitants' of the Maze. In addition to the host, the show employed a series of performers who took on the role of other characters, some supporting, while others were merely a part of a game's puzzle.

Richard O'Brien

Richard O'Brien was the show's first host, hosting it during the original run between the first and fourth series. During his tenure, he often wore a long fur coat, paired with a brightly colored shirt, skinny fit trousers and long, sleek leather boots, and brought to the show a very individual and distinctive style of presenting, displaying an "infectious... enthusiasm and manic energy" to his role. He was always broadly welcoming and encouraging to teams, being congratulatory on their successes, but on occasion would show visible frustration with a contestant for a particularly sub-standard attempt at a game, and, at the start of the second series, would encourage them to use their allotted time effectively. Once or twice in an episode, O'Brien would produce a harmonica from his pocket during a game, and played one short and repetitive tune which he called "excitement music", while a number of occasions, he would 'find' other musical instruments in the maze which were used to provide a showcase for his actual musical talents, even briefly bursting into song at rare moments.

According to the production team, the short monologue to camera scenes originated when O'Brien began joking with the cameramen during filming of an episode. When the production team reviewed the footage and realized what it could bring to the show they "asked him to do it all the time", to which O'Brien felt that looking straight at the camera, "unknowingly added a complicity between me and the audience at home". However, he also "often appeared detached from proceedings, bordering on deadpan", sometimes making subtle jokes related to the show itself and its production, while his comments were comic "light-hearted quips at contestants". According to h2g2, "his improvised jokes and little wisecracks on the contestants' stupidity were enough to keep the Maze going. He hammed it up marvelously and introduced a certain amount of campness into the show."

Mumsey and Auntie Sabrina

Portrayed by Sandra Caron, both "Mumsey" and "Auntie Sabrina" were genial fortune tellers, and were supporting characters during O'Brien's tenure, hosting their own recurring mental game in the Medieval Zone that involved brain teaser questions; Coran portrayed Mumsey for the first, second and fourth series of the original run, and Sabrina for just the third series, who was described by O'Brien as taking over while his Mumsey was away. Both characters were portrayed as friendly to the contestants, with Mumsey sometimes being motherly with O'Brien, who occasionally asked how she was doing after a game was over, and often talked about her affair she was having with a man called "Ralph" to both the contestants and audience during the first and second series, showing disapproval of her next affair with man called "Dwayne" during the fourth series. Originally, Caron played a character called "Madam Sandra", with Mumsey being an unseen, separate character that O'Brien talked about when travelling through the maze, but a decision made halfway into the first series saw the two characters merged.

In an interview in 2013, O'Brien confirmed that he had been responsible for inventing Mumsey, helping to build up her image after the first series and make her a regular feature on the show throughout his time as the Maze's host. O'Brien felt that the character of Mumsey he helped to create "just added silliness and intrigue" to the show.

O'Brien and Caron's departure

After the fourth series had been broadcast, both O'Brien and Caron decided to depart from the show, with the former announcing his decision. Both chose to make a short cameo appearance as part of a pre-credits sequence for the 1993 Christmas special, in which O'Brien declared that he and "Mumsey" were leaving for a new life in America. While O'Brien remarked that hosting the show had been "a lot of fun", in a BBC interview he did in 1998, he stated that he "never imagined I'd go down that particular byway" and it was only a "diversionary kind of sideline", explaining that after four years as host he was thinking, "If I stay here much longer I'm not going to be able to do anything else", suggesting that the film work he was in that year would not have come his way if he had remained on the show. O'Brien has said that he "didn’t want to get to the point where they said goodbye before I did. The show went on for 2 or 3 more years and it began to dip, and my credibility goes down doesn’t it? So I left." "I did four movies shortly after that and I don't think I would have been allowed to have done them if I’d stayed as a game show host, so it was the right decision for me anyway."

In a subsequent article for The Independent newspaper, O'Brien wrote that he had been frustrated with Channel 4's attitude towards the show and towards him as its host. Despite The Crystal Maze being Channel 4's top-ranked programme, O'Brien claimed that "they never waved the flag for the show or tried to woo me as a Channel 4 person in the same crazy manner as they wooed Jonathan Ross" despite the ratings for Ross's show at the time being much lower than The Crystal Maze's. O'Brien felt that "Channel 4 people... should have taken me on board as a viable Channel 4 personality. And when... I'd had enough of Crystal Maze they should have asked if there was anything else they could have found me."

While O'Brien and Mumsey made a cameo appearance for the one-off edition of The Crystal Maze in 2016, the former acting as the Maze's computer system, Caron was unable to portray her character, leading to actress and comedian Maureen Lipman filling in for the role instead.

Ed Tudor-Pole

Ed Tudor-Pole, from the punk band Tenpole Tudor, was the show's second host, being introduced during the 1993 Christmas special, and hosting the original run for its last two series. During his tenure, he wore an elaborate waistcoat and tunic, off-white sleeves and trousers, and long black boots, in a similar style to his predecessor, with his look having been described as "Georgian". While his style of hosting had the similar energetic style to O'Brien's, it was less detached, with Tudor-Pole being more sympathetic towards contestants, and often talking up the 'time travel' elements of the show, with the inclusion of nonsense words, such as "trignification" to describe the "process" of travelling between time zones, while often referring to unseen companions in the maze, such as his horse "Bert" in Medieval Zone, and "Starbuck" the cat, who lives in Ocean Zone. According to h2g2, "pale and looking a little emaciated, Ed Tudor-Pole gave The Crystal Maze a dark and intimidating feeling".

Following the show's cancellation, Tudor-Pole was less keen to discuss about his time on The Crystal Maze in interviews. Responding to questions about the show during a 2009 interview for DemonFM, he commented: "You've got to bear in mind I did it for five weeks about twelve years ago," and revealed that he only ever watched one and a half episodes of the completed show, "so I'm not an expert on it". Shortly afterwards he tersely moved the topic of conversation back to his music career with the comment, "Frankly I wasn't sent to this world to present game shows."

Stephen Merchant

Stephen Merchant was the third host of the show for its one-off edition for Stand Up to Cancer in 2016. His style of presentation involved quirky jokes about real-life events and a cheerful demeanor with the contestants. When Channel 4 decided to revive The Crystal Maze, Merchant confirmed that he would not be hosting the new series.

Richard Ayoade

Richard Ayoade is the show's fourth host, who was chosen to present the programme by Channel 4 after they decided to revive The Crystal Maze in November 2016; their decision to hire him for the revival was announced in January 2017, after Merchant declined to take on the role following the 2016 special. In each episode, he is dressed in a smart suit, wearing his trademark glasses and carrying "The Hand" - an effigy of a hand on the end of a stick. His style of presenting is described as being "a more cerebral and intense version" of his The IT Crowd character, Maurice Moss, using abbreivations such as "mins" (minutes) and "ALIS" (Automatic Lock-In Situation), while often making quips and giving running commentary to both the audience and the contestants throughout each episode, with some of his jokes being at the expense of those playing. Whenever he leads contestants to a game cell, he instructs them to take hold of "The Hand", which he uses to interact with them at close distance; the show's executive producer says this was to create distance between Ayoade's character and the contestants.

Other characters

The following lists the characters that appear or have appeared on the show:

• The Computer - The operating system for the space station that Futuristic Zone is situated within; if the team's starting point is this zone, the computer provides a question for the team that they must answer correctly to gain entry into the Maze. During O'Brien's tenure (except series 2), the computer had a male voice and usually acted antagonistically towards him, while during Tudor-Pole's tenure, the computer had a female voice, which he called Barbara and built up a backstory for. In Ayoade's tenure, the computer retains a female voice and refers to Ayoade as "Ricard", but no other personality traits are shown, only speaking when a team seeks entry to the maze.
• The Knight - Portrayed by Jessica Hynes, the Knight is a guard of the Medieval Zone who wears an set of oversized battle armour, carries a large sword, and grants entry into the maze if the teams answers her riddle correctly, in a similar role to The Computer.
• Jarhead - Portrayed by Adam Buxton, Jarhead is a disembodied head in a jar who asks riddles, gifting crystals to those who can two out of three correctly, in a similar role to Mumsey.
• Game characters - Some games had a character that contestants encountered, who were connected to acquiring the crystal:
  • An unknown princess in the first series, who lay within a maze in the Medieval Zone and had to be kissed to wake her and retrieve the crystal; the game was mainly played by male contestants.
  • A king's guard in the fifth series, who instructed contestants to build the king's seal as part of a game, and judged whether they had made it correctly, rewarding them the crystal if they did.
  • A series of guardians in the sixth series who inhabited a maze in Aztec Zone, whom the contestant had to find and ask for a verbal clue that would allow them to determine the location of the crystal and not pick the wrong spot that would cause them to be locked-in.
  • A masked jailer in the revived series, who locks a contestant into a jail cell within Medieval upon them going for the crystal, whereupon they must answer two of his three riddles to be released.

Filming

Each episode has a budget of £125,000 and is filmed over a period of two days at the show's studio. During the first day of shooting, the team, followed by multiple cameras, tackle all the games and discover their fate in the crystal dome in the style of a "live" shoot. The following day then focuses on acquiring close-up shots of gameplay with a single camera, requiring team members to return to games they had already won or lost, along with redoing the last challenge in the dome to get footage of them grabbing for tokens. An entire series requires about five weeks to be filmed, with three episodes produced per week. Each series of the show featured its own portfolio of games: 37 different game designs in series 1, and between 41 and 49 games in each subsequent series.

The set

Every episode, with the exception of the 2016 special, is filmed on a very large custom built set. The set, designed by James Dillon for both the original run and the revived series, is divided into five parts - four of which are named as zones, set in different periods of time and space, which house the games that contestants take on, while the final part, called the Crystal Dome, houses the final challenge that the team tackle together towards the end of an episode. The theme of each zone is not only reflected via its time period, but also in the time-keeping devices, the design of the games, and how the host and team entered and moved between the zones:

• Aztec Zone - This is designed as an ancient Aztec village amidst ruins, with carved pillars, sand, various plants and a sky backdrop; the lighting for this part of the set is used to depict sunlight, thus can be altered to reflect other times of day. Entry to the zone was originally achieved by rowing along a river, with a tunnel leading off towards Medieval/Ocean and a set of steps to a ledge heading towards Futuristic. The revived series removes the river, having a small waterfall addition instead, added at the request of the show's producer. Time-keeping is done with water clocks, with each cell's door having a rope bind to lock it up, burlap blinds on both them and their windows. The plants that are used consist of artificial and real-life varieties; the latter being removed from the set outside of shooting, to receive adequate sunlight to keep them alive.
• Medieval Zone - This is designed as a castle of the Middle Ages, laden with a straw covered flagstone floor, wooden barrels/casks and a large dining table with solid wooden chairs. The area is lit with 15 flaming torches and over 100 candles, which when combined with sound effects such as lightning and wolves howling, are used to create an atmospheric "frightening dungeon". The zone's cells have sturdy oak doors with slide locks on, barred windows to look in, and time-keeping done via hourglasses. Entry into this zone was initially done by contestants raising the portcullis at the castle's entrance by finding the right chain, and then later having to climb over it. In the revived series, this method was changed to simply answering a riddle to get a gate open. The zone was designed with a passage that led to Futuristic via a beam that had to be crossed, and a set of stairs that had to be crossed to get to Industrial/Ocean, later this was changed to a set of ledges that had to be traversed.
• Industrial Zone - This is designed as present-day chemical plant with metal barrels, warning signs, a bubbling chemical pool, corrugated roofing and panelling; cells had metal doors with bar handles, with some having office-like interiors, and time-keeping done by simple analogue clocks. Entry into this zone was initially designed towards finding a key to unlock a chain-mesh gate, but later changed towards finding a way over it and around a number of small obstacles, with stairs leading to an upper floor passage towards Medieval, and a pipeline tunnel towards Aztec. The zone was used for three series in the original run, with teams able to watch their nominated member's efforts in a game via one of a number of monitors used in the zone. Industrial was brought back for the revived series, maintaining the same design style as the original, though with teams able to watch proceedings in a game via either monitors or panels that opened into a cell.
• Futuristic Zone - This is designed as a space station, orbiting a planet in the solar system in the distant future; the planet is not made clear in the show. In the original run, it was designed as being slightly run down, with metal sliding doors, exposed wiring, and viewpoints that looked out into space, with time-keeping done by digital clocks, monitors spread over the station to view inside the cells, and cell doors having a keypad prop next to them that the host punched a code into to let the contestant in and out of. Entry was designed around an airlock setup, with a computer panel the host used to boot up the station's computer and request a question for the team, with a passage leading off towards Medieval, and a lift that allowed the host and team to shift between a walkway and a ledge connecting to Aztec. In the revived show, the station was redesigned, becoming cleaner and sleek, with a central console set on a floor that rotates and cell doors no longer having keypads next to them. The team now use a 'teleporter pad' to move on to their next zone. James Dillion has stated the drastic redesign of this zone in comparison to the others was due to "nothing dating quite like the future."
• Ocean Zone - This replaced the Industrial Zone, being used between the fourth and sixth series of the original run. It was designed as a sunken ship called the "S.S. Atlantis", held within an air bubble at the bottom of the ocean, and consisted of a saloon with a elegant staircase, wooden panelling, couches, a grand piano, covered furniture and objects and upper walkway, a boiler room, and maintenance corridors, with cells designed as either maintenance rooms, the interior of one of the ship's boilers, or refined cabins. Each cell bore an analogue clock for time-keeping, similar to those in the Industrial Zone, and monitors for watching the interiors of the cells. Entry was designed around teams climbing down from the bridge into the boiler room via a rope ladder, with a hatchway at the top of a ladder leading to Medieval, and a ventilation shaft leading towards Aztec. This zone did not return in the revived series.
• The Crystal Dome - This is designed to be a 16-foot-high (4.9 m) giant replica of one of the show's time crystals, located in the centre of the Maze. The interior is designed with rails for the team to hold onto before the final challenge begins, with a mesh floor and a series of fans on the base that activate when the host commands them to, blowing foil tokens around for the team's final challenge. The exterior differs between the original run, one-off special and revived series, but always has a special hexagonal podium, which the host stands close to, that is designed to hold the crystals the team have acquired. Each crystal's space has a light beneath that is switched on when a crystal is placed above it; every five seconds while the team are collecting tokens, one of these lights goes out (or in the revived series, turns red) in the style of a countdown. For the design used in the original run, the Dome featured a moat around it, with the podium having two switches that the host operated - one opened a panel on the Dome like a door, while the other raised and submerged a bridge that the team crossed to get in and out of the Dome. For the revived series, the moat and switches were dropped and the Dome given a redesign to feature a set of flashing lights along the outside edge, to make the dome look like it’s sparkling. Filming of an episode usually includes an opening scene in which the host greets the viewer standing before the dome, while the fans are active and blowing around the tokens within.

For the first series, the show was filmed at Shepperton Studios, within a stage set measuring 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²) and containing a water tank on-site. After the first series, the production team decided to expand the maze, relocating the set to an adapted aircraft hangar, Hangar 6, operated by Aces High Studios at North Weald Airfield in Essex. After the show ended in 1995, when Channel 4's contract with producers Chatsworth TV expired, the set was eventually dismantled. When the broadcaster decided to make a one-off edition of the show for Stand Up for Cancer in 2016, the episode was filmed at The Crystal Maze live immersive experience in London, as it was no longer possible to use the original set. When Channel 4 made the decision to revive the show for a full series in November 2016, James Dillon was asked to design a new set at a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m²) warehouse at The Bottle Yard Studios in Bristol. Dillon went back to his original plans and sketches but took the opportunity to build and expand on several of his original ideas and concepts. The most drastic being that the Crystal Dome is actually located in a septate part of the studio, originally it's proximity to the Aztec zone caused a problem with sand contaminating the Dome area.

Theme tune

The theme tune for The Crystal Maze was composed by Zack Laurence and is entitled "Force Field". It was used through all six original series, with an updated version being used for the new series. The original track is 1 minute and 5 seconds long; however it was shortened for the opening and ending titles. Likewise, the new re-recorded version of the theme lasts for 33 seconds. The "Underscore" remix of the theme tune played during the show itself was also composed by Zack Laurence.

Reception

At its most popular, viewing figures regularly scored over 4 million, peaking at 5.9 million in 1992 when the show was nominated for its first BAFTA award. Three other BAFTA nominations followed in subsequent years with a Royal Television Society award nomination in 1995. Although not originally envisioned as a children’s show over 40% of the shows viewers were under 16, a surprise to the crew and O'brein, who adapted his performance accordingly, forcing himself to think more like a child. Contemporary commentary has often suggested that this aspect of O'Brien's performance was the show's biggest attraction. Praising his zaney style and describing him as “a fearless adventurer with a wink and a smile and a verbal knife in the back of those poor saps [contestants]... His style and wit was sardonic, yet never exclusionary, and pointed, yet never bitter.” In 2012 The Guardian's TV & Radio Blog listed O'Brien as one of the six "most loved" game show hosts, describing him as "an unconventional choice for an unconventional series... [who] looked more like a dandy gazelle than a game show host". The same commentary has also suggested Tudor-Pole had an almost impossible task in living up to O'Brien's popularity. The Guardian claimed "It was no surprise that the show went downhill after [O’Brien’s] exit."

The show has had a lasting impact and influence on British television, becoming what has been described as a cult classic due to repeats, the makers of the children's TV show Jungle Run openly acknowledge The Crystal Maze as an influence, particularly the last host, Michael Underwood, who was the team captain in the first Christmas special. The perceived stupidity of the contestants was the target of various British comedy shows and spoofs, a trend which continued well into the mid 2000's.

Commercial replicas and merchandise

The live immersive experience

In June 2015, the interactive theatre production company Little Lion Entertainment announced that a "live immersive experience" of The Crystal Maze would be taking place in late 2015, funded successfully through an Indiegogo crowdfunding campaign. Situated on White Lion Street in central London, the new Maze admits members of the public, who can buy tickets and play the show for themselves. Four teams, each guided by their own host, enter the maze at once, one in each zone, and rotate around the four zones simultaneously before competing against each other in The Crystal Dome. Some game rooms have a camera feed for spectators, The group found a venue for the Maze in the King's Cross area in late 2015, and it opened for contestants on 15 March 2016. It was later revealed in November 2016 that there would be another live experience in Manchester at the Granada Studios, which opened to the public in April 2017. This version of the experience is around twice as large as the London version; the zones are split in two parts, and the teams move through the maze one after the other, such that each half-zone always has one team in it. Like the London Maze, teams compete for the high score in the Crystal Dome, by collecting as many gold credits as possible, but unlike in London, the teams never meet one another.

The Cyberdrome Crystal Maze

The Cyberdrome Crystal Maze was an attraction usually found in larger bowling alleys and video arcades in the UK. It allowed fans an opportunity to "play" the Crystal Maze for themselves in a computerised format. There were a few differences from the show itself, e.g. there is no player choice of game category, and there is no locking in (instead, failing to quit a game would immediately cost the team a crystal). Five of the first six locations were in Britain, while the sixth was in Japan. All of the Cyberdrome Crystal Mazes have since closed. The locations of the Cyberdromes were Sandcastle Water Park (Blackpool), Oakwood Theme Park (Pembrokeshire), Southampton Megabowl, Coventry Megabowl and next to Magnet Leisure Centre in Maidenhead, (Berkshire). The last one, at Canaston Bowl, Pembrokeshire, ceased operations in June 2010.

Unofficial team building sessions

Currently many companies offer team building sessions to other companies in the style of The Crystal Maze. Some companies have developed an inflatable crystal dome which can fit a full team inside.

Video games

A computer game based on The Crystal Maze was developed by Digital Jellyfish Design and released in 1993 by Sherston Software for RISC OS on the Acorn Archimedes and the PC. A game for mobiles was released in 2008, and later for iOS in 2010. Developed by Dynamo Games, it contains some of the games from the 1993 version.

Quiz machines

Chatsworth Television licensed a number of popular SWP gambling machines based on the TV series. In 2009, Cool Games created a 3D video version for the UK SWP market. Remaining true to the original show, using touch screen technology, the game achieved widespread coverage in the UK and remains one of the most popular SWP games launched.

Board game

In 1991 MB Games released a board game loosely based upon the show. The concept of the game differed significantly from the show with players competing against each other as opposed to the co-operative style of the TV show.

Books

Release name	UK release date	Author	Publisher	Notes	Ref
The Crystal Maze	15 February 1990	Peter Arnold and Gill Brown	Time Warner Paperbacks	Re-released 1 October 1990
Crystal Maze Adventure Gamebook	7 February 1991	Dave Morris and Jamie Thomson	Mammoth	New edition
Crystal Maze Challenge!	21 May 1992	Dave Morris and Jamie Thomson	Mammoth	1st Edition 21 May 1992
The Crystal Thief	15 April 1993	Peter Arnold	Mammoth	Puzzle Books
Tea at Rick's	15 April 1993	Peter Arnold	Mammoth	Puzzle Books
The Sacred Necklace	16 December 1993	Peter Arnold	Mammoth, London	Puzzle Book
Phantom in the Tower	16 December 1993	Peter Arnold	Mammoth, London	Puzzle Book
The Crystal Maze	1994	Unknown	Mammoth
Crystal Maze Mystery Pack	25 February 1994	Peter Arnold	Heinemann Library
The Crystal Maze Puzzle Book	13 June 1994	Peter Arnold	Mammoth
The Crystal Maze Puzzle Book: Bk. 2	30 October 1995	Peter Arnold	Mammoth	Puzzle Book
Crystal Maze A1 Poster	13 June 1996	None	Mammoth	Hardcover

VHS releases

In 1994, a video cassette, The Best of The Crystal Maze was released by Wienerworld Presentation. The video included three episodes: the 1992 and 1993 Christmas specials, and an episode from Series 4. It also featured the clip of O'Brien and Mumsey leaving the maze.

Release name	UK release date	Notes
The Best of Crystal Maze	16 May 1994	No announcements of any future releases.

Transmissions

Original

Series

Series	Start date	End date	Episodes	Recorded	Presenter
1	15 February 1990	10 May 1990	13	November – December 1989	Richard O'Brien
2	21 March 1991	13 June 1991	13	December 1990 – January 1991
3	23 April 1992	16 July 1992	13	November – December 1991
4	1 April 1993	24 June 1993	13	November – December 1992
5	12 May 1994	4 August 1994	13	November – December 1993	Ed Tudor-Pole
6	18 May 1995	10 August 1995	13	November – December 1994

Specials

Date	Recorded	Presenter
1 January 1991	November 1990	Richard O'Brien
24 December 1991	November 1991
27 December 1992	November 1992
24 December 1993	November 1993	Ed Tudor-Pole
24 December 1994	November 1994

Revival

Series

Series	Start date	End date	Episodes	Recorded	Presenter
1	25 August 2017	1 December 2017	15	March – April 2017	Richard Ayoade

Specials

Date	Recorded	Presenter
16 October 2016	29 September 2016	Stephen Merchant
23 June 2017	February 2017	Richard Ayoade
30 June 2017
7 July 2017
13 July 2017
December 2017

External links

• The Crystal Maze: Celebrity Specials on Channel 4
• The Crystal Maze at IMDb
• Template:Tv.com show
• The Crystal Maze at UKGameshows.com