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Todd Akin
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 2nd district
In office
January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2013
Preceded byJim Talent
Succeeded byAnn Wagner
Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 86th district
In office
January 3, 1993 – January 3, 2001
Preceded byJohn Hancock
Succeeded byJane Cunningham
Member of the Missouri House of Representatives
from the 85th district
In office
January 3, 1989 – January 3, 1993
Preceded byFranc Flotron
Succeeded byChris Liese
Personal details
Born
William Todd Akin

(1947-07-05) July 5, 1947 (age 77)
New York City, New York, U.S.
Political partyRepublican
SpouseLulli Boe
Children6
Residence(s)Town and Country, Missouri (late 1980s–c. 2007)
Wildwood, Missouri
(c. 2007–present)
Alma materWorcester Polytechnic Institute
Covenant Theological Seminary
ProfessionEngineer, businessman
Military service
Branch/serviceU.S. Army National Guard
U.S. Army Reserve
Years of service1972–1980
UnitU.S. Army Corps of Engineers

William Todd Akin (born July 5, 1947) is an American politician who is a former U.S. Representative for Missouri's 2nd congressional district, serving from 2001 to 2013. He is a member of the Republican Party.

Born in New York City, Akin grew up in the Greater St. Louis area. After receiving his bachelor's degree from Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Massachusetts, Akin served in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and worked in the private sector in the computer and steel industries. In 1988, he was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives. He served in the state house until 2000, when he was elected to the United States House of Representatives, in which he served until 2013.

Akin's Congressional career ended after he lost a bid to unseat Democratic U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill in the 2012 election. Akin, who had won the Republican primary in a crowded field, led McCaskill in pre-election polls until he said that women who are victims of what he called "legitimate rape" rarely get pregnant. Akin eventually apologized for the remark but rebuffed calls to withdraw from the election.[1] He lost to McCaskill by 54.7 percent to 39.2 percent.[2] In a book published in July 2014, Akin said that he regretted apologizing and defended his original comments.

Early life, education, and business career

Akin was born in New York City, and raised in the St. Louis area. He is the son of Nancy Perry (née Bigelow) and Paul Bigelow Akin.[3][4][5]

Akin's great-grandfather, Thomas Russell Akin, founded Laclede Steel Corporation of St. Louis in 1911.[6] The company eventually passed to his grandfather, William Akin, and then to his father Paul, a third-generation graduate of Harvard University who served as an officer in the Navy during World War II.[3][4]

Akin graduated from John Burroughs School, a private prep school in suburban St. Louis,[4] and went on to attend Worcester Polytechnic Institute in Worcester, Massachusetts, earning a B.S. in Management Engineering in 1970.

After graduation, Akin served as an engineer officer in the National Guard of the U.S. Army,[7] then served in the Army Reserve until 1980.[8] After leaving active duty, Akin sold large computer systems for IBM, then worked as a manager in his family's steel business.[7]

Akin earned a Master of Divinity degree in 1984 from Covenant Theological Seminary where he studied Greek, Hebrew, and a socially conservative interpretation of the Christian scriptures. He did not enter the ministry.[9]

Akin is a longtime pro-life activist and former member of the board of Missouri Right to Life.[10] He was arrested for trespass at least eight times between 1985 and 1988 while demonstrating against abortion in front of abortion clinics in Illinois and Missouri.[11][12][13] He has said the protests were peaceful and he would not apologize for standing up for his beliefs.[12][14] At the time of the arrests, he was using the name "William Akin"; after that period, when he ran for political office, it was as "Todd Akin".[12]

Missouri House of Representatives

Elections

Akin was elected to the Missouri House of Representatives in November 1988, running unopposed to represent District 85 in West County.[15] He won re-election in 1990 with 59% of the vote.[16] Due to re-districting, Akin represented District 86 from 1993 through 2000, never winning less than 66% of the vote.[17][18][19][20]

Tenure

Akin served as a member of the House Ways and Means Committee.[21] During his 12 years in the state house, Akin advocated for homeschool rights,[22] voted for carrying concealed weapons, voted against the parks and soils sales tax, and voted against the 1993 tax increase and education spending increase.[23] Akin sponsored legislation to prohibit casino companies from contributing to Missouri state lawmakers.[24] In 1995, he fought Democratic Governor Mel Carnahan over a bill providing state funding for school nurses. Ultimately, the governor refused to sign the funding bill due to Akin's amendment, which would have prohibited nurses from telling students about sources for information about abortion.[25]

U.S. House of Representatives

Elections

In 2000, Akin ran in the Republican primary election to fill the House seat vacated by U.S. Representative Jim Talent, who was running for governor. Light voter turnout caused by heavy rains helped Akin win the tight, five-way primary by just 56 votes; he defeated two better-known candidates, former St. Louis County Executive Gene McNary and State Senator Franc Flotron.[4][26][27] On the night he won the primary, Akin said, "My base will show up in earthquakes."[22] He defeated Democratic State Senator Ted House in the general election, winning 55 percent of the vote.[28] He never faced another contest as close, and was reelected five times. In 2010, Akin won re-election with 67.9% of the vote.[29] He had been challenged for the seat by Democratic nominee Arthur Lieber, Libertarian nominee Steve Mosbacher, and write-in candidate Patrick M. Cannon.

Tenure

Akin earned a 96% rating from the American Conservative Union in 2008, and 100% in 2007.[30]

For most of his tenure, Akin was listed in the official House roll as "R-St. Louis," even though he represented St. Louis County, but no portion of the city of St. Louis.[31]

Social issues

Akin is an outspoken opponent of abortion in all cases, including health reasons or in cases of rape or incest, and he opposes embryonic stem cell research. In a 2008 speech on the House floor, Akin called abortion providers "terrorists" and alleged that it was "common practice" for abortion providers to perform "abortions" on women who were not actually pregnant.[32][33]

Akin is a supporter of the right to keep and bear arms and has an A rating from the National Rifle Association.[34] Akin has stated that he has supported many bills including the Second Amendment Sovereignty Act of 2012, The Sportsmen's Heritage Act and the Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act.[citation needed] Akin is a staunch advocate of a federal prohibition of online poker. In 2006, he co-sponsored H.R. 4411, the Goodlatte-Leach Internet Gambling Prohibition Act,[35] and H.R. 4777, the Internet Gambling Prohibition Act.[36]

Akin also authored the Protect the Pledge (of Allegiance) Act.[27] In late June 2011, Akin objected to NBC's recent removal of the words "under God" from a video clip of school children reciting the Pledge of Allegiance. After remarking that "NBC has a long record of being very liberal," Akin said, "at the heart of liberalism really is a hatred for God and a belief that government should replace God".[37] Two days later, Akin said he did not mean all liberals hate God, only that liberals have "a hatred for public references for God." The next day, he apologized, saying his statement had been "directed at the political movement, Liberalism, not at any specific individual".[38]

During his 2012 US Senate bid, Akin reaffirmed his opposition to legislation like the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009, which he voted against as a Congressman.[39]

Todd Akin is an opponent of the No Child Left Behind Act. Akin believes that it should not be the federal government that decides on education, but that local government should have control over public education.[40]

Fiscal issues

In his early years in Congress, Akin brought back earmarks for his district, voted to raise the debt ceiling, voted for off-balance-sheet wars in Iraq and Afghanistan, and voted to create the unfunded Medicare prescription drug benefit.[27] More recently, he has opposed increases in taxation and spending. He voted in 2007 against an expansion of the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), objecting to its potential coverage of children in families making up to $62,000 a year, and stating that proof of U.S. citizenship was not required. He also said the bill would "weaken the private health care system" and lead the country "further down the slippery slope to socialized medicine."[41] He has voted against federally funded school breakfasts and lunches, and called student loans "a stage-three cancer of socialism".[27] He has also voted against increasing the minimum wage.[27] He was a vocal critic of the September 2008 bank bailout, and voted against it.[42] He voted no on the Affordable Health Care Act in March 2010,[43] and on Paul Ryan's fiscal year 2012 budget.[44]

Military issues

Akin has spent time working on military and veterans issues. On the House Armed Services Committee he served as the Chairman of the Seapower and Projection Forces Subcommittee, which handles Navy and Air Force issues. He has served as Ranking Republican on the Seapower Subcommittee and the Oversight and Investigations Subcommittee. Akin has also introduced veterans-related bills, most notably the Open Burn Pit Registry Act, which creates a registry for Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who were exposed to burn pits. He opposed repeal of the Dover Policy, which banned media coverage of caskets of troops returning home from overseas, citing privacy and decorum issues.[45]

Committee assignments

Caucus memberships

2012 U.S. Senate election

Main article: United States Senate election in Missouri, 2012

In mid-May 2011, Akin announced he would seek the Republican nomination in 2012 to unseat Democratic Senator Claire McCaskill.[46] Other candidates in the August 2012 Republican primary included businessman John Brunner,[47] author and business executive Mark Memoly,[48] and former Missouri Treasurer Sarah Steelman who had backing from the TEA Party.[49][50] Despite losing some momentum and in a crowded field, Akin won the Republican nomination in the August 7 open primary, 36% to 30% for his nearest challenger.[51] The Claire McCaskill campaign spent $2 million during the primaries, despite not having a primary opponent. That money was spent on advertising touting Akin as "Too conservative," for Missouri.[52] In 2012, National Journal named Akin one of ten Republicans to follow on Twitter.[53]

Akin faced McCaskill and Libertarian nominee Jonathan Dine in the general election, losing to McCaskill after his controversial comments on rape lost him a great deal of support.

Home of record

In May 2011, questions were raised about Akin's official address for voting. For most of his political career, Akin had claimed Town and Country as his official residence. However, according to the Associated Press and the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, Akin moved to Wildwood, in far western St. Louis County, sometime between 2007 and 2009, after he and his wife purchased a second home there. However, he continued to vote as a Town and Country resident, and signed a polling place logbook attesting to his living there in April 2011.[54][55]

Controversial comments on "legitimate rape" and pregnancy

Main article: Rape and pregnancy controversies in United States elections, 2012
See also: Pregnancy from rape

In a local news interview, on August 19, 2012, discussing abortion, Akin claimed that victims of what he described as "legitimate rape" very rarely become pregnant. Airing on St. Louis television station KTVI, his response to a question on rape exceptions for abortion was:

Well you know, people always want to try to make that as one of those things, well how do you, how do you slice this particularly tough sort of ethical question. First of all, from what I understand from doctors, that's really rare. If it's a legitimate rape, the female body has ways to try to shut that whole thing down. But let's assume that maybe that didn't work or something. I think there should be some punishment, but the punishment ought to be on the rapist and not attacking the child.[56]

The comments from Akin, which came as he ran for the U.S. Senate seat held by Claire McCaskill, almost immediately led to widespread uproar. The term "legitimate rape" was called "loathsome" because it suggests that "there are different categories of rape — some real and awful and others that are not".[57] Others took exception to the phrasing because it suggests that the victims who do become pregnant from rape may be lying. His claims about the likelihood of pregnancy resulting from rape were seen by some as being based on fringe ideas like stress-induced miscarriage or Dr. John C. Willke's "spastic tubes" theory introduced in 1985[58] and trauma-based theory introduced in 1999.[59] These theories are not accepted by the majority of the scientific and medical community.[60][61] Akin was not the first to make such claims, but was perhaps one of the most recently prominent.[62]

The comment was widely characterized as misogynistic and recklessly inaccurate, with many commentators remarking on the use of the words "legitimate rape".[63][64][65] Related news articles cited a 1996 article in an obstetrics and gynecology journal, which found that 5% of women who were raped became pregnant, which equaled about 32,000 pregnancies each year in the US alone.[66] A separate 2003 article in the journal Human Nature estimated that rapes are twice as likely to result in pregnancies as consensual sex.[67]

While some colleagues such as Iowa congressman Steve King[68] and Tennessee state senator Stacey Campfield[69] supported Akin, senior figures in both parties condemned his remarks and some Republicans called for him to resign.[70][71][72] In the resulting furor, Akin received widespread calls to drop out of his Senate race from both Republicans and Democrats.[73]

Akin apologized for his gaffe, saying he "misspoke." His campaign ran an advertisement in which he asked voters to forgive him, saying:

Rape is an evil act. I used the wrong words in the wrong way and for that I apologize. As the father of two daughters, I want tough justice for predators. I have a compassionate heart for the victims of sexual assault. I pray for them. The fact is, rape can lead to pregnancy. The truth is, rape has many victims. The mistake I made was in the words I said, not in the heart I hold. I ask for your forgiveness.[74]

The incident was seen as having an impact on Akin's senate race and the Republicans' chances of gaining a majority in the U.S. Senate,[75] by making news in the week before the 2012 Republican National Convention and by "shift[ing] the national discussion to divisive social issues that could repel swing voters rather than economic issues that could attract them".[76]

Election result

Before the comments, Akin had been favored to win his race against McCaskill, but he lost in November, 54.7 percent to 39.2 percent.[2] His loss was attributed to backlash from women voters.[1] After the election between November 2012 and August 2013, Akin received $111,000 in donations that in part were for the 2018 Senate primaries.[77]

Aftermath

In July 2014, Akin's book, Firing Back: Taking on the Party Bosses and Media Elite to Protect Our Faith and Freedom, was published. In it, he said that he regretted apologizing, because "by asking the public at large for forgiveness, I was validating the willful misinterpretation of what I had said." He also defended his original comments and attacked various Republicans for "wronging" him, including Karl Rove, former National Republican Senatorial Committee Executive Director Rob Jesmer, Senators Mitch McConnell, John Cornyn, John McCain, Roy Blunt and Lindsey Graham and House Speaker John Boehner. He also repeatedly attacked the Republican establishment for seeing his comments "as their opportunity to take [me] out and select someone more palatable to their tastes", and the "liberal media" for making him "the target of a media assassination."[78]

Personal life

Akin married Lulli Boe, a graduate of Hollins University, in June 1975.[79][80] The couple has six children. Lulli became a home schooling activist, and all of the children were home-schooled.[4][9][27] Three sons attended the Naval Academy and became officers in the Marines.[27] One of his sons served in the assault on Fallujah, Iraq.[45]

Akin enjoys playing guitar and singing gospel songs, and over the years, has dressed in Revolutionary War attire for Fourth of July celebrations.[9]

Akin and his wife resided for many years in the Town and Country, Missouri home that he grew up in and that his father owned. When his father sought to subdivide the 8.5-acre property a few years ago, Akin moved to a house in Wildwood.[22]

Electoral history

Year Office Republican Democratic Libertarian Ref
Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes % Candidate Votes %
1988 Missouri House, Dist. 85 Todd Akin 14,538 100% None 0 0 None 0 0 [15]
1990 Missouri House, Dist. 85 Todd Akin 6,815 59% Chris Liese 4,656 41% None 0 0 [16]
1992 Missouri House, Dist. 86 Todd Akin 14,809 100% None 0 0 None 0 0 [17]
1994 Missouri House, Dist. 86 Todd Akin 9,157 70% Leonard Hyman 4,015 30% None 0 0 [18]
1996 Missouri House Dist. 86 Todd Akin 10,791 67% Leonard Hyman 5,210 33% None 0 0 [19]
1998 Missouri House Dist. 86 Todd Akin 8,026 66% Leonard Hyman 4,137 34% None 0 0 [20]
2000 U.S. House, Missouri 2nd Dist. Todd Akin 164,926 55% Tedd House 126,441 42% James Higgins 2,524 1% [81]
2002 U.S. House, Missouri 2nd Dist. Todd Akin 167,057 67% John Hogan 77,223 31% Darla Maloney 4,548 2% [82]
2004 U.S. House, Missouri 2nd Dist. Todd Akin 228,725 65% George Weber 115,366 33% Darla Maloney 4,822 1% [83]
2006 U.S. House, Missouri 2nd Dist. Todd Akin 176,452 61% George Weber 105,242 37% Tamara Millay 5,923 2% [84]
2008 U.S. House, Missouri 2nd Dist. Todd Akin 232,076 62% William Haas 132,068 35% Thomas Knapp 8,628 2% [85]
2010 U.S. House, Missouri 2nd Dist. Todd Akin 180,481 68% Arthur Lieber 77,467 29% Steve Mosbacher 7,677 3% [86][87]
2012 U.S. Senate, Missouri Todd Akin 1,063,698 39.2% Claire McCaskill 1,484,683 54.7% Jonathan Dine 164,991 6.1% [88]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Haberkorn, Jennifer (November 6, 2012). "Abortion, rape controversy shaped key races". Politico.
  2. ^ a b "Missouri Senate election results 2012: Claire McCaskill beats Todd Akin for second term". politico.com. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  3. ^ a b Announcements, The New York Times, September 9, 1944, Section Sports, Page 21.
  4. ^ a b c d e Eligon, John (August 21, 2012). "A Politician Whose Faith Is Central to His Persistence". The New York Times.
  5. ^ Penniman, G.W.; Bigelow, P.; Penniman, G.D. (1987). The Penniman Family: To 1980. Penniman Family. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  6. ^ Laclede Steel Names Chief, The New York Times, Business and Finance Section, March 26, 1966.
  7. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994, p. 157
  8. ^ Biography, Congressman Todd Akin, Missouri's 2nd District, retrieved 2012-08-23.
  9. ^ a b c McCrummen, Stephanie; Fahrenthold, David A. (August 22, 2012). "Akin's agenda wins loyalty of Christian groups". Washington Post. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  10. ^ Todd Akin Senate Campaign 2012 web site, On the Issues: Life, http://www.akin.org/issues/life, accessed 2012-11-04.
  11. ^ Friedman, Dan (November 3, 2012). "Akin was Arrested at Least Eight Times in 1980s". Hotline On Call. NationalJournal.com. Archived from the original on 2012-11-05. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ a b c McDermott, Kevin (October 24, 2012). "Todd Akin was arrested at least three times during '80s abortion protests". St. Louis Post Dispatch. Retrieved 2012-10-24.
  13. ^ Kim, Seung Min (September 28, 2012). "Akin speaks about old arrest at abortion clinic". Politico. Retrieved 2012-11-03.
  14. ^ "2 top Mo. Republicans reverse course, come back to Akin's side in contentious Senate race". The Washington Post. September 28, 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)[dead link]
  15. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri 1989–1990, p. 669.
  16. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri 1991–1992, p. 506.
  17. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1993–1994, p. 716.
  18. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri, 1995–1996, p. 541.
  19. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri 1997–1998 p. 574.
  20. ^ a b Official Manual of the State of Missouri 1999–2000 p. 571.
  21. ^ "Tangled Politics Of Coming Election Apply Ice To Missouri's Tax-Cut Fever". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 1996-04-07.
  22. ^ a b c Pistor, Nicholas J.C. (August 21, 2012). "Akin in Ohio as deadline to exit race passes". St Louis Today. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
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  31. ^ See, for example, the official House member list during Akin's last term in the House.
  32. ^ "Akin In 2008: Doctors Give Abortions To Patients Who Aren't Pregnant". KMOX CBS. October 3, 2012. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
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  36. ^ "Thomas (Library of Congress): HR 4777". Thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved 2011-05-09.
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  38. ^ Jason Hancock (June 29, 2011). "Akin changes course, apologizes for comment". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. Retrieved 2011-08-27.
  39. ^ Reese, Diana (October 1, 2012). "Todd Akin on women's issues in Kansas City campaign stop". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-10-03.
  40. ^ "2nd Amendment | Todd Akin for Senate". Akin.org. Retrieved 2012-11-21.
  41. ^ Mannies, Jo (October 4, 2007). "Mo Dems- GOP split over SCHIP, while protesters target Bond, who backs SCHIP". St Louis Today.
  42. ^ Mannies, Jo. "Bailout critic Akin also target of spray-paint vandals". St Louis Today.
  43. ^ "Charting the votes, the money and the uninsured". St Louis Post-Dispatch. March 24, 2010.
  44. ^ "Akin Supports Ryan Budget". Archived from the original on 2012-09-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  45. ^ a b Rose, Sean (February 26, 2009). "McCaskill, Skelton support Dover repeal; Akin unhappy". St Louis Today.
  46. ^ "Congressman running for Senate introduces himself to the Heartland". KTVO-TV Heartland Connection.com. 2011-05-20. Archived from the original on 2011-10-08. Retrieved 2011-05-28. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  47. ^ "Todd Akin announces Missouri Senate bid". RollCall.com. 2011-05-17. Retrieved 2011-05-28.
  48. ^ "Filing day across Christian County". Springfield News-Leader via website. 2012-03-06. Archived from the original on 2013-10-04. Retrieved 2012-03-10. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  49. ^ Catanese, David (December 1, 2010). "Inaugural scoop: Steelman files for Senate". Politico. Retrieved 2010-12-01.
  50. ^ "Missouri primary is latest test of Tea Party influence, with Wisconsin, Arizona on horizon | Fox News". foxnews.com. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  51. ^ "Election Night Reporting". MO Secretary of State. August 8, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
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  53. ^ "Ten Republicans to follow on Twitter," by Adam Mazmanian, National Journal, August 27, 2012, Retrieved November 20, 2015.
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  55. ^ "Missouri Rep. Akin voting, living at different places". Associated Press via KMOV-TV. 2011-05-31. Archived from the original on 2012-03-14. Retrieved 2011-06-03. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  56. ^ Jaco, Charles. "The Jaco Report: August 19, 2012". Fox News. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  57. ^ The Washington Post Editorial Board (20 Aug 2012). "The repugnant code behind Todd Akin's words". Retrieved 9 Oct 2016.
  58. ^ Belluck, Pam (2012-08-21). "Health Experts Dismiss Assertions on Rape". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  59. ^ Rape Pregnancies Are Rare by John Willke. christianliferesources.com.
  60. ^ "A Canard That Will Not Die: 'Legitimate Rape' Doesn't Cause Pregnancy". The Atlantic. 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
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  62. ^ Kliff, Sarah (August 20, 2012). "Rep. Todd Akin is wrong about rape and pregnancy, but he's not alone". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  63. ^ DiSalvo, David. "Republican Senate Nominee Todd Akin: Victims Of "Legitimate Rape" Don't Get Pregnant". Forbes. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  64. ^ Abouhalkah, Yael T. "Todd Akin's rape fantasy". Kansas City Star. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  65. ^ Eligon, John (August 19, 2012). "Senate Candidate Provokes Ire With 'Legitimate Rape' Comment". The New York Times. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  66. ^ Holmes, Melisa M.; Resnick, Heidi S.; Kilpatrick, Dean G.; Best, Connie L. (1996). "Rape-related pregnancy: Estimates and descriptive characteristics from a national sample of women". American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 175 (2): 320–4, discussion 324–5. doi:10.1016/S0002-9378(96)70141-2. PMID 8765248. Cited in: Blake, Aaron. "Todd Akin, GOP Senate candidate: 'Legitimate rape' rarely causes pregnancy". Washington Post. Retrieved 2012-08-20.
  67. ^ Gottschall, Jonathan A.; Gottschall, Tiffani A. (2003). "Are per-incident rape-pregnancy rates higher than per-incident consensual pregnancy rates?". Human Nature. 14: 1–20. doi:10.1007/s12110-003-1014-0. Cited in: Robillard, Kevin. "Doctors: Todd Akin pregnancy claim bogus". Politico. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  68. ^ "Rep. Steve King backs up Todd Akin, weighs in on rape and abortion". CBS News. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  69. ^ "Sen. Campfield Continues to Embarrass Tennessee". Tennesseean. Retrieved 2014-03-19.
  70. ^ "Leading social conservatives rally to Akin's defense". CNN. CNN. 2012-08-20. Retrieved 2012-08-21.
  71. ^ Seung Min Kim (August 21, 2012). "List of senators calling on Akin to quit keeps growing". Politico. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
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  74. ^ Burns, Alexander. "Akin ad asks for 'forgiveness'". Politico. Retrieved 2013-11-07.
  75. ^ Akin Vows to Stay in Race After "Legitimate Rape" Gaffe NBC 10 Philadelphia Scott Ross Monday, Aug 20, 2012 | Updated 6:56 PM EDT
  76. ^ Akin imbroglio is bad news for Republicans Tom Cohen, CNN updated 3:23 PM EDT, Wed August 22, 2012
  77. ^ Kevin McDermott (August 20, 2013), "A year after 'legitimate rape,' the money's still trickling in for Akin", St. Louis Post-Dispatch, retrieved 2013-12-28
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  79. ^ Official Manual of the State of Missouri 1989–1990, p. 135.
  80. ^ Class of 1972 Reunion Attendees, Hollins Alumnae page, Hollins University.
  81. ^ 2000 Election Results Federal Election Commission. Mike Odell, Green Party, also received 2,907 votes, 1% of the total votes.
  82. ^ "Secretary of State Official Election Results 2002". Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  83. ^ 2004 Election Results Federal Election Commission, p 119.
  84. ^ 2006 Election Results U.S. House of Representatives Federal Election Commission, p.82.
  85. ^ 2008 Election Results U.S. House of Representatives, Federal Election Commission, p.125.
  86. ^ Official Election Results U.S. House of Representatives, 2010, Federal Election Commission, p.95.
  87. ^ Official Election Returns Archived February 20, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, State of Missouri Secretary of State, November 30, 2010.
  88. ^ [1] Archived November 15, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
U.S. House of Representatives
Preceded by Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Missouri's 2nd congressional district
2001–2013 		Succeeded by
Party political offices
Preceded by
Jim Talent
 Republican nominee for U.S. Senator from Missouri
(Class 1)
2012 		Most recent
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