Transylvania Colony

The Wilderness Road and the Transylvania purchase.

Transylvania, or the Transylvania Colony, was a short-lived, extra-legal colony founded in 1775 by Richard Henderson, who controlled the North Carolina based Transylvania Company, which had reached an agreement to purchase the land from the Cherokee in the "Treaty of Sycamore Shoals". This area was claimed at the time by the Province of Virginia —especially following Lord Dunmore's War —and North Carolina. It is primarily located in what is now the central and western parts of the State of Kentucky. American pioneer Daniel Boone was hired by Henderson to establish the Wilderness Road going through the Cumberland Gap into central "Kentuckee", where he founded Boonesborough, the designated capital of the Transylvania colony. Transylvania officially ceased to exist after the Virginia General Assembly invalidated the Transylvania Company's purchase in 1776.

Background

In the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix, the Iroquois ceded their claims on lands south of the Ohio River to the Kingdom of Great Britain. Although they claimed sovereignty over much of what is now Kentucky, the Iroquois did not actually reside there, as did their "Six Nations" ally, the Shawnee. In addition, the Cherokee to the south and east used much of the area as their historical hunting grounds. Neither of these peoples had been consulted regarding the Stanwix treaty, although a series of borders was worked out with the Cherokee at the Treaty of Hard Labour (1768), the Treaty of Lochaber (1770), and once more in 1771 when they agreed to extend the Lochaber cession into present-day northeast Kentucky. The Shawnee, however, had not conducted a boundary agreement with the colonies since 1758 at the Treaty of Easton, giving them a claim to everything west of the Alleghenies. Consequently, they began to attack frontier settlers moving into the region. This led to Lord Dunmore's War, fought in 1774, primarily between the Shawnee and the Province of Virginia. The Shawnee lost this brief war and their chief Cornstalk ceded all their claims south of the Ohio River, including Kentucky.

Also, through much of the first half of the 18th century, a state of war had existed between the "northern tribes" (particularly the Six Nations, and the Lenape and Shawnee who were then tributary to them) and the "southern tribes", to the detriment of the Cherokee and Catawba, with no real buffer in the hunting grounds that separated them.

The Transylvania Company

The Transylvania Constitutional Convention, May 23, 1775 at Boonesborough. Anonymous sketch of the constitutional convention meeting "under the shade of a huge elm tree (the limbs of which extended at least a hundred feet wide)," convened by Richard Henderson

On 27 August 1774, Richard Henderson, a judge from North Carolina, organized a land speculation company with a number of other prominent North Carolinians. Originally called "Richard Henderson and Company", the name was first changed to the "Louisa Company", and finally to the "Transylvania Company" on 6 January 1775. The men hoped to establish a British proprietary colony by purchasing Kentucky land from the Cherokee, who had settled much of the south and southeastern Kentucky areas and still claimed hunting rights in the abandoned Shawnee lands.

Treaty of Sycamore Shoals

In March 1775, Henderson met with more than 1,200 Cherokee at Sycamore Shoals (present day Elizabethton in northeastern Tennessee). Present were Cherokee leaders such as Attakullakulla and Oconostota. In the "Treaty of Sycamore Shoals", also known as the "Treaty of Watauga", dated March 14, 1775, Henderson purchased all the land lying between the Cumberland River, the Cumberland Mountains, and the Kentucky River, and situated south of the Ohio River. The land thus delineated, 20 million acres (81,000 km²), encompassed an area half the size of present-day Kentucky.

Henderson and his partners probably believed that a recent British legal opinion, the Camden-Yorke opinion, had made such purchases legal. In fact, the Transylvania Company's purchase was in violation of Virginia and North Carolina law, as well as the Royal Proclamation of 1763, which prohibited private purchase of American Indian land and the establishment of any non-Crown sanctioned colony.

Settlement

Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers through the Cumberland Gap (George Caleb Bingham, oil on canvas, 1851–52)

Prior to the signing of the Sycamore Shoals Treaty, Henderson had hired Daniel Boone, an experienced hunter, to travel to the Cherokee towns and inform them of the upcoming negotiations. Boone had been in southeast Kentucky long before the founding of any Kentucky settlements. Afterward, Boone was hired to blaze what became known as the Wilderness Road, which went through the Cumberland Gap and into central Kentucky. During this trail-blazing expedition, Boone and his party suffered several Indian attacks. Along with a party of about thirty workers, Boone marked a path to the Kentucky River, where he established Boonesborough (near present-day Lexington, Kentucky), which was intended to be the capitol of Transylvania. Unknown to Boone, Henderson led another expedition following in Boone’s tracks, widening the path so they could bring through wagons. In addition to Boonesborough, other settlements, notably Harrodsburg, were established at this time. Many of these settlers had come to Kentucky on their own initiative, and some of them refused to recognize Transylvania's authority.

When Henderson arrived at Boonesborough there were fewer than a hundred people residing there. This population and a few other settlements in the area constituted the sparse concentration of white settlers to be found in the isolated western wilderness. The settlers recognized their precarious situation. They not only faced significant Indian hostilities, but lacked adequate supplies and shelter. Notwithstanding these circumstances, Henderson urged settlers in the area to hold a constitutional convention.

Henderson’s plan was for the various settlements to send delegates to Boonesborough. They would act in the name of the people they represented and whose consent would justify the convention. In May 1775, under the shade of a huge elm tree, a three-day convention met. In addition to passing nine bills dealing with immediate matters of governance, delegates drafted a compact that organized a frame of government, known as the Transylvania Compact. This plan for government included executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

After concluding the compact, Henderson returned to North Carolina and, on behalf of his fellow investors in the land scheme, petitioned Congress seeking to make Transylvania a legally recognized colony. Despite those efforts, Congress was unwilling to act without the consent of Virginia and North Carolina, both of whom claimed jurisdiction over the region in question. In June 1776 the Virginia General Assembly prohibited the Transylvania Land Company from making any demands on settlers in the region. In December 1778, Virginia's Assembly finally declared the Transylvania claim void. In compensation, Henderson and his partners received a grant of 12 square miles (31 km²) on the Ohio River below the mouth of Green River.

Transylvania University

Aspiring to increase education of good citizens in the western expansion, the Virginia Assembly chartered Transylvania Seminary, which is Transylvania University, the first college west of the Allegheny Mountains. Thomas Jefferson was governor of Virginia during the historic passage into law. Transylvania was initially sponsored by the Christ Episcopal Church's rector, the Reverend Moore, and later became affiliated with the Presbyterian Church. Originally in a log cabin in Boyle County, Kentucky, the school moved to Lexington in 1789. The first site in Lexington was a single building in what is now the historic Gratz Park.

Treaty disharmony

The Treaty of Sycamore Shoals was just one of several treaties that disenfranchised the Cherokee from their ancient lands in Upper Cherokee areas. Indian treaties were disavowed by some of the chiefs. A minor Cherokee chief, Dragging Canoe, refused to sign, endorse, or obey the Treaty of Sycamore Shoals, although his father, Attakullakulla, apparently did sign. Dragging Canoe left the Sycamore Shoals treaty grounds taking those who were loyal to him and his way of thinking into southeastern Kentucky, to an area known as Cannatuckahoe because of the Cherokee Tuckahoe people settled in the area. A few years later, after the Treaty of Long Island, Dragging Canoe and his now considerably grown number of followers removed themselves further from the other Cherokee villages — as well as the Euro-American settlements — by following the Tennessee River further downstream into the remote area of the Chickamauga River (near modern day Chattanooga). There, in 1777, they established eleven towns which remained hostile to the people of the newly united Colonies for decades. This location gave this group the name "Chickamauga;" they were also known as the "Lower Cherokee."

See also

• Carter County, Tennessee
• Transylvania County, North Carolina
• Doe River
• Fort Watauga
• James Robertson
• Isaac Shelby, surveyor in Kentucky for the Transylvania Company
• "The Wataugans"
• Watauga River
• Transylvania University
• Chickamauga wars

Further reading

• Abernethy, Thomas Perkins. Western Lands and the American Revolution. New York: Russell & Russell, 1959.

External links

• "Transylvania Purchase", entry from the Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture

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