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Tucson Unified School District

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Tucson Unified School District
Location
Tucson, surrounding areas
Arizona
United States
District information
TypePublic
GradesPre K-12
Established1867
SuperintendentDr. Gabriel Trujillo
Schools89
Budget$566 million
Students and staff
Students41,430 [1]
Other information
Websitecentral.tusd1.org Edit this at Wikidata

Tucson Unified School District (TUSD) is the largest school district of Tucson, Arizona, in terms of enrollment. Dr. Gabriel Trujillo is the superintendent, appointed on September 12, 2017, by the Governing Board.[2] As of 2016, TUSD had more than 47,670 students. As of Fall 2012, according to Superintendent John Pedicone (on the 9/14/2012 Buckmaster Show), TUSD had 50,000 students. District enrollment has declined over the last 10 years and TUSD lost 1,700 to 2,000 students per year for the two or three years prior to 2012.

Area

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The district boundaries encompass Tucson, South Tucson, Drexel Heights, and Valencia West. Parts of Tucson Estates, Catalina Foothills and Tanque Verde are also within the district, as well as a few unincorporated parts of Pima County that do not fall within the confines of a Census Designated Place. The district was established as "Pima County School District No. 1" in 1867, centered approximately at the latitude 32°13'15.57"N and the longitude 110°58'23.70"W (a monument now known as La Placita),[3] and assumed its current name in 1977.

Controversy

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Ethnic Studies Ban

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See also: Mexican American Studies Department Programs, Tucson Unified School District

In 2012, in response to state law HB2281, the district put into storage, or distributed to the district libraries, several books used in a course that were determined to be against state law A.R.S. 15–112, including the textbook Rethinking Columbus and the Tempest.[4][5][6] Books were taken away while students were in class.[7]

The dismantling of the Mexican-American studies departments and similar Mexican cultural courses has caused controversy regarding the ideas of xenophobia and racism against Mexican-American students and their heritage. However, studies demonstrated that students enrolled in these programs had higher rates of graduation and attendance.[8]

The TUSD board meetings, in response to the proposed bill HB2281, resulted in several students and faculty who demonstrated against the legislation being arrested and/or injured.[9] Due to the impending loss of state funding should the TUSD continue the program, the board ruled in a 4-1 decision in January 2012 to ban the program.[10][11] On January 13, 2012, students walked out of class and held a protest against the banishment of the Mexican-American Studies program.[12][13]

The Daily Show aired a satirical piece on April 2, 2012, concerning the banning of Mexican-American studies as voted by the school board. Michael Hicks, a voting member, said that he was concerned with the "revolutionary" aspect of the curriculum that encouraged students to take part in "bloodshed" against the "gringos." When asked if he had ever been to a class himself to support his claims, he answered that he had not visited the school but based his opinion on "hearsay from the others."[14]

The TUSD Governing Board's resolution of this issue has been to establish a course to be taken by all students that emphasizes multiculturalism and diversity. The current program, much like the Mexican studies program, seeks to educate students on themes of identity. It is based on four pillars namely, "identity, diversity, justice and action."[15] This program strives to "promote intercultural understanding and addresses the needs of students who have been historically marginalized or underrepresented."[15] Some students and their parents sued the school board and government, claiming that the TUSD ban of the Mexican American studies program violated their rights under the First and 14th amendments.[16] In August 2017, A. Wallace Tashima, a federal judge, ruled that the students and parents had had their rights violated on both counts.[17] A US judge in 2017 also blocked an ethnic studies ban because he found the ban to be racially motivated.[18]

Fisher v. Tucson Unified Sch. Dist.

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In 1974, African American and Mexican American students sued the Tucson, Arizona, school system alleging intentional segregation and unconstitutional discrimination on the basis of race and national origin. The case was closed on July 20, 2022. [19]

Fisher v. Tucson Unified Sch. Dist., No. CV-74-00090-TUC-DCB (Lead Case) No. CV-74-0204-TUC-DCB (Consolidated Case)

"Black List"

[edit]

In May 2017 the long-rumored "black list" of employees blocked from future hire was discovered, first created in August 2012.[20] Despite the TUSD's stated hiring policies, in January 2018, it was discovered that the list spanned 20 years and 1,400 entries, with about 900 of those former employees claiming that they were blacklisted wrongfully and without notice, for unfirable items such as "personality clashes" with superiors, poor evaluation scores, or using all their vacation time.[21] Only 516 of those listings were clearly justified.[22]

Language Education

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TUSD came under fire for cuts to the high school graduation requirements made in the year 2008— in years prior, senior high school students at TUSD were required to obtain at least two years of foreign language education in order to receive their high school diploma.[23] In 2008, the TUSD School board approved to revoke the mandate that required the two years of foreign language education for each graduating student, citing budget cuts as the overarching problem.[23][24] The prominent Tucson newspaper, the Arizona Daily Star, later printed an editorial addressing the new requirement, agreeing that they would rather see the budget cuts being made in the language department than in others, and stating that TUSD and the School Board did the reasonable thing under the situation.[24] Others disagreed with the mandate, expressing their concern on the fact that most public and private universities, including Tucson's own University of Arizona, require at least two years of a high school foreign language class for admission.[23][25]

Demographics

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As of October 2018, the demographics of the district were composed of: 63.8% Hispanic (of any race, primarily Mexican American), 20.5% non-Hispanic Whites, 6.0% Black, 3.6% Native American, 2.1% Asian, and 3.9% Multi-racial.[26]

Schools

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Tucson High Magnet School
Mansfeld Middle School

Traditional high schools (9)

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TUSD high schools
School Enrollment Establishment Mascot Colors
Catalina 900 1957 Trojans Royal blue and white
Cholla 1,786 1969 Chargers Orange and Navy blue
Palo Verde* 1,050 1962 Titans Royal blue and gold
Pueblo 1,800 1956 Warriors Navy blue and Columbia blue
Rincon 1,250 1958 Rangers Purple and white
Sabino 1,000 1972 (as 7-12 school) Sabercats Purple and Gold
Sahuaro 1,736 1968 Cougars Red and Blue
Santa Rita 500 1969 Eagles Green and Gold
Tucson* 3,300 1892 Badgers Red and white

Magnet program*

The largest high school in the district, in terms of enrollment, is Tucson High Magnet School near downtown Tucson. According to the district website, 2945 students attended Tucson High during the 2006–2007 school year.[27] It is also the oldest high school in the district. Tucson High School was built in 1907 across the street from where it now stands. The school relocated to its present site in 1923. In 1956, the school had the largest enrollment of any high school in the United States, over 6,800 pupils. The original Tucson High building still exists as Roskruge Bilingual K-8 Magnet School. The TUSD also owns the radio station KWXL-LP .[28]

Other high schools (7)

[edit]
Name Est. Mascot Colors
ArtWorks Academy
Aztec Middle College East 1981
Aztec Middle College West
Howenstine Adaptive Education High School 1976[29] Hawks Baby blue and black closed in 2013
PASS Alternative High School
Project MORE
Teenage Parent Alt. Middle/High School
University High School (shares campus and sports teams with Rincon) 1977 Penguins Black and White

Traditional middle schools and K-8 schools

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Safford School entrance. Built 1918. Architect: Annie Rockfellow.
Name Location Est. Mascot Colors
Charles A. Carson Middle School (Consolidated into Delbert L. Secrist, & Charles Dietz 2013) Carson Park September 5, 1967[30] Cougars
Ida Flood Dodge Traditional Magnet Middle School 1954 (as Lizzie Brown Elementary School)[31] Bulldogs Turquoise and Black
Doolen Middle School Doolen-Fruitvale 1942 (as Catalina Junior High School)[32] Thunderbirds Burgundy and White
Rollin T. Gridley Middle School Halcyon Acres 1974[33] Grizzly Bears
Hohokam Middle School (Consolidated into Valencia in 2013) Drexel Heights 1987[34] Hawks Maroon and Yellow
Joseph W. Magee Middle School Carriage Hill December 9, 1963[35] Roadrunners Light Blue and Red
Mansfeld Magnet Middle School Drake 1930[36] Bulldogs Blue and White
Mary Belle McCorkle PreK-8 School Casitas Del Sol 2011 Mustangs Silver and Black
William J. Pistor Middle School Manzanita Manor 1970[37] Panthers
Roskruge Bilingual K-8 Magnet School (Elementary and middle schools became one school in 2010.) West University 1914 Pumas/Cougars Turquoise, Black, Purple, Gold
Delbert L. Secrist Middle School South Harrison 1973[38] Scorpions Maroon and Yellow
Madge Utterback Middle Magnet School Sunland Vista 1959[39] Unicorns
Alice Vail Middle School Desert Aire September 6, 1955[40] Falcons
Valencia Middle School Drexel Heights October 3, 1994[41] Jaguars Black and Gold
Wakefield Middle School (Consolidated into Madge Utterback, Charles Hollinger, & Safford in 2013) Reopened in 2020. Whitestone 1939[42] Knights

K-8 schools

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Name Est. Mascot Location Colors
Booth-Fickett Math-Science K-8 School Fred W. Fickett Junior High School established 1960,[43] Booth Elementary School established 1961,[44] merger occurred 1984[45] Falcons Vista Del Sahuaro
Charles Dietz K-8 School 1961 (as elementary school)[46] Dragons Mañana Grande
Charles Hollinger K-8 School 1931 (as Government Heights Elementary School)[47] Bulldogs Whitestone
Mary Louise Robins K-8 School August 15, 1994 (as elementary school)[48] Roadrunners Agua Dulce
Morgan Maxwell K-8 School 1974 (as junior high)[49] Mountain Lions Blue
Roberts/Naylor K-8 School 1962 (as Naylor Junior High School)[50] Phoenixes Carlita Village
Safford K-8 Magnet International Baccalaureate World School Plaza or 1-8 School opened in Fall 1884 by October 1.[51] Mansfield Elementary School opened to the south of it in 1904 and Plaza renamed simultaneously, making it Safford Junior High School.[52] Safford Junior High burned down in 1917 and was rebuilt.[53] Mansfield Elementary was renamed Safford Elementary in 1930. Merger of 2 schools occurred by 2003.[54] Huskies Armory Park Orange and Blue

Elementary schools

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Name Location Mascot Notes
Laura Nobles Banks Elementary School Tucson Estates Bobcats Opened 2002[55] historically fed into Maxwell
Blenman Elementary School New Deal Acres Eagles Opened 1942,[56] historically fed into Doolen
Clara Ferrin Bloom Elementary School Hidden Hills West Eagles Opened 1973,[57] historically fed into Magee
Ignacio Bonillas Basic Curriculum Magnet School Franklin Heights Beavers Opened 1954,[58] historically fed into Vail
Borman K-8 School Davis-Monthan Air Force Base Astros Opened 1977,[59] historically fed into Naylor
Elizabeth Borton Elementary Magnet School Bruckners Opened 1927,[60] historically fed into the junior high division of Safford
Augustus Brichta Elementary School Brichta Bears Opened 1960;[61] Consolidated into Morgan Maxwell, & Andy Tolson in 2013, historically fed into Maxwell
Carillo K-5 Magnet School Barrio Viejo Cougars Opened 1930;[62] Magnet Theme: Communication & Creative Arts, historically fed into the junior high division of Safford
Lillian Cavett Elementary School Western Hills 2 Eagles Opened 1956,[63] historically fed into Utterback
Marguerite L. Collier Elementary School Tanque Verde Cougars Opened 1974,[64] historically fed into the junior high division of Sabino
J. Knox Corbett Elementary School San Paulo Village Cougars Opened 1955;[65] Consolidated into Wheeler in 2013, historically fed into Naylor
Gertrude Cragin Elementary School Shaheen Estates Cougars Opened 1950,[66] historically fed into Doolen
Davidson Elementary School Rillito Crossing Dragons Originally the sole school of the now annexed Pima County Elementary School District No. 18.,[67] historically fed into Doolen
Davis Bilingual Elementary Magnet School McKinley Park Eagles Opened March 10, 1902,[68] historically fed into the now closed John E. Spring Junior High School
Drachman Montessori K-8 Magnet School Barrio Santa Rosa Dragons Opened 1901;[69] Montessori school, historically fed into the junior high division of Safford
Duffy Elementary School Duffy Dragons Opened September 7, 1954;[70] Closed in 2010; Part of area south of Broadway Boulevard, and north of 22nd Street consolidated into Ignacio Bonillas; Part of area north of Broadway Boulevard, and west of Rosemont Boulevard consolidated into Peter Howell; Part of area south of 22nd Street, and between Country Club Road, and Palo Verde Avenue merged into Robison; Part of area north of Broadway Boulevard, and east of Rosemont Boulevard, merged into W. Arthur Sewell,[71] historically fed into Vail
Alice F. Dunham Elementary School Arizona La Victoria Panthers Opened 1974,[72] historically fed into Secrist
Irene Erickson Elementary School Vista Del Prado Opened 1968,[73] historically fed into Carson
Inez C. Ford Elementary School Lakeside Panthers Opened 1972,[74] historically fed into Carson
Fort Lowell Elementary School Cloverleaf Merged with Townsend Middle School in 2010.[75] Originally the sole school of the now annexed Fort Lowell Elementary School District (a. k. a. Pima County Elementary School District No. 9)[76] Ft Lowell/Townsend closed in 2013. Historically fed into Townsend.
Jacob C. Fruchthendler Elementary School Sabino Vista Firebirds Opened 1971,[77] historically fed into the junior high division of Sabino
Laura O. Gale Elementary School Estes Park Tigers Opened 1969,[78] historically fed into Gridley
Grijalva Elementary School Midvale Park Grizzlies Named for U.S. Congressman and former TUSD Governing Board member Raúl Grijalva. Bilingual Ed. and Gifted Education; Opened 1987,[34] historically fed into Pistor
Anna Henry Elementary School Northeast Gila Monsters Opened 1971,[79] historically fed into Gridley
Holladay Magnet Elementary School Grand View RedHawks Opened 1951;[80] Magnet Theme: Visual & Performing Arts, historically fed into Utterback
Peter E. Howell Elementary School Peter Howell Hawks Opened 1950 as Longfellow Elementary School,[81] historically fed into Vail
Hudlow Elementary School Kingston Knolls Terrace Opened 1959,[82] historically fed into Fred W. Fickett Junior High School
Sam Hughes Elementary School Alta Vista Huskies Opened 1927, historically fed into Mansfeld
Jefferson Park Elementary School Jefferson Park Panthers Opened September 1945; Closed in 2010 and merged with Blenman Elementary.,[75] historically fed into the junior high division of Roskruge
Harriet Johnson Primary School Drexel Heights Opened 1991; K-2
Julia Keen Elementary School Bel Air Annex No. 2 Cougars Opened 1953,[83] closed 2004, historically fed into Mansfeld
Annie W. Kellond Elementary School Mañana Vista Cougars Opened 1956,[84] historically fed into Fickett
Anna E. Lawrence 3-8 School Drexel Heights Lobos Opened 1973[85] (as elementary school), historically fed into Hohokam
Adah Lineweaver Elementary School Northeast Lions Opened 1956,[86] historically fed into Vail
Lynn/Urquides Elementary School Phebus Estates Coyotes Opened 1951 as Mary Lynn Elementary School;[87] Pre-K-5, historically fed into Wakefield
Nan E. Lyons Elementary School Pine Grove Lions Opened 1973;[88] Consolidated into Inez C. Ford, & Irene Erickson in 2013, historically fed into Carson
Amelia Maldonado Elementary School Drexel Heights Bob Cats Pre-K-5; Opened 1987,[34] historically fed into Hohokam
Ricardo Manzo Elementary School El Río Park Bobcats Opened March 10, 1939 as El Rio Elementary School;[89] Pre-K-5, historically fed into Maxwell
Sara Marshall Elementary School Rolling Hills Mustangs Opened 1964;[90] Pre-K–5, historically fed into Secrist
Menlo Park Elementary School Menlo Park Opened Fall 1917;[91] Consolidated into Ricardo Manzo, Morgan Maxwell, & Andy Tolson in 2013, historically fed into Maxwell
Miller Elementary School Mission Ridge Mustangs Opened 1981;[92] Pre-K–5, historically fed into Hohokam
Mission View Elementary School Mission View Opened 1922;[93] Pre-K–5, historically fed into Wakefield
Myers-Ganoung Elementary School Mayfair Terrace Opened 1960 as Myers Elementary School;[94] Pre-K–5, historically fed into Naylor
Ochoa Community Magnet School Southern Heights Panthers Opened 1921;[95] Reggio Emilia inspired school, historically fed into the junior high division of Safford
Oyama Elementary School Casas Oestes Dragons Opened 2003;[96] According to historian David Leighton, of the Arizona Daily Star newspaper this school is named in honor of Hank Oyama,[97] historically fed into Maxwell
Pueblo Gardens Elementary School Pueblo Gardens Opened 1951;[98] Now a Pre-K-8, historically fed into Utterback
Kate B. Reynolds Elementary School Valley View East Opened February 14, 1972;[99] Closed in 2010; Part of area west of Prudence Road, & north of Escalante Road merged with Irene Erickson; Part of area east of Prudence, & north of Escalante merged with Inez C. Ford; Part of area south of Escalante merged with Nan Lyons,[100] historically fed into Carson
Richey K-8 Pascua Closed in 2010. K-5 students assigned to Roskruge; 6-8 students assigned to Mansfeld Magnet.,[101] elementary attendance area and junior high (later middle) attendance area coterminous with one another
Clara Fish Roberts Elementary School Telesco Terrace Opened 1960;[102] Merged with Naylor Middle School in 2010.,[103] historically fed into Naylor
Robison Magnet Elementary School Arroyo Chico Roadrunners Opened 1950;[104] International Baccalaureate World School, historically fed into Mansfeld
Anne E. Rogers Elementary School Colonia Del Valle Roadrunners Opened 1956;[105] Part of area north of 22nd Street consolidated into Annie W. Kellond, and part south of 22nd Street consolidated into Corbett in 2010.,[106] historically fed into Vail
C. E. Rose Pre-K-8 School National City Wildcats Opened 1949;[107] Named for Clinton E. Rose, TUSD Superintendent from 1920 to 1941. Selected for 2012 NCUST Excellence in Education Award.,[108] historically fed into Wakefield
Roskruge Elementary School West University Cougars Same building as Roskruge Bilingual Magnet Middle School (which it historically fed into). In 2010, schools merged to become Roskruge Bilingual K-8 Magnet School. Building housed Tucson High School from 1907 to 1923. Named for George J. Roskruge.
Schumaker Elementary School Carriage Hill Lions Opened 1964;[109] Consolidated into Clara Ferrin Bloom, and Anna Henry in 2013, historically fed into Magee
W. Arthur Sewell Elementary School Indian House Estates Sabercats Opened 1959,[110] historically fed into Townsend
Soleng Tom Elementary School Rancho Del Este Opened September 5, 1989;[111] Gifted and Talented Education(GATE). Named for Soleng Tom (1912–2000), historically fed into Gridley
Harold Steele Elementary School Sherwood Village Terrace Stallions Opened 1961;[112] Pre-K-5, historically fed into Gridley
Andy Tolson Elementary School Southwest Thunderbirds Opened 1972; Pre-K-5, historically fed into Maxwell
Tully Elementary Magnet School El Río Estates Tigers Opened 1956;[113] Gifted and Talented Education(GATE), historically fed into Maxwell
Katherine Van Buskirk Elementary School Fairgrounds Bears Opened 1957,[114] historically fed into Utterback
James D. Van Horne Elementary School Silver Shadows Estates Vikings Opened 1974;[115] Part of area north of Tanque Verde Road merged into Jacob C. Fruchtendler, and part of area south of Tanque Verde Road merged into Clara Ferrin Bloom in 2010.,[116] historically fed into Magee
Vesey Elementary School Drexel Heights Wildcats Opened 1969,[78] historically fed into Valencia
Frances J. Warren Elementary School Drexel Heights Opened 1975,[117] historically fed into Pistor
Winnie E. Wheeler Elementary School Terra Del Sol Opened 1959;[118] Pre-K-5, historically fed into Fickett
John E. White Elementary School Garden City Bulldogs Opened 1960, historically fed into Pistor
W. V. Whitmore Elementary School Northeast Wildcats Opened 1960,[119] historically fed into Townsend
John B. Wright Elementary School Sierra Vista Wildcats Opened 1954;[120] Pre-K-5, historically fed into Doolen
Wrightstown Elementary School Desert Palms Park According to historian David Leighton, of the Arizona Daily Star newspaper, this school which was torn down, was named in honor of the town it served Wrightstown. The town was founded by Fred Wright who also constructed the first school, which was originally the sole school of Wrightstown Elementary School District (a.k.a. School District No. 33, Pima County, founded 1914[121]), annexed by TUSD on July 1, 1953.[122][123] Part of area east of Houghton Road, & north of Speedway Boulevard merged with Soleng Tom, & rest of area with Anna Henry in 2010.,[124] historically fed into Magee

Other schools

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Name Comments
Direct Link For homebound students
Mary Meredith K-12 For emotionally disabled students
Miles Exploratory Learning Center Pre-school to grade 8. Named for Nelson A. Miles. Originally a standard elementary school that opened in 1921.
Augustus Brichta Named for the first school teacher in Tucson. TUSD Infant and Early Learning Center[125]
Schumaker TUSD Infant and Early Learning Center[126]

Former schools

[edit]

Congress Street School - It was the first facility in the Arizona Territory used for a school maintained with government funds, being established in 1875. In 1976 it reopened as a school for middle schoolers struggling with mainstream education.[127]

Health Initiatives

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The Tucson Unified School District has a number of policies that encourage a healthy lifestyle for its students and employees. The District Wellness Program states that, “Schools shall implement a comprehensive, integrated program for these two components of a coordinated school health program: nutrition and physical activity”.[128] To meet United States Department of Agriculture nutrition requirements, many of the breakfast and lunch options the TUSD offers are whole grain, like whole wheat bread, whole wheat pasta and whole wheat hot dog and hamburger buns.[129] In addition, milk, fruits, and vegetables are always offered to students as sides.[129] The TUSD also requires that fundraising events that involve the sale of food meet the same health requirements that school lunches do, though special events such as sports are exempt.[128] Advertisements, such as those on the front of vending machines, must encourage students to purchase healthier options, like water; and other a la carte foods that do not meet health regulations can be offered on only an “infrequent basis."[128]

The TUSD addresses other challenges by recognizing that students will make health decisions based largely on the influence of their role models, like their parents/guardians and teachers. Therefore, the TUSD attempts to communicate with parents and guardians through a variety of channels about the benefits of a healthy lifestyle, and guardians are encouraged to pack lunches that meet USDA suggestions if their students do not purchase food from the school.[128] Newsletters published by the district also contain lists of foods that meet health regulations and would be popular for celebrations, such as birthday parties.[128] Furthermore, the district provides an Employee Wellness Committee, which provides health education to district employees, offers free physical activities for staff to partake in and opportunities for staff to monitor their own health and goals.[128]

To meet the physical activity aspect of the mission statement, the TUSD has partnered with the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (NASPE) to provide standards regarding physical education and recess for younger grades.[128] The NASPE provides physical education teachers with appropriate time ranges that students should be active for, the number of times per week students should participate in physical activity, and suggestions to make physical education more individualized.[128] The TUSD also requires that schools have opportunities for students to be physically active before, during and after school, which incorporates recess, varsity and intramural sports, and open gyms and tracks.[128] As with school lunches, the district also encourages parents and guardians to be physically active with their children and to encourage an overall healthy lifestyle.

The TUSD also supports health initiatives made by individual schools. For example, Sam Hughes Elementary School has a community garden and offers culinary classes to its students as part of Michelle Obama's Let's Move! campaign.[130] The "Greening Group" at the school maintains the garden and is funded by the school's Parent Teacher Association.[130]

References

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  1. ^ "Enrollment by Federal Ethnicity". TUSD Data Reports. Retrieved 2023-06-13.
  2. ^ "TUSD Names Interim Superintendent". Tucson News Now. 28 March 2017. Archived from the original on 4 April 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
  3. ^ "Tucson Unified School District - First Hundred Years". Archived from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
  4. ^ Biggers, Jeff (January 13, 2012). "Who's afraid of "The Tempest"?". salon. Archived from the original on January 15, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  5. ^ Norrell, Brenda (January 14, 2012). "Tucson schools bans books by Chicano and Native American authors". narcosphere. Archived from the original on January 18, 2012. Retrieved January 16, 2012.
  6. ^ "Shakespeare and Native American Authors Among Those Banned from Tucson Schools". Indian Country Todays Media Network. January 16, 2012. Archived from the original on January 30, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  7. ^ "Did Arizona School District Ban Mexican-American Studies Books?". NBC Latino. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 15 July 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
  8. ^ "Curriculum Audit of the Mexican American Studies Department Tucson Unified School District" (PDF). Tucson Weekly. May 2, 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-07. Retrieved October 2, 2018.
  9. ^ "Opinion: What is the Tucson school district afraid of?". CNN. March 30, 2012. Archived from the original on April 1, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
  10. ^ Tucson Unified School District. "Mexican American Student Services". Archived from the original on 20 April 2012. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  11. ^ Winerip, Michael (March 19, 2012). "Racial Lens Used to Cull Curriculum in Arizona". The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 12, 2012. Retrieved April 10, 2012.
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  13. ^ Marizco, Michel (January 25, 2012). "Students Skip School For Mexican American Studies". Fronteras Desk. Archived from the original on June 25, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
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  15. ^ a b "Tucson Curriculum". curriculum.tusd1.org. Archived from the original on 2018-10-06. Retrieved 2018-10-06.
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  17. ^ Strauss, Valerie (23 August 2017). "Arizona's ban on Mexican American studies was racist, U.S. court rules". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 4 December 2017.
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  41. ^ "Tucson Citizen 03 Oct 1994, page 13".
  42. ^ "Maria Wakefield Junior High", Arizona Daily Star, October 13, 1939, page eight.
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  45. ^ "Bridging Three Centuries".
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