Jump to content

Ultra-wideband

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from UWB (radio technology))

Ultra-wideband (UWB, ultra wideband, ultra-wide band and ultraband) is a radio technology that can use a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum.[1] UWB has traditional applications in non-cooperative radar imaging. Most recent applications target sensor data collection, precise locating,[2] and tracking.[3][4] UWB support started to appear in high-end smartphones in 2019.

Characteristics

[edit]

Ultra-wideband is a technology for transmitting information across a wide bandwidth (>500 MHz). This allows for the transmission of a large amount of signal energy without interfering with conventional narrowband and carrier wave transmission in the same frequency band. Regulatory limits in many countries allow for this efficient use of radio bandwidth, and enable high-data-rate personal area network (PAN) wireless connectivity, longer-range low-data-rate applications, and the transparent co-existence of radar and imaging systems with existing communications systems.

Ultra-wideband was formerly known as pulse radio, but the FCC and the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) currently define UWB as an antenna transmission for which emitted signal bandwidth exceeds the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic center frequency.[5] Thus, pulse-based systems—where each transmitted pulse occupies the UWB bandwidth (or an aggregate of at least 500 MHz of a narrow-band carrier; for example, orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM))—can access the UWB spectrum under the rules.

Theory

[edit]

A significant difference between conventional radio transmissions and UWB is that conventional systems transmit information by varying the power level, frequency, or phase (or a combination of these) of a sinusoidal wave. UWB transmissions transmit information by generating radio energy at specific time intervals and occupying a large bandwidth, thus enabling pulse-position or time modulation. The information can also be modulated on UWB signals (pulses) by encoding the polarity of the pulse, its amplitude and/or by using orthogonal pulses. UWB pulses can be sent sporadically at relatively low pulse rates to support time or position modulation, but can also be sent at rates up to the inverse of the UWB pulse bandwidth. Pulse-UWB systems have been demonstrated at channel pulse rates in excess of 1.3 billion pulses per second using a continuous stream of UWB pulses (Continuous Pulse UWB or C-UWB), while supporting forward error-correction encoded data rates in excess of 675 Mbit/s.[6]

A UWB radio system can be used to determine the "time of flight" of the transmission at various frequencies. This helps overcome multipath propagation, since some of the frequencies have a line-of-sight trajectory, while other indirect paths have longer delays. With a cooperative symmetric two-way metering technique, distances can be measured to high resolution and accuracy.[7]

Applications

[edit]

Real-time location

[edit]

Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is utilised for real-time locationing due to its precision and reliability. It plays a role in various industries such as logistics, healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation. UWB's centimeter-level accuracy is valuable in applications in which using traditional methods may be unsuitable, such as in indoor environments, where GPS precision may be hindered. Its low power consumption ensures minimal interference and allows for coexistence with existing infrastructure. UWB performs well in challenging environments with its immunity to multipath interference, providing consistent and accurate positioning. In logistics, UWB increases inventory tracking efficiency, reducing losses and optimizing operations. Healthcare makes use of UWB in asset tracking, patient flow optimization, and in improving care coordination. In manufacturing, UWB is used for streamlining inventory management and enhancing production efficiency through accurate tracking of materials and tools. UWB supports route planning, fleet management, and vehicle security in transportation systems.[8]

UWB uses multiple techniques for location detection:[9]

  • Time of flight (ToF)
  • Time difference of arrival (TDoA)
  • Two-way ranging (TWR)

Mobile devices with UWB capability

[edit]

Apple launched the first three phones with ultra-wideband capabilities in September 2019, namely, the iPhone 11, iPhone 11 Pro, and iPhone 11 Pro Max.[10][11][12] Apple also launched Series 6 of Apple Watch in September 2020, which features UWB,[13] and their AirTags featuring this technology were revealed at a press event on April 20, 2021.[14][4] The Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra, Galaxy S21+, and Galaxy S21 Ultra also began supporting UWB,[15] along with the Samsung Galaxy SmartTag+.[16] The Xiaomi MIX 4 released in August 2021 supports UWB, and offers the capability of connecting to select AIoT devices.[17]

The FiRa Consortium was founded in August 2019 to develop interoperable UWB ecosystems including mobile phones. Samsung, Xiaomi, and Oppo are currently members of the FiRa Consortium.[18] In November 2020, Android Open Source Project received first patches related to an upcoming UWB API; "feature-complete" UWB support (exclusively for the sole use case of ranging between supported devices) was released in version 13 of Android.[19]

Industrial applications

[edit]
  • Automation and robotics: Its high data rate and low latency enable real-time communication and control between machines and systems. UWB-based communication protocols ensure reliable and secure data transmission, enabling precise coordination and synchronization of automated processes. This enhances manufacturing efficiency, reduces errors, and improves overall productivity. UWB can also be integrated into robotic systems to enable precise localization, object detection, and collision avoidance, further enhancing the safety and efficiency of industrial automation.[20]
  • Worker safety and proximity sensing: Worker safety is a concern in industrial settings. UWB technology provides effective proximity sensing and worker safety solutions. By equipping workers with UWB-enabled devices or badges, companies can monitor their location and movement in real-time. UWB-based systems can detect potential collisions between workers and machinery, issuing timely warnings to prevent accidents. Moreover, UWB technology allows for the creation of safety zones and controlled access areas, ensuring the safe interaction of workers with hazardous equipment or restricted zones. This helps enhance workplace safety, reduce accidents, and protect employees from potential hazards.[21]
  • Asset tracking and management: Efficient asset tracking and management are crucial for industrial operations. UWB enables precise and real-time tracking of assets within industrial facilities. By attaching UWB tags to equipment, tools, and inventory, companies can monitor their location, movement, and utilization. This enhances inventory management, reduces asset loss, minimizes downtime, and streamlines maintenance processes. UWB-based asset tracking systems provide accurate and reliable data, empowering businesses to optimize their resource allocation and improve overall operational efficiency.[22]

Radar

[edit]

Ultra-wideband gained widespread attention for its implementation in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology. Due to its high resolution capacities using lower frequencies, UWB SAR was heavily researched for its object-penetration ability.[23][24][25] Starting in the early 1990s, the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) developed various stationary and mobile ground-, foliage-, and wall-penetrating radar platforms that served to detect and identify buried IEDs and hidden adversaries at a safe distance. Examples include the railSAR, the boomSAR, the SIRE radar, and the SAFIRE radar.[26][27] ARL has also investigated the feasibility of whether UWB radar technology can incorporate Doppler processing to estimate the velocity of a moving target when the platform is stationary.[28] While a 2013 report highlighted the issue with the use of UWB waveforms due to target range migration during the integration interval, more recent studies have suggested that UWB waveforms can demonstrate better performance compared to conventional Doppler processing as long as a correct matched filter is used.[29]

Ultra-wideband pulse Doppler radars have also been used to monitor vital signs of the human body, such as heart rate and respiration signals as well as human gait analysis and fall detection. It serves as a potential alternative to continuous-wave radar systems since it involves less power consumption and a high-resolution range profile. However, its low signal-to-noise ratio has made it vulnerable to errors.[30][31] A commercial example of this application is RayBaby, which is a baby monitor that detects breathing and heart rate to determine whether a baby is asleep or awake. Raybaby has a detection range of five meters and can detect fine movements of less than a millimeter.[32]

Ultra-wideband is also used in "see-through-the-wall" precision radar-imaging technology,[33][34][35] precision locating and tracking (using distance measurements between radios), and precision time-of-arrival-based localization approaches.[36] UWB radar has been proposed as the active sensor component in an Automatic Target Recognition application, designed to detect humans or objects that have fallen onto subway tracks.[37]

Data transfer

[edit]

Ultra-wideband characteristics are well-suited to short-range applications, such as PC peripherals, wireless monitors, camcorders, wireless printing, and file transfers to portable media players.[38] UWB was proposed for use in personal area networks, and appeared in the IEEE 802.15.3a draft PAN standard. However, after several years of deadlock, the IEEE 802.15.3a task group[39] was dissolved[40] in 2006. The work was completed by the WiMedia Alliance and the USB Implementer Forum. Slow progress in UWB standards development, the cost of initial implementation, and performance significantly lower than initially expected are several reasons for the limited use of UWB in consumer products (which caused several UWB vendors to cease operations in 2008 and 2009).[41]

Autonomous vehicles

[edit]

UWB's precise positioning and ranging capabilities enable collision avoidance and centimeter-level localization accuracy, surpassing traditional GPS systems. Moreover, its high data rate and low latency facilitate seamless vehicle-to-vehicle communication, promoting real-time information exchange and coordinated actions. UWB also enables effective vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, integrating with infrastructure elements for optimized behavior based on precise timing and synchronized data. Additionally, UWB's versatility supports innovative applications such as high-resolution radar imaging for advanced driver assistance systems, secure key less entry via biometrics or device pairing, and occupant monitoring systems, potentially enhancing convenience, security, and passenger safety.[42]

UWB products/chips

[edit]
Supplier Product name Standard Band Announced Commercial products
Microchip Technology ATA8350 LRP 6.2–7.8 GHz Feb 2021
Microchip Technology ATA8352 LRP 6.2–8.3 GHz Feb 2021
NXP NCJ29D5 HRP [43] 6–8.5 GHz[44] Nov 12, 2019
NXP SR100T HRP 6–9 GHz[45] Sept 17, 2019 Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra[46]
Apple Inc. U1 HRP[47] 6–8.5 GHz[48] Sept 11, 2019 iPhone 11, iPhone 12, iPhone 13, and iPhone 14,[49] Apple Watch Series 6, Apple Watch Series 7, Apple Watch Series 8, and Apple Watch Ultra, HomePod Mini and HomePod (2nd generation), AirTag, and AirPods Pro (2nd generation)
Qorvo DW1000 HRP 3.5–6.5 GHz[50] Nov 7, 2013
Qorvo DW3000 HRP 6–8.5 GHz[51] Jan 2019[52]
3dB Access 3DB6830 LRP 6–8 GHz[53]
Ceva RivieraWaves UWB HRP 3.1–10.6 GHz depending on radio Jun 24, 2021[54]
SPARK Microsystems SR1010/SR1020 N/A[55] 3.1–6 GHz, 6-9.25 GHz[56] Mar 18, 2020[57]
Samsung Electronics Exynos Connect U100 Unknown 6489.6MHz/ 8987.2MHz Mar 21, 2023[58]

Regulation

[edit]

In the U.S., ultra-wideband refers to radio technology with a bandwidth exceeding the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic center frequency, according to the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC). A February 14, 2002 FCC Report and Order[59] authorized the unlicensed use of UWB in the frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 GHz. The FCC power spectral density (PSD) emission limit for UWB transmitters is −41.3 dBm/MHz. This limit also applies to unintentional emitters in the UWB band (the "Part 15" limit). However, the emission limit for UWB emitters may be significantly lower (as low as −75 dBm/MHz) in other segments of the spectrum.

Deliberations in the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R) resulted in a Report and Recommendation on UWB[citation needed] in November 2005. UK regulator Ofcom announced a similar decision[60] on 9 August 2007.

There has been concern over interference between narrowband and UWB signals that share the same spectrum. Earlier, the only radio technology that used pulses was spark-gap transmitters, which international treaties banned because they interfere with medium-wave receivers. However, UWB uses much lower levels of power. The subject was extensively covered in the proceedings that led to the adoption of the FCC rules in the US, and in the meetings of the ITU-R leading to its Report and Recommendations on UWB technology. Commonly-used electrical appliances emit impulsive noise (for example, hair dryers), and proponents successfully argued that the noise floor would not be raised excessively by wider deployment of low power wideband transmitters.[61]

Coexistence with other standards

[edit]

In February 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released an amendment (Part 15) that specifies the rules of UWB transmission and reception. According to this release, any signal with fractional bandwidth greater than 20% or having a bandwidth greater than 500 MHz is considered as an UWB signal. The FCC ruling also defines access to 7.5 GHz of unlicensed spectrum between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz that is made available for communication and measurement systems.[62]

Narrowband signals that exist in the UWB range, such as IEEE 802.11a transmissions, may exhibit high PSD levels compared to UWB signals as seen by a UWB receiver. As a result, one would expect a degradation of UWB bit error rate performance.[63]

Technology groups

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ USC Viterbi School of Engineering. Archived from the original 2012-03-21.
  2. ^ Zhou, Yuan; Law, Choi Look; Xia, Jingjing (2012). "Ultra low-power UWB-RFID system for precise location-aware applications". 2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW). pp. 154–158. doi:10.1109/WCNCW.2012.6215480. ISBN 978-1-4673-0682-9. S2CID 18566847.
  3. ^ Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Development. Archived from the original 2012-03-21.
  4. ^ a b "How Do Apple AirTags Work? Ultra-Wideband Explained". PCMAG. Retrieved 2022-08-07.
  5. ^ Characteristics of ultra-wideband technology
  6. ^ "Wireless HD video: Raising the UWB throughput bar (again)". EETimes. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  7. ^ Efficient method of TOA estimation for through wall imaging by UWB radar. International Conference on Ultra-Wideband, 2008.
  8. ^ "Exploring Ultra-Wideband Technology for Micro-Location-Based Services | 2021-06-07 | Microwave Journal". www.microwavejournal.com. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  9. ^ Coppens, Dieter; Shahid, Adnan; Lemey, Sam; Van Herbruggen, Ben; Marshall, Chris; De Poorter, Eli (2022). "An Overview of UWB Standards and Organizations (IEEE 802.15.4, FiRa, Apple): Interoperability Aspects and Future Research Directions". IEEE Access. 10: 70219–70241. arXiv:2202.02190. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3187410. ISSN 2169-3536.
  10. ^ Snell, Jason (13 September 2019). "The U1 chip in the iPhone 11 is the beginning of an Ultra Wideband revolution". Six Colors. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  11. ^ Pocket-lint (2019-09-11). "Apple U1 chip explained: What is it and what can it do?". Pocket-lint. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  12. ^ "The Biggest iPhone News Is a Tiny New Chip Inside It". Wired. ISSN 1059-1028. Retrieved 2020-04-22.
  13. ^ Rossignol, Joe (September 15, 2020). "Apple Watch Series 6 Features U1 Chip for Ultra Wideband". MacRumors. Retrieved 2020-10-08.
  14. ^ "Apple AirTag arrives for $29, uses Ultra Wideband and does Emoji". GSMArena.com. Retrieved 2021-04-21.
  15. ^ ID, FCC. "SMN985F GSM/WCDMA/LTE Phone + BT/BLE, DTS/UNII a/b/g/n/ac/ax, UWB, WPT and NFC Test Report LBE20200637_SM-N985F-DS_EMC+Test+Report_FCC_Cer_Issue+1 Samsung Electronics". FCC ID. Retrieved 2020-07-30.
  16. ^ Bohn, Dieter (2021-01-14). "Samsung's Galaxy SmartTag is a $29.99 Tile competitor". The Verge. Retrieved 2021-02-16.
  17. ^ "NXP Trimension™ Ultra-Wideband Technology Powers Xiaomi MIX4 Smartphone to Deliver New "Point to Connect" Smart Home Solution". GlobelNewswire (Press release). 2021-09-26.
  18. ^ "FiRa Consortium". www.firaconsortium.org.
  19. ^ "Ultra-wideband". Retrieved 2023-07-03.
  20. ^ Silva, Bruno; Pang, Zhibo; Akerberg, Johan; Neander, Jonas; Hancke, Gerhard (October 2014). "Positioning infrastructure for industrial automation systems based on UWB wireless communication". IECON 2014 - 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society. IEEE. pp. 3919–3925. doi:10.1109/IECON.2014.7049086. ISBN 978-1-4799-4032-5. S2CID 3584838.
  21. ^ Teizer, Jochen; Venugopal, Manu; Walia, Anupreet (January 2008). "Ultrawideband for Automated Real-Time Three-Dimensional Location Sensing for Workforce, Equipment, and Material Positioning and Tracking". Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. 2081 (1): 56–64. doi:10.3141/2081-06. ISSN 0361-1981. S2CID 109097100.
  22. ^ Manifold, Steven (2022-10-27). "A Comprehensive Guide to Asset Tracking Technologies". Ubisense. Retrieved 2023-07-16.
  23. ^ Paulose, Abraham (June 1994). "High Radar Range Resolution With the Step Frequency Waveform" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 1, 2019. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  24. ^ Frenzel, Louis (November 11, 2002). "Ultrawideband Wireless: Not-So-New Technology Comes Into Its Own". Electronic Design. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  25. ^ Fowler, Charles; Entzminger, John; Corum, James (November 1990). "Assessment of Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Technology" (PDF). Virginia Tech VLSI for Telecommunications. Retrieved November 4, 2019.
  26. ^ Ranney, Kenneth; Phelan, Brian; Sherbondy, Kelly; Getachew, Kirose; Smith, Gregory; Clark, John; Harrison, Arthur; Ressler, Marc; Nguyen, Lam; Narayan, Ram (May 1, 2017). Ranney, Kenneth I; Doerry, Armin (eds.). "Initial processing and analysis of forward- and side-looking data from the Spectrally Agile Frequency-Incrementing Reconfigurable (SAFIRE) radar". Radar Sensor Technology XXI. 10188: 101881J. Bibcode:2017SPIE10188E..1JR. doi:10.1117/12.2266270. S2CID 126161941.
  27. ^ Dogaru, Traian (March 2019). "Imaging Study for Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-Mounted Ground-Penetrating Radar: Part I – Methodology and Analytic Formulation" (PDF). CCDC Army Research Laboratory.
  28. ^ Dogaru, Traian (March 2013). "Doppler Processing with Ultra-wideband (UWB) Impulse Radar". U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
  29. ^ Dogaru, Traian (January 1, 2018). "Doppler Processing with Ultra-Wideband (UWB) Radar Revisited". U.S. Army Research Laboratory – via Defense Technical Information Center.[dead link]
  30. ^ Ren, Lingyun; Wang, Haofei; Naishadham, Krishna; Kilic, Ozlem; Fathy, Aly (August 18, 2016). "Phase-Based Methods for Heart Rate Detection Using UWB Impulse Doppler Radar". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 64 (10): 3319–3331. Bibcode:2016ITMTT..64.3319R. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2016.2597824. S2CID 10323361.
  31. ^ Ren, Lingyun; Tran, Nghia; Foroughian, Farnaz; Naishadham, Krishna; Piou, Jean; Kilic, Ozlem (May 8, 2018). "Short-Time State-Space Method for Micro-Doppler Identification of Walking Subject Using UWB Impulse Doppler Radar". IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 66 (7): 3521–3534. Bibcode:2018ITMTT..66.3521R. doi:10.1109/TMTT.2018.2829523. S2CID 49558032.
  32. ^ "Raybaby is a baby monitor that tracks your child's breathing". Engadget. 31 January 2017. Retrieved 2021-02-03.
  33. ^ "Time Domain Corp.'s sense-through-the-wall technology". timedomain.com. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  34. ^ Thales Group's through-the-wall imaging system
  35. ^ Michal Aftanas Through-Wall Imaging with UWB Radar System Dissertation Thesis, 2009
  36. ^ "Performance of Ultra-Wideband Time-of-Arrival Estimation Enhanced With Synchronization Scheme" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-26. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
  37. ^ Mroué, A.; Heddebaut, M.; Elbahhar, F.; Rivenq, A.; Rouvaen, J-M (2012). "Automatic radar target recognition of objects falling on railway tracks". Measurement Science and Technology. 23 (2): 025401. Bibcode:2012MeScT..23b5401M. doi:10.1088/0957-0233/23/2/025401. S2CID 119691977.
  38. ^ "Ultra-WideBand - Possible Applications". Archived from the original on 2017-06-02. Retrieved 2013-11-23.
  39. ^ "IEEE 802.15 TG3a". www.ieee802.org. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  40. ^ "IEEE 802.15.3a Project Authorization Request" (PDF). IEEE. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 9, 2003. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  41. ^ Tzero Technologies shuts down; that's the end of ultrawideband, VentureBeat
  42. ^ Zamora-Cadenas, Leticia; Velez, Igone; Sierra-Garcia, J. Enrique (2021). "UWB-Based Safety System for Autonomous Guided Vehicles Without Hardware on the Infrastructure". IEEE Access. 9: 96430–96443. doi:10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3094279. ISSN 2169-3536. S2CID 235965197.
  43. ^ "An Overview of the IEEE 802.15.4 HRP UWB Standard".
  44. ^ "NCJ29D5 | Ultra-Wideband for Automotive IC | NXP". www.nxp.com. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  45. ^ "NXP unveils NFC, UWB and secure element chipset • NFCW". NFCW. 2019-09-19. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  46. ^ "NXP Secure UWB deployed in Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra Bringing the First UWB-Enabled Android Device to Market | NXP Semiconductors - Newsroom". media.nxp.com. Retrieved 2020-09-24.
  47. ^ Dahad, Nitin (2020-02-20). "IoT devices to gain UWB connectivity". Embedded.com. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  48. ^ Zafar, Ramish (2019-11-03). "iPhone 11 Has UWB With U1 Chip - Preparing Big Features For Ecosystem". Wccftech. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  49. ^ "iPhone". Apple.
  50. ^ "Decawave DW1000 Datasheet" (PDF).
  51. ^ "Decawave in Japan". Decawave Tech Forum. 2020-01-07. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  52. ^ "Because Location Matters" (PDF).
  53. ^ "3db Access - Technology". www.3db-access.com. Retrieved 2020-07-28.
  54. ^ "CEVA Expands Its Market-Leading Wireless Connectivity Portfolio with New Ultra-Wideband Platform IP". June 24, 2021.
  55. ^ Shankland, Stephen. "Startup promises wireless gaming devices without Bluetooth lag". CNET. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  56. ^ "Products". SPARK Microsystems. Retrieved 2022-08-26.
  57. ^ Admin22 (2020-03-18). "SPARK Microsystems announces SR1000 series UWB transceiver ICs". SPARK Microsystems. Retrieved 2022-08-26.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  58. ^ "Samsung Announces Ultra-Wideband Chipset With Centimeter-Level Accuracy for Mobile and Automotive Devices". news.samsung.com. Retrieved 2023-03-28.
  59. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-03-21. Retrieved 2006-07-20.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  60. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2007-08-09.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  61. ^ "DAU". Defense Acquisition University. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
  62. ^ "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra WideBand Transmission Systems | Federal Communications Commission". www.fcc.gov. 2015-12-27. Retrieved 2023-12-21.
  63. ^ Shaheen, Ehab M.; El-Tanany, Mohamed (2010). "The impact of narrowband interference on the performance of UWB systems in the IEEE802.15.3a channel models". Ccece 2010. pp. 1–6. doi:10.1109/CCECE.2010.5575235. ISBN 978-1-4244-5376-4. S2CID 36881282.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&oldid=1251642132"