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Subterranean Bratislava

Subterranean structures of Bratislava constitute a geographically small yet historically important part of the city's history.

Underground structures[edit]

Bratislava contains 8,602 civic defense shelters, all of them built during communism, capable of holding approximately 760,000 people, which far exceeds the number of inhabitants of the city.^[1]
Bratislava Castle Tunnel + escape routes
church crypts and catacombs:
- St. Martin's Cathedral, Bratislava - catacombs + crypts + ancient cemetary beneath
- Franciscan Church (Bratislava) - crypts (probably catacombs)
Chatam Sofer graveyard
Rumours about a secret tunnel between the Grassalkovich Palace and former Hoter Forum leading under Hodžovo námestie.
Fishermen's gate and city walls remnants underneath Hviezdoslavovo Square
Four entrances leading into the western wall of Brnianska Street
Saint Jacob's Chapel, Bratislava underground ossuary

(Saint Jacob's Chapel) According to Štassel, some visitors are "shocked when they find out its just this small place, expecting proper catacombs under the medieval city. There were plans to connect all the underground historical places in Bratislava via tunnels, but according to Štassel, it is "economically unfeasable" due to low number of archeological finds and long, multiple kilometer distances between them.^[2]

Bratislava fortifications[edit]

Fragments of the medieval city fortifications
Unfinished bastion fortification of the Bratislava Castle according to the plan of engineer Josef Priami
World War I artillery fortification system
World War I shelters (the last surviving one is at Račianska Street, near the gas station and opposite the Mladá Garda dormitory)
Military scouting posts, located at numerous hills with good outlooks
Road obstacles and dragon's teeth around Bratislava
First Czechoslovak Republic fortification system between the World Wars
World War II aircraft raid shelters, located near the area of Istrochem
German reinforced concrete spheres, partially buried in the ground that served as machine-gun posts (Ringstand, Kugelstand), located around Bratislava

Architecture of Bratislava[edit]

Accessibility of public spaces[edit]

Totalitarian government systems that ruled the area of Bratislava in the latter part of the 20th century left a legacy of restricting the accessibility of certain areas to the general public. In spite of the Slovak Republic being a developed democracy, Bratislava features many public spaces that have been closed from the public.

The following is a partial list of areas made inaccessible since 1993:

Summit of Devínska Kobyla features a former military rocked base unused since 1996, access remains officially restricted
Kamzík TV Tower observation deck (Slovak: vyhliadková plošina C) closed in 1997
Bratislava Fortifications closed in 2001 by the Paming city company
Patrónka bus and trolleybus stop, metal fences closing half of the space installed in an unknown year by the Department of Road Management of the Bratislava City Magistrate
Koch Garden closed to the public since an unknown year

Slovak economic environment[edit]

Slovak economic environment is the framework for the economy of Slovakia. This article is about the effects of this framework on individual participants in Slovak economy.

Personal finance[edit]

Self-employed and small companies[edit]

Medium and big companies[edit]

xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx List of churches in Bratislava

City borough	Controlled by	Church	Location	Year built
Staré Mesto	Roman-Catholic church	Katedrála sv. Martina / St. Martin's Cathedral	Rudnayovo Square No. 1	1452
	Roman-Catholic church	Kostol sv. Alžbety, known as the Blue church	Bezručova Street No. 2	1908
	Roman-Catholic church	Farský kostol nanebovzatia Panny Márie, known as Blumentál	Floriánske Square	Unknown
	Redemptorists	Kostol sv. Cyrila a Metoda	Unknown	Unknown

Kostol sv. Ladislava, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Kapucíni, Kostol sv. Štefana (Ká-čko), Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Jezuiti - Kostol Najsvätejšieho Spasiteľa, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Františkáni, Kostol zvestovania Pána, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Dominikáni, Kostol Panny Márie Snežnej, Bratislava-Kalvária
Alžbetínky, Kostol sv. Alžbety, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Kaplnka sv. Kataríny, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Milosrdní bratia, Kostol navštívenia Panny Márie, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Notre Dame, Kostol nanebovzatia Panny Márie, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Kostol Najsvätejšej Trojice, Bratislava-Podhradie
Uršulínky, Kostol Loretánskej Panny Márie, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Kaplnka sv. Ladislava, Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Farský kostol Farnosť Najsvätejšej Trojice (trinitári), Bratislava-Staré Mesto
Farský kostol Kráľovnej rodiny, Bratislava-Nové Mesto
Univ. pastoračné centrum sv. Jozefa Freinademetza (UPeCe), Bratislava-Mlynská dolina
Saleziáni, Kostol Panny Márie pomocnice kresťanov, Bratislava-Ružinov
Farský kostol Sv. rodiny, Bratislava-Petržalka
Farský kostol sv. Vincenta de Paul, Bratislava-Ružinov
Kaplnka sv. Dominika Sávia (saleziáni), Bratislava-Petržalka
Kostol povýšenia Sv. kríža, Bratislava-Petržalka
Farský kostol sv. Mikuláša, Bratislava-Jarovce
Filiálny kostol sv. Jozefa, Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice-Komarov
Farský kostol sv. Mikuláša, Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice
Kostol Sv. kríža (nemocnica), Bratislava-Podunajské Biskupice
Kostol Najsvätejšieho Srdca Ježišovho, Bratislava-Prievoz
Kostol sv. Don Bosca (saleziáni), Bratislava-Trnávka
Farský kostol mena Panny Márie, Bratislava-Vrakuňa
Farský kostol Najsvätejšieho Srdca Ježišovho, Bratislava-Kramáre
Farský kostol sv. Filipa a Jakuba , Bratislava-Rača
Kostol Panny Márie pomocnice kresťanov, Bratislava-Rača
Farský kostol Sedembolestnej Panny Márie, Bratislava-Vajnory
Farský kostol Sv. kríža, Bratislava-Devín
Farský kostol Ducha Svätého, Bratislava-Devínska Nová Ves
Farský kostol narodenia Panny Márie, Bratislava-Dlhé Diely
Kostol sv. Kozmu a Damiána, Bratislava-Dúbravka
Kaplnka ružencovej Panny Márie, Bratislava-Dúbravka
Kaplnka Božieho milosrdenstva (Pri kríži 26), Bratislava-Dúbravka (spravujú minoriti z Karlovej Vsi)
Farský kostol Ducha Svätého, Bratislava-Dúbravka
Farský kostol sv. Michala archanjela (minoriti), Bratislava-Karlova Ves
Kostol sv. Františka z Assisi (minoriti), Bratislava-Karlova Ves
Farský kostol sv. Margity, Bratislava-Lamač
Farský kostol sv. Petra a Pavla, Bratislava-Záhorská Bystrica
Farský kostol sv. Michala archanjela, Bratislava-Čunovo
Farský kostol sv. Márie Magdalény, Bratislava-Rusovce
Farský kostol Sedembolestnej Panny Márie, Bratislava-Petržalka-Lúky
Kostol sv. Arnolda Janssena (verbisti), Bratislava-Petržalka
Katedrála sv. Šebastiána, Bratislava-Krasňany

External links; http://www.bohosluzby.sk/en/kostoly.php?filter=Bratislava

Fountains in Bratislava[edit]

Fountains in Bratislava were first built in the 16th century as means of water supply, the first decorative fountain in Bratislava was the Ganymede's Fountain from 1888. Approximately half of the over 130 fountains found in the city form part of the picturesque landscape of the medieval Old Town borough of Bratislava (formerly Pressburg, Poszony) and serve as tourist attractions.

Public toilets[edit]

Inside Grassalkovich Palace Garden (Old Town) Open ? The borough of Old Town The whole garden (including the public toilets) is guarded when open. Open daily 8:00 - 19:00 hours
Pedestrian underpass Patrónka (Old Town) Open ? Bratislava city Magistrate Accessible to the handicapped with effort
Lake Kuchajda (New Town) Open ? The borough of New Town 4 public toilets, open daily 9:00 - 22:00 hours
Public transport bus terminal near OD Slimák (New Town) Open ? The borough of New Town 2x men's and 4x women's public toilets, open daily 06:00 - 22:00 hours
Lake Draždiak, Petržalka Open ? Unknown ownership open daily 8:00 - 21:00 hours
Lake Zlaté piesky Open ? Unknown ownership 4x toilets, 2 of them open non-stop, serving also the nearby autocamping
Inside Stará Tržnica building (Old Town) Closed n/a Unknown ownership Toilets are on the first floor
IPP Park Hrad parking garage, Palisády Street. Opened in March 2012
Directly at the Bratislava Castle "Toalety s nenápadným vstupom sú na Západnej terase. Návštevníci bez sprievodcu ich obvykle hľadajú ťažšie." Source: https://bratislava.sme.sk/c/4977372/turistom-staci-na-hrade-aj-vyhliadka.html

There are public toilets inside the Park SNP in Líčšie Údolie in the Karlova Ves borough. They are locked and keys are handed out only to people who reserve a place in the park in advance. Sources:

Slovak national myths[edit]

This is a list of major Slovak national myths:^[3]

National and ethnic continuity from the times of Samo's realm and Great Moravia until the present day in the territory of Slovakia. Pribina and Svatopluk as "kings" of "Old Slovaks".
The Saints Cyril and Methodius leaving any meaningful heritage in present day Slovakia.
The thousand year old marriage (Slovak: tisícročné manželstvo) or (Slovak: tisícročná poroba) to the Hungarian nation.
Juraj Jánošík as the national hero and prototypical Slovak.
The glorification of the Slovak national revival movement.
Milan Rastislav Štefánik as the national martyr.
Devín, Nitra and Martin as centers of Slavic and Slovak culture.
Andrej Hlinka as a fighter for Slovak independence.
Jozef Tiso as the creator of the First Slovak State.

Media of Slovakia[edit]

Media of Slovakia consist of several different types of communications media: television, radio, cinema, music, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based Web sites. Before 1989, all Slovak media was owned by the communist state and used to spread the official ideology and propaganda. After the fall of communism, independent media emerged and as of 2012 they comprise the majority of media in the country.

Today, Slovak media consist of both state-owned public broadcasters and commercial broadcasters ranging from internationally owned nation-wide TV channels to locally-owned regional newspapers. In comparison with established Western democracies, Slovak media industry is underdeveloped, especially the music industry and cinema.

The organisation Reporters Without Borders compiles and publishes an annual ranking of countries based upon the organisation's assessment of their press freedom records. In 2011-12 Slovakia was ranked 25th out of 179 countries, behind its regional peers Poland and the Czech Republic, but ahead of Hungary or the United States.^[4]

History[edit]

Radio[edit]

Television[edit]

Motion pictures[edit]

Print media[edit]

Newspapers[edit]

Magazines[edit]

Internet media[edit]

Economy of Slovakia[edit]

Penta
J&T
Sabolovci - originally started in the 1990s as the law company G. Lehnert, today operated thorugh the holding company AZC. Founded shortly after the Velvet revolution by Ján Sabol, Radovan Horecký, Ivan Ostrihoň, Ján Ondruš and Mikuláš Trstenský. Ivan Ostrihoň left the company in the early 2000s due to him being unsatisfied with the company strategy. Radovan Horecký left the company in 2016. Before Horecký´s departure the partners were (together with their shares in the group as estimated by weekly Trend): Ján Sabol (38), Radovan Horecký (24), Ján Ondruš (20) and Mikuláš Trstenský (18). The group is active mainly in biofuels (7th biggest player in Europe), alcoholic and non-alcoholic drinks (biggest player on the Slovak liqor market), energy, logistics, agriculture, law advisory and real estate development. Yearly revenue of the group is estimated at 1 billion EUR, the group employs approximately 2500 people in Slovakia. The group is known for its well established contacts with the political elites in Slovakia and the group partners are notorious for guarding their personal life and not communicating with the media.

Cemeteries in Bratislava[edit]

World War I[edit]

Cemeteries before World War I:

(Old) Military Cemetery - the only military cemetery in Bratislava at that time, situated in the Blumenthal borough, between today's Trnavské mýto square and the nearby Danubius factory. The cemetery was established probably during the Napoleonic Wars. 575 soldiers who fell between 1914-1918 were buried here.
Municipal Cemetery Slávičie údolie - the largest civil cemetary in the city at that time, it still exists today. Created in 1911, 1134 soldiers from World War I were buried here. A quarter of the total area was designated for military funerals, after redesign of this part of the cemetery a memorial to soldiers fallen in World War I by artist Jozef Mazáň was unveiled here.
Blumenthal Cemetery - belonged to the Blumenthal parish and was situated at today's Račianske mýto square. It contained 31 graves of soldiers fallen in World War I.
Blumenthal Protestant Cemetery - situated next to the Blumenthal Cemetery (or maybe it formed even part of that cemetery) at today's Račianske mýto square. 7 World War I soldiers were buried here. Both Blumenthal cemeteries were canceled and destroyed in the middle of the 20th century. Today, there is a public park and parts of buildings in the place of both Blumenthal cemeteries.
St. Nicholas Cemetery - was the cemetery serving the Podhradie, Bratislava borough of Bratislava. It was situated on today's Žižkova Street. 11 World War I soldiers were buried here.
St. Andrew Cemetery - exists today, part of the cemetery was designated for military funerals. 103 World War I soldiers were buried here.
Protestant Cemetery Kozia brána - exists today. 22 World War I soldiers were buried here.
Orthodox Jewish Cemetery - exists today, situated on Žižkova street.
Neolog Jewish Cemetery - exists today, situated on Žižkova street. The house of sorrow features a commemorative plaque dedicated to the fallen in World War I.

Both Jewish cemeteries contain the graves of 53 soldiers who fell during World War I. Many soldiers from the Great War were also buried at cemeteries in the villages near Bratislava, that later became part of the city. There is a World War I memorial at the Murman heights located in the Bratislava foothills in the center of the city.

References[edit]

^ http://bratislava.sme.sk/c/660907/krytov-je-dost-pre-vsetkych-bratislavcanov.html
^ http://www.bratislavskenoviny.sk/najnovsie-spravy-z-bratislavy/samosprava/kaplnku-sv.-jakuba-navstivi-400-az-450-ludi.html?page_id=161274
^ Historický ústav SAV, Ústav etnológie SAV, Sociologický ústav SAV (2005). Mýty naše Slovenské (Our Slovak Myths). Bratislava: Academic Electronic Press. p. 248. ISBN 80-88880-61-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "A Press Freedom Index 2011 - 2012". Reporters Without Borders. Retrieved 13 August 2012.