User:Cambial Yellowing/Herpestidae

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  1. ^ a b Bacevich, Andrew (2010). Washington rules : America's path to permanent war (First ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. pp. 77–80. ISBN 9781429943260. Retrieved 2 February 2020. In its determination to destroy the Cuban Revolution, the Kennedy administration heedlessly embarked upon what was, in effect, a program of state-sponsored terrorism... the actions of the United States toward Cuba during the early 1960s bear comparison with Iranian and Syrian support for proxies engaging in terrorist activities against Israel
  2. ^ a b Franklin, Jane (2016). Cuba and the U.S. empire : a chronological history. New York: New York University Press. pp. 45–63, 388–392, et passim. ISBN 9781583676059. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  3. ^ a b Prados, John; Jimenez-Bacardi, Arturo, eds. (October 3, 2019). Kennedy and Cuba: Operation Mongoose. National Security Archive (Report). Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. Archived from the original on November 2, 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020. The Kennedy administration had been quick to set up a Cuba Task Force—with strong representation from CIA's Directorate of Plans—and on August 31 that unit decided to adopt a public posture of ignoring Castro while attacking civilian targets inside Cuba: 'our covert activities would now be directed toward the destruction of targets important to the [Cuban] economy' (Document 4)...While acting through Cuban revolutionary groups with potential for real resistance to Castro, the task force 'will do all we can to identify and suggest targets whose destruction will have the maximum economic impact.' The memorandum showed no concern for international law or the unspoken nature of these operations as terrorist attacks.
  4. ^ a b International Policy Report (Report). Washington, D.C.: Center for International Policy. 1977. pp. 10–12. To coordinate and carry out its war of terror and destruction during the early 1960s, the CIA established a base of operations, known as JM/WAVE
  5. ^ a b Miller, Nicola (2002). "The Real Gap in the Cuban Missile Crisis: The Post-Cold-War Historiography and Continued Omission of Cuba". In Carter, Dale; Clifton, Robin (eds.). War and Cold War in American foreign policy, 1942–62. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 211–237. ISBN 9781403913852. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  6. ^ a b Schoultz, Lars (2009). "State Sponsored Terrorism". That infernal little Cuban republic : the United States and the Cuban Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 170–211. ISBN 9780807888605. Retrieved 2 February 2020. What more could be done? How about a program of sabotage focused on blowing up 'such targets as refineries, power plants, micro wave stations, radio and TV installations, strategic highway bridges and railroad facilities, military and naval installations and equipment, certain industrial plants and sugar refineries.' The CIA proposed just that approach a month after the Bay of Pigs, and the State Department endorsed the proposal... In early November, six months after the Bay of Pigs, JFK authorized the CIA's 'Program of Covert Action', now dubbed Operation Mongoose, and named Lansdale its chief of operations. A few days later, President Kennedy told a Seattle audience, 'We cannot, as a free nation, compete with our adversaries in tactics of terror, assassination, false promises, counterfeit mobs and crises.' Perhaps – but the Mongoose decision indicated that he was willing to try.
  7. ^ a b Domínguez, Jorge I. (April 2000). "The @#$%& Missile Crisis" (PDF). Diplomatic History. 24 (2). Boston/Oxford: Blackwell Publishers/Oxford University Press: 305–316. doi:10.1111/0145-2096.00214. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 7, 2020. Retrieved 6 September 2019 – via Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. On the afternoon of 16 October... Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy convened in his office a meeting on Operation Mongoose, the code name for a U.S. policy of sabotage and related covert operation aimed at Cuba... The Kennedy administration returned to its policy of sponsoring terrorism against Cuba as the confrontation with the Soviet Union lessened... Only once in these nearly thousand pages of documentation did a U.S. official raise something that resembled a faint moral objection to U.S.-government sponsored terrorism. Cite error: The named reference "Jorge00" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Rabe, Stephen (December 2000). "After the Missiles of October: John F. Kennedy and Cuba". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 30 (4). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell: 714–726. doi:10.1111/j.0360-4918.2000.00140.x. In analyzing U.S. relations with Cuba during the Kennedy administration, scholars have understandably focused on... the Bay of Pigs invasion, the US campaign of terrorism and sabotage known as Operation Mongoose, the assassination plots against Fidel Castro, and, of course, the Cuban Missile Crisis... [The U.S. Government] showed no interest in Castro's repeated request that the United States cease its campaign of sabotage and terrorism against Cuba. Cite error: The named reference "Rabe00" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ a b Erlich, Reese (2008). Dateline Havana : the real story of U.S. policy and the future of Cuba. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 26–29. ISBN 9781317261605. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Officially, the United States favored only peaceful means to pressure Cuba. In reality, U.S. leaders also used violent, terrorist tactics... Operation Mongoose began in November 1961... U.S. operatives attacked civilian targets, including sugar refineries, saw mills, and molasses storage tanks. Some 400 CIA officers worked on the project in Washington and Miami... Operation Mongoose and various other terrorist operations caused property damage and injured and killed Cubans. But they failed to achieve their goal of regime change.
  10. ^ a b Brenner, Philip (March 1990). "Cuba and the Missile Crisis" (PDF). Journal of Latin American Studies. 22 (1–2). Cambridge University Press: 115–142. doi:10.1017/S0022216X00015133. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2019. While Operation Mongoose was discontinued early in 1963, terrorist actions were reauthorized by the president. In October 1963, 13 major CIA actions against Cuba were approved for the next two months alone, including the sabotage of an electric power plant, a sugar mill and an oil refinery. Authorized CIA raids continued at least until 1965. Cite error: The named reference "Brenner90" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  11. ^ a b Brenner, Philip (2002). "Turning History on its Head". National Security Archive. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2020. ..in October 1962 the United States was waging a war against Cuba that involved several assassination attempts against the Cuban leader, terrorist acts against Cuban civilians, and sabotage of Cuban factories.
  12. ^ a b Garthoff, Raymond (2011). Reflections on the Cuban Missile Crisis. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution. p. 144. ISBN 9780815717393. Retrieved 2 February 2020. One of Nixon's first acts in office in 1969 was to direct the CIA to intensify covert operations against Cuba Cite error: The named reference "Garthoff11" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  13. ^ Hinckle, Warren; Turner, William (1981). The fish is red : the story of the secret war against Castro (1st ed.). New York: Harper & Row. pp. 96–123, et passim. ISBN 9780060380038.
  14. ^ "Cuba 'plane bomber' was CIA agent". BBC News. BBC. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
  15. ^ Weiner, Tim (May 9, 2005). "Cuban Exile Could Test U.S. Definition of Terrorist". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 September 2019.
  16. ^ Kornbluh, Peter; White, Yvette, eds. (October 5, 2006). Bombing of Cuban Jetliner 30 Years Later. National Security Archive (Report). Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University. Archived from the original on August 24, 2017. Retrieved 3 April 2020. Among the documents posted is an annotated list of four volumes of still-secret records on Posada's career with the CIA, his acts of violence, and his suspected involvement in the bombing of Cubana flight 455 on October 6, 1976, which took the lives of all 73 people on board, many of them teenagers.
  17. ^ Stepick, Alex; Stepick, Carol Dutton (2002). "Power and Identity". In Suárez-Orozco, Marcelo M.; Páez, Mariela M. (eds.). Latinos: Remaking America. Berkeley/London: University of California Press, Harvard University Center for Latin American Studies. pp. 75–81. ISBN 978-0520258273. Retrieved 2 February 2020. Through the 1960s, the private University of Miami had the largest Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) station in the world, outside of the organization's headquarters in Virginia. With perhaps as many as twelve thousand Cubans in Miami on its payroll at one point in the early 1960s, the CIA was one of the largest employers in the state of Florida. It supported what was described as the third largest navy in the world and over fifty front businesses: CIA boat shops, gun shops, travel agencies, detective agencies, and real estate agencies
  18. ^ Bohning, Don (2005). The Castro obsession : U.S. covert operations against Cuba, 1959-1965 (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: University of Nebraska Press/Potomac Books. pp. 1, 84. ISBN 9781574886757. Retrieved 2 February 2020. By the end of 1962 the CIA station at an abandoned Navy air facility south of Miami had become the largest in the world outside its Langley, Virginia headquarters... Eventually some four hundred clandestine service officers toiled there... Additional CIA officers worked the Cuba account at Langley and elsewhere.
  19. ^ Lansdale, Edward (January 18, 1962). Smith, Louis J. (ed.). Program Review by the Chief of Operations, Operation Mongoose. Foreign Relations of the United States (Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  20. ^ Brenner, Philip (1992). "Thirteen Months: Cuba's Perspective on the Missile Crisis". In Nathan, James A. (ed.). The Cuban Missile Crisis Revisited. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 187–218. ISBN 9781137114624.
  21. ^ Domínguez López, Ernesto; Yaffe, Helen (2 November 2017). "The deep, historical roots of Cuban anti-imperialism". Third World Quarterly. 38 (11). Abingdon: Taylor & Francis: 2517–2535. doi:10.1080/01436597.2017.1374171. In international terms, Cuba's Revolution dented the US sphere of influence, weakening the US position as a global power. These were the structural geopolitical motivations for opposing Cuba's hard-won independence. The Bay of Pigs (Playa Giron) invasion and multiple military invasion plans, programmes of terrorism, sabotage and subversion were part of Washington's reaction.
  22. ^ Ludlam, Steve (March 2012). "Regime Change and Human Rights: A Perspective on the Cuba Polemic". Bulletin of Latin American Research. 31 (s1). New York: Wiley-Blackwell; Society for Latin American Studies: 110–126. doi:10.1111/j.1470-9856.2011.00650.x. In the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 3 states that 'Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person' (United Nations, 1948). This right has been repeatedly denied to Cubans by terrorists, mostly trained in the United States, often by US agencies, and operated from US territory
  23. ^ Rabe, Stephen G. (March 2006). "The Johnson Doctrine". Presidential Studies Quarterly. 36 (1). Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley-Blackwell: 48–58. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5705.2006.00286.x. Thereafter, the administration conducted 'Operation Mongoose,' a $40 million campaign of arson, sabotage, and terrorism carried out against the island by CIA agents and Cuban exiles. Operation Mongoose contributed to the onset of the Cuban missile crisis, the most ominous Soviet-American confrontation of the Cold War
  24. ^ Schoultz, Lars (2010). "Benevolent Domination: The Ideology of U.S. Policy toward Cuba". Cuban Studies. 41. University of Pittsburgh Press: 1–19. ISSN 0361-4441. So what was plan B? First, there were a few years of what we today would call state-sponsored terrorism — Operation Mongoose, which focused on sabotaging power plants, torching sugar fields, and arming assassins. But when that low-cost covert activity proved unsuccessful, the consensus opinion was that Cuba was not sufficiently important to require costly, decisive action
  25. ^ Polmar, Norman (2006). Defcon-2 : standing on the brink of nuclear war during the Cuban missile crisis. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-471-67022-3. The American government had sponsored the failed anti-Castro landings at the Bay of Pigs in April 1961 and, subsequently, had initiated Operation Mongoose, a massive CIA effort to bring down the Castro regime through acts of sabotage, terrorism, and assassination.
  26. ^ Piccone, Ted; Miller, Ashley (December 19, 2016). Cuba, the U.S., and the Concept of Sovereignty: Toward a Common Vocabulary? (Report). Washington: Brookings Institution. Archived from the original on July 7, 2017. President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved a plan to train Cuban exiles to commit violent acts of terrorism within Cuba against civilians, and the CIA trained and commanded pilots to bomb civilian airfields...U.S. government officials justified some of the terrorist attacks on Cuban soil on the grounds of coercive regime change
  27. ^ Bolender, Keith (2012). Cuba under siege : American policy, the revolution, and its people. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. x, 14, 18–20, 53–57, 63–64, et passim. ISBN 978-1-137-27554-7. While there are multiple layers of complexity to the encirclement of Cuba, the most violent facet rests with the hundreds of acts of terrorism inflicted against civilian targets...The most infamous offshoot of the Project was Operation Mongoose...Headed by Air Force general Edward Lansdale, the operation coordinated hundreds of acts of terrorism, sabotage against Cuban industrial targets, increased propaganda efforts, and the tightening of the economic blockade...by the late 1960s it had shifted to terrorist organizations in South Florida made up of the extreme right-wing opposition that had left the island. In between were the murders, bombings, and sabotage of the terrorist program Operation Mongoose...American officials understood the acts of terror during the early years were specifically designed to disrupt, destabilize, and force the Cuban government to divert precious resources, as well as induce intrusive civil measures.
  28. ^ Yaffe, Helen (2020). We are Cuba! : how a revolutionary people have survived in a post-Soviet world. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 67, 176–181. ISBN 978-0-300-23003-1. What have Cuba's revolutionary people survived? For six decades, the Caribbean island has withstood manifold and unrelenting aggression from the world's dominant economic and political power: overt and covert military actions; sabotage and terrorism by US authorities and allied exiles...The CIA recruited operatives inside Cuba to carry out terrorism and sabotage, killing civilians and causing economic damage.
  29. ^ Zubok, Vladislav M. (1994). "Unwrapping the Enigma: What was Behind the Soviet Challenge in the 1960s?". In Kunz, Diane B. (ed.). The Diplomacy of the Crucial Decade: American Foreign Relations During the 1960s. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 149–181. ISBN 9780231081771.
  30. ^ Mikoyan, Sergo (2012). The Soviet Cuban Missile Crisis : Castro, Mikoyan, Kennedy, Khrushchev, and the missiles of November. Redwood City: Stanford University Press. pp. 92–96. ISBN 9780804762014.
  31. ^ Getchell, Michelle (2018). "Operation Anadyr: Soviet Missiles in Cuba". The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Cold War : a short history with documents. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 70–93. ISBN 9781624667428. a Special National Intelligence Estimate drawn up in September had analyzed the Soviet military buildup in Cuba and concluded that its purpose was to 'strengthen the Communist regime there against what the Cubans and the Soviets conceive to be a danger that the US may attempt by one means or another to overthrow it.'
  32. ^ Smith, Louis J., ed. (September 19, 1962). Special National Intelligence Estimate: The Military Buildup in Cuba. Foreign Relations of the United States (Report). 1961–1963. Vol. X, Cuba. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 85-3-62. Retrieved 19 February 2020.
  33. ^ Hughes, R. Gerald (2015). "'The best and the brightest': the Cuban missile crisis, the Kennedy administration and the lessons of history". In Scott, Len; Hughes, R. Gerald (eds.). The Cuban missile crisis : a critical reappraisal. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 117–128. ISBN 978-1-138-84092-8. In fact, JFK authorised RFK to embark on a programme of terrorism against Cuba (Operation Mongoose), which called for the assassination of the Cuban leadership
  34. ^ Stern, Sheldon M. (2015). "Beyond the smoke and mirrors: the real JFK White House Cuban missile crisis". In Scott, Len; Hughes, R. Gerald (eds.). The Cuban missile crisis : a critical reappraisal. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 204–224. ISBN 978-1-138-84092-8. The American public, of course, knew nothing about the sabotage and terrorism of Operation Mongoose or about the efforts of the CIA to assassinate Fidel Castro; the President also did not want to hand Moscow a propaganda bonanza by revealing that surprise air attacks against Cuba had even been seriously considered by the administration
  35. ^ Alzugaray, Carlos; Quainton, Anthony (2011). "Cuban-U.S. Relations: The Terrorism Dimension" (PDF). Pensamiento Propio. 16 (34). Buenos Aires: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales: 71–84. ISSN 1016-9628. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2018. It is now evident from publicly available documents that several U.S. plans to overthrow the Cuban government included the use of terrorist tactics. The March 1960 project that President Dwight D. Eisenhower approved...involved the training of Cuban exiles to commit violent acts inside Cuban territory against civilian targets. Prior to the Bay of Pigs invasion, the CIA trained and commanded pilots who bombed civilian airfields and areas inhabited by peaceful citizens, causing numerous deaths. Terrorists who were supported and/or directed by the U.S. government carried out similar attacks as part of Operation Mongoose in 1962, and in 1963 under the guise of being 'autonomous'...The single worst terrorist act took place in 1976 off the coast of Barbados, when terrorists bombed a Cuban civilian airliner killing all 73 persons on board...Two well known terrorists with links to the U.S. intelligence agencies were involved in this action: Luis Posada Carriles and Orlando Bosch.
  36. ^ Brenner, Philip (2011). "The Missile Crisis Fifty Years Later: What We Should Have Learned" (PDF). Pensamiento Propio. 16 (34). Buenos Aires: Coordinadora Regional de Investigaciones Económicas y Sociales: 41–70. ISSN 1016-9628. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 10, 2018. Then, in November 1961, Kennedy authorized Operation Mongoose, a four-part plan explicitly intended to overthrow the Cuban government. It included support for terrorist activities by counter-revolutionary forces inside Cuba (bombing factories and stores, burning fields, contaminating exports, and attacking literacy brigade teachers)...Terrorist attacks resumed even as US forces were at DEFCON-2 in November 1962...The terrorist attacks heightened Cuba's expectations of a U.S. invasion
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