User:Carol7288/sandbox
Be Bold Wikipedia Editors
Edith Houghton Hooker (December 29, 1879 – October 23, 1948) was an American suffragist and social worker.[1] She was a leader of the suffrage movement in Maryland in the early twentieth century and was posthumously inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame. She was a maternal aunt of actress Katharine Hepburn.
Early years and education
[edit]Edith Houghton was born in 1879 in Buffalo, New York. A member of the Houghton family, her parents were Caroline Garlinghouse and Alfred Augustus Houghton, and her sister was the feminist Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn. Alfred A. Houghton, Edith's father, died in 1892.[2] Her mother, Caroline, supported the advancement of education for women. Before Caroline died in 1894 she provided instructions regarding the education of her daughters.[3] Close relatives preferred the girls attend a traditional finishing school. After a family conflict Edith and Katharine were permitted to engage in higher education and both applied to Bryn Mawr College [4]. Edith attended Bryn Mawr College, graduating in 1901, before moving to Baltimore to enroll at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine as one of the medical school's first female students. While at Johns Hopkins, she met Donald Hooker, a professor, and married him in June 1905.[1]
Career
[edit]Hooker spent a year studying in Berlin before returning to Baltimore to commence a career in social work. Her studies in Berlin included casework related to prostitution issues in the military. During the first half of the 20th century social issues involving public health, such as prostitution, could contribute to prejudice towards unwed mothers. [5] Discrimination could restrict housing options, limit the potential of marriage and financial stability.[6] Furthermore, through her research Hooker found that prostitution had been connected to some types of illness, disease and death which she wrote about in an article written for the Journal of Social Hygiene in 1919.[7] Hooker's work in Berlin led to her determination that men and women should be held equally responsible in the societal issue of prostitution.[6] In the context of public health, Hooker further develops her view of equality and women's rights in one of her key publications, The Laws of Sex.[8]
Edith and Donald Hooker established the Guild of St. George of Baltimore, which provided housing and services for unwed mothers and their children.[6] Hooker was president of the Guild of St. George from 1906-1911.[9] Through her work at the Guild she promoted awareness of public health issues and the rights of women.[10] During the years 1918-1920 Hooker continued her research and wrote several journal articles on her findings.[11] She considered sex education for both men and women an important strategy to decrease the societal costs of disease.[7] Within the medical community there was continued research on germ theory, as well as recognition of the effect of germs on disease, and attempts were being made to isolate related bacteria.[10] Hooker and other suffragists working in the public health field knew that strategically there would be a struggle because of the entrenched double standard that permeated society.[12] This kind of research further propelled Hooker in her decision to bring even greater awareness and support for sex education.[10] Similar public health and societal issues worldwide led Hooker and other suffragists to study the benefits of women's right to vote.[13]
Suffrage activism
[edit]Hooker determined that the most efficient way to achieve reform and equality for women was to campaign for the right of women to vote. She joined the Equal Suffrage League of Baltimore in 1907 and resigned in 1909 in order to found the Just Government League, an affiliate of the National American Woman Suffrage Association.[14] In 1910, she began educating the public about suffrage through open air meetings at locations across Maryland. As a speaker Hooker was deft with persuasive use of language and practical evidence gathered from her research. In order to promote support she noted that women's suffrage would reduce disease, improve water quality, and make women better wives.[1] This was a tactic used by Hooker and other suffragists who supported combining Social Hygiene Movement and the women's suffrage movement to improve society. Additionally, Hooker would appeal to men by noting that women active in politics, which could arise only if given the right to vote, would make them more able to discuss politics with their husbands and thereby promote better marriages.[1]
add baltimore sun cite for above
In 1912, Hooker established the Maryland Suffrage News,[16] a weekly newspaper and the official organ of the Just Government League, and in 1917, she was invited to become the editor of The Suffragist, the weekly newspaper of the National Woman's Party. The Maryland Suffrage News ceased publication in 1920 when the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified. Influenced by Alice Paul, who campaigned for a constitutional amendment, Hooker was active in the Congressional Union, and was elected finance chairwoman of the organization's executive committee in 1915.
After suffrage was granted to American women, her efforts focused on introducing a bill that would ensure women equal political and civil rights. Although the bill was passed by the Maryland House of Delegates, it was rejected by the Maryland Senate; a subsequent revision, which was revised to include only a section stating that women would be allowed to hold office, was passed by both houses in 1922.
The Suffragist ceased publication as well in 1920 but Hooker was later responsible for it's revival as the Equal Rights journal in conjunction with work led by Alice Paul towards an equal rights amendment to the constitution [17]. Edith and her husband Donald provided a financial gift to the National Women's Party for the establishment of the Equal Rights journal. The first edition was published in 1923 by Edith Houghton Hooker and Dora G. Ogle [18].
The Equal Rights Amendment
The Woman's Charter
Later years
[edit]Hooker died in 1948 after a seven-year illness [19]. Her obituary highlights her accomplishments as a pioneer for women's suffrage in Maryland. She was inducted into the Maryland Women's Hall of Fame in 1999.
See also
[edit]Congressional Union for Woman Suffrage
Katharine Martha Houghton Hepburn
Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
First Wave Feminism
External Links
newspapers
womens charter
jane addams
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d "Maryland State Archives". Retrieved November 18, 2018.
- ^ "Houghton, Alfred". Find a Grave.
- ^ Houghton, Caroline. "Caroline Garlinghouse Houghton". Find a Grave.
- ^ Carter, Grace May (2016). Katharine Hepburn. New Word City. pp. Chapter 1 Women are as Good as Men. ISBN 9781612309613.
- ^ "Stigma and Discrimination | Prostitution research | Page 2". prostitutionresearch.wordpress.com. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ a b c Leaming, Barbara (2000). Katharine Hepburn. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 127. ISBN 978-0879102937.
- ^ a b "Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition, History". hearth.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ Houghton Hooker, Edith (1921). The Laws of Sex. Boston: Richard G. Badger. ISBN 9780331570724.
- ^ College, Bryn Mawr (1920). Bryn Mawr College Calendar: Register of Alumnae and Former Students, 1920. Bryn Mawr College.
- ^ a b c Carlisle, Rodney P. (2014). Handbook to Life in America V. 4. Infobase Publishing. p. 245. ISBN 9781438117485.
- ^ Cook, Michael (2003-01-01). "Home Economics Archive: Research, Tradition and History". hearth.library.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ^ Luker, Kristin (1998). "Sex, Social Hygiene, and the State: The Double-Edged Sword of Social Reform". Theory and Society. 27 (5): 601–634. doi:10.1023/A:1006875928287. JSTOR 657941. S2CID 141232872.
- ^ "Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party Manuscripts Division Library of Congress". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "Edith Houghton Hooker, Maryland Women's Hall of Fame". msa.maryland.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "Mrs. Donald R. Hooker, Baltimore, Md., who will speak at Woman's Party Conference, Seneca Falls, July 21". Records of the National Woman's Party, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC. ca. 1919. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ "Maryland suffrage news. Baltimore MD: Just Government League « Chronicling America « Library of Congress 1912-1920 ISSN: 2577-1787". Retrieved 2018-11-13.
- ^ "Suffrage Journals | Woman Suffrage Memorabilia". womansuffragememorabilia.com. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "Historical Overview of the National Womans Party Detailed Chronology of NWP History Women of Protest: Photographs from the Records of the National Woman's Party Library of Congress". The Library of Congress. Retrieved 2018-11-23.
- ^ "MRS. HOOKER, LONG ILL, DIES. (1948, Oct 24). The Sun (1837-1993)". Baltimore Sun. October 24 1948. ProQuest 541972630. Retrieved November 26 2018.
{{cite news}}: Check date values in:|access-date=and|date=(help)