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Below is a list of the men that escaped execution while members of the Texian Army in south Texas, after the arrival of elements of the army of Mexico under José Urrea, during the Goliad Campaign.

Background

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When the Battle of Coleto ended at approximately 7:30 a.m. on March 20, 1836, almost 700 native and immigrant Texians had at some time participated as defenders at the Presidio La Bahia in Goliad, Texas.[1] The conflict, a part of the Texas Revolution, was part of the second phase in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's three phase attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year.[2]

Execution policy

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In preparation for marching on Texas, Santa Anna had gained approval from the Mexican Congress to issue a resolution that all "foreigners landing on the coast of the Republic or invading its territory by land, armed, and with the intent of attacking our country, will be deemed pirates" and executed.[3]

Mexican army arrives in central Texas

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As part of Santa Anna's first phase, he led an army to San Antonio de Bexar, on February 23, 1836 and initiated a siege of the Alamo.[4] As the Mexican army had approached San Antonio, Texians and their families entered into the Alamo for safety.[5][6] During the siege, multiple couriers were sent to the acting Texas government, the Texian army in La Bahia (Goliad) led by James Fannin, and other Texas communities, asking for relief forces, provisions, and powder.[7] The siege culminated in an early-morning assault by Mexican troops which left almost all of the Texian defenders dead.[3][8]

Mexican army arrives in south Texas

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Prisoners taken

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San Patricio

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Texian Army commanders, James Grant, Frank W. Johnson and Robert C. Morris, had formed plans to assault the Mexican town of Matamoros. Searching for horses for their expedition, they ventured south towards Refugio and La Bahia. On February 27, 1836, Urrea's advance patrol discovered Frank Johnson with about seventy Texians camped near the abandoned settlement at San Patricio. At 3:30 a.m., Mexican troops surprised the Texans, killing about twenty and taking thirty-two as prisoners. The battle had lasted a few hours, ending with the escape of Johnson and four others. The men later escaped to rejoin James Fannin's command at Goliad.

Agua Dulce

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Grant and Morris's men were also surprised on March 2 by Urrea's command while camping at Agua Dulce Creek. The Mexican forces killed Grant and Morris and twelve other Texians. The survivors were captured and marched to the prison at Matamoros.

San Antonio

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The Mexican army arrived in San Antonio on February 23 and initiated a siege of the Alamo garrison. On March 6, a battle of the Alamo commenced with heavy casualties on both sides. A few Texan non-combatants were released. After the arrival of Alamo survivors in Gonzales on March 13, they met with Sam Houston, the commander of all Texian forces, waiting there with about 400 men organized by James C. Neill and Colonel Edward Burleson.[9][10] Sue Dickinson and Joe related the details of the battle and the apparent death or execution of all defenders under the order of no quarter and the assumed strength of Santa Anna's army. Upon receiving this information, Houston advised all civilians to evacuate along with himself and the army.[9] and then ordered the army to fall back.[11] This was the start of the Runaway Scrape, in which many of the Texian colonists, the army and the acting government, fled eastward in advance of the approaching Mexican army.[12]

Goliad

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Further south, Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna had sent General José Urrea marching into Texas from Matamoros, making his way north by following the coast of Texas. On March 19, he had quickly advanced and surrounded 300 retreating men in the Texian Army on the open prairie, near La Bahia (Goliad). A two day Battle of Coleto ensued with the Texians holding their own on the first day. However, the Mexicans would receive overwhelming reinforcements and heavy artillery. Due to their critical predicament, Texan Colonel James Fannin and his staff had voted to surrender the Texian forces on the 20th. They were returned to their former fort in Goliad, which now became their prison.[1] Albert Clinton Horton and company had been acting as the advance and rear guards for Fannins company. Surprised by an overwhelming Mexican force, they were chased off and escaped, however 18 of the group were captured and marched back to Goliad.[13]

Refugio

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Amon B. King and a group of men had encountered the Mexican army in Refugio. King and a few others were captured and had been executed on March 16, but about 15-18 men that were with him, were taken as prisoners and marched to Goliad, to serve as blacksmiths or mechanics.

Copano

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Arriving in Texas, 80 soldiers of William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion had been captured on the 20th and marched in to Goliad on the 23rd. Being detained separately from the other prisoners, since they had surrendered without weaponry.

Lavaca Bay

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On March 22, William Ward and the Georgia Battalion (80 men plus Ward), surrendered near Lavaca Bay after escaping from the Battle of Refugio. About 26 men were retained at Victoria as laborers, but 55 prisoners were marched into Goliad, on March 25th.[14]

Lives taken - mass execution

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On March 26, 1836, 19:00, Portilla had received orders from Santa Anna in triplicate to execute the prisoners. On March 27, 1836, at about 08:00 a.m. on Palm Sunday, Colonel Jose Nicolas de la Portilla had the Texians that were still able enough to walk, march out of La Bahia in three separate columns to the San Antonio Road, Victoria Road and the San Patricio Road. Once the columns reached their selected destinations, the Mexican soldiers formed into two ranks on one side of the prisoners. The Texians were then shot down at point-blank range all within a few hundred yards of the fort.[15]

Avoided massacre

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  • Fannin's advance guards - left before the massacre

Francis L. DeSauque and John Chenoweth and company were sent out from Goliad to forage and scout in anticipation of the Fannin's march on San Antonio. They were unaware that Mexican forces were in the area. Instructed to hold the Cibolo, they encountered Juan Seguin and his relief forces while near the Cibolo on February 28. They informed Seguin that Fannin was in route to relieve the Alamo defenders and should only be about two days away. After receiving a missive from Fannin, that the relief mission had failed, DeSauque returned to Goliad, where he was killed. Chenoweth went to Gonzales, then joined Houston and on to San Jacinto.[16]


  • Horton's Company - escaped before the massacre

Fannin's forward guards-rode ahead of Fannin's attempted rendezvous with the Texas army at Victoria and escaped on March 19-20. This group included:

Captain Albert C. Horton, Lt. James W. Moore, Thomas Jefferson Adams, Norman Austin, Dr. John Walker Baylor (Shackelford's Co), Jacob Betts, Garrett E. Boom, George J. Bridgeman (Bullock's Co), George Whitfield Brooks, J.W. Buckner, Thomas Cantwell, Joseph Clements, Lewis DeMoss, William DeMoss, Nicholas M. Eastland, Joseph Fenner, William C. Francis, Jefferson George, Francis Jones, John Jones, Augustus S. Kincheloe, Charles Morgan, John L. Osborn, Thomas Osborn, Michael Riley, George N. Robinson, Levi Pendleton Scott, Christopher Terrell, Thomas S. Thompson, George W. Wheelwright, Ralph Wright. Other members of this group, like the rear guards did not fare as well and were shot or captured and marched to Goliad.[17]


  • Miller's Battalion - spared from the massacre

William Parsons Miller and the Nashville Battalion landed in Copano, Texas on March 20 and was captured by José de Urrea's Mexican troops and marched to Goliad as prisoners. The 80 member Nashville Battalion was held until after the massacre and then marched to Matamoros. They were later freed by the terms of the Treaty of Velasco.[18]

Survivors

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Here is a list of the men that escaped execution while members of the Texian Army, after the arrival of elements of the army of José Urrea, during the Goliad Campaign.


Name Status in Goliad Campaign Status Company Notes
Frank W. Johnson Colonel escaped Col. Johnson's Command escaped San Patricio, 27 February
John H. Love soldier escaped Johnson's Command escaped San Patricio, 27 February
Daniel J. Toler soldier escaped Johnson's Command escaped San Patricio, 27 February
Arreola soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
William B. Benson soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
John Bryan soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
George Copeland soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Sebastian Francois soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
William L. Hall soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Lucius H. Kerr soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
William Langenheim soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Phineas Jenks Mahan soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Samuel W. McKneely soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Thomas S. Mitchell soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Hutchins M. Pittman soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Thomas Robison soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
John Spiess soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Zambrano soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
unidentified native Texian from Bexar soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
unidentified native Texian from Bexar soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
unidentified native Texian from Bexar soldier spared Johnson's Command captured and sent to Matamoros
Reuben R. Brown soldier spared James Grant's Command saved by Francita Alavez, sent to Matamoros prison
John Collett soldier spared Dr. James Grant's Command sent to Matamoros prison
Stillman S. Curtis soldier spared Dr. James Grant's Command sent to Matamoros prison
Nelson Jones soldier spared Dr. James Grant's Command sent to Matamoros prison
Cayetano's friend soldier spared Dr. James Grant's Command sent to Matamoros prison
Cayetano soldier spared Dr. James Grant's Command sent to Matamoros prison
Plácido Benavides soldier escaped Dr. James Grant's Command escaped Agua Dulce, 2 March, furloughed by Fannin
William Scurlock (Innlock) Captain spared as nurse Dr. James Grant's Command escaped Agua Dulce, 2 March and joined Fannin
David I. Holt Quartermaster spared James Fannin's Command (regulars) caught with Ward's company, spared on Mar.27
Lewis M.H. Washington asst. Quartermaster & Regimental Clerk spared Fannin's Command members of Fannin's regulars spared on Mar.27
James Hughes akaBills commissary spared Fannin's Command members of Fannin's regulars spared on Mar.27
James Fields surgeon spared Fannin's Command members of Fannin's regulars spared on Mar.27
James H. Barnard surgeon spared Fannin's Command members of Fannin's regulars spared on Mar.27
Lewis T. Ayers soldier spared King's Command Refugio colonist spared by Colonel J. J. Holzinger
Francis Dietrich soldier spared Captured with King, Fraser's Command spared by Colonel J. J. Holzinger
Nicholas Fagan blacksmith spared Captured with King, Fraser's Command intervention by Captain Don Carlos de la Garza
John Fagan soldier spared Captured with King, Fraser's Command intervention by Captain Don Carlos de la Garza
Charles Jenson soldier spared Captured with King, Westover's Command intervention by Colonel J. J. Holzinger
Benjamin D. Odlum soldier spared Captured with King Refugio colonist spared by Colonel J. J. Holzinger
Abraham H. Osborn soldier spared Bullock's Command spared with help of a native Tejano "Cobian" with appeal of his wife to Gen. José de Urrea
William H. Butler soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command got separated from group and escaped near Victoria
John Bright soldier escaped Winn's Command got separated from group and escaped near Victoria
O.H. Perry Davis soldier escaped Wyatt's Command got separated from group and escaped near Victoria
Henry G. Hudson soldier escaped Wyatt's Command got separated from group and escaped near Victoria
Hugh Rogers soldier escaped Wadsworth's Command got separated from group and escaped near Victoria
Richard Rutledge 3rd Sgt. escaped Ticknor's Command got separated from group and escaped near Victoria
Joseph Andrews soldier escaped Bullock's Command escaped at the Guadalupe River near Victoria night of 21 March
Benjamin F. Bradford 1st Lt. escaped escaped with Ward, Wyatt's Co escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
Samuel G. Hardaway soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
Charles Frederick Heck soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Ticknor's Command left the Guadalupe night of 21 March
Allen Ingram soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
M. K. Moses soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
L.T. Pease soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
Joel D. Rains 4th Sgt. escaped escaped with Ward, Wyatt's Command escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
George Rounds soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command escaped at the Guadalupe night of 21 March
James P. Trezevant soldier escaped escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command left at the Guadalupe night of 21 March, escaped
James H. Barnwell soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
James H. Callaghan 3rd Sgt. spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Winn's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Joseph Gamble soldier spared, let building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Roderick Pierce Hammock soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Andrew Jackson Hitchcock soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Thomas Horry soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
John C.P. Kennymore soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
John James Lamkin soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March let escape escaped with Ward, Wyatt's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
James H. Neely soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March let escape escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
John O'Daniel Jr. soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Ticknor's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Edward Patterson 1st Sgt. spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Ticknor's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Thomas J. Smith soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Westover's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
John T. Spiller(s) soldier spared escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command captured, building boats at Victoria, 23 March, by intercession 27 March
Thomas G. Stewart soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
William A.O. Wadsworth Captain spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Wadsworth's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
William L. (Cubelo) Wilkinson soldier spared, building boats at Victoria, 23 March escaped with Ward, Bullock's Command let escape, intercession by Francita Alavez
Emanuel Durain soldier spared, detained in Victoria by General José de Urrea Wadsworth's Command let escape, intercession by Urrea, Francita Alavez
Sion Duff Greene soldier spared, detained in Victoria by General José de Urrea Ticknor's Command let escape, intercession by Urrea, Francita Alavez
Martin Moran soldier spared, detained in Victoria by General José de Urrea Winn's Command let escape, intercession by Urrea, Francita Alavez
James Benjamin F. Mordecai soldier spared, detained in Victoria by General José de Urrea Bullock's Command let escape, intercession by Urrea, Francita Alavez
William Welsh soldier spared, detained in Victoria by General José de Urrea Ticknor's Command let escape, intercession by Urrea, Francita Alavez
William Haddin soldier escaped Captain Albert C. Horton's Command escaped during Goliad massacre
Daniel Martindale soldier escaped Captain Horton's Command escaped during Goliad massacre
Francisco García soldier spared Captain Horton's Command spared execution by intercession
Benjamin F. Hughes drummer, 15yrs old spared Captain Horton's Command spared execution by intercession by Francita Alavez
Charles Smith soldier spared Captain Horton's Command spared execution by intercession
Silas M. Durret soldier escaped Captain Horton's Command escaped to Victoria night of 18 March
Elam Ludington soldier escaped Captain Horton's Command escaped to Victoria night of 18 March
Samuel T. Brown 3rd Cpl. escaped Captain Bullock's Command (First Regiment Texas Volunteers) escaped during massacre 27 March
Francis M. Hunt 1st Sgt. possibly escaped Bullock's Command escaped during massacre 27 March (inconclusive)
Thomas Smith aka Abel Morgan soldier spared Bullock's Command by intercession 27 March
Munroe Bullock soldier spared Bullock's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Robert Dickinson 4th Sgt. spared Bullock's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Basil Lamar 1st Lt. spared Bullock's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Alexander E. Patton 2nd Lt. spared Bullock's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Joseph T. Williams soldier spared Bullock's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Joseph Gramble soldier escaped Captain Wadsworth's Command(First Regiment Texas Volunteers) escaped on the 27
Samuel P. Wallace soldier escaped Captain Wadsworth's Command escaped on the 27
Amos D. Kenyon soldier spared Captain Wadsworth's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
John Smith soldier spared Captain Wadsworth's Command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
John Barton soldier spared James C. Winn Command(First Regiment Texas Volunteers) spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Neill John Devenny soldier escaped Captain Burke's Company of Grays (New Orleans Greys reorg as Mobile Grays) Escaped during massacre 27 March
Herman Ehrenberg soldier escaped Burke's Grays Company org. N.O.Grey escaped during massacre 27 March
Thomas Kemp soldier escaped Burke's Grays Company escaped during massacre 27 March
William Rosenbury soldier spared Burke's Grays Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Joseph H. Spohn soldier spared Burke's Grays Company org. N.O.Grey spared execution by intercession 27 March
Alvin E. White soldier spared Burke's Grays Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Joseph Hopkins soldier spared Burke's Grays Company spared because was absent or sick at time of Battle
Thomas G. Allen soldier escaped Captain Duval's Company of Kentucky Mustangs escaped during massacre 27 March
John Crittenden Duval soldier escaped Duval's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
John C. Holliday soldier escaped Duval's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
William Mason soldier escaped Duval's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Charles B. Shain soldier escaped Duval's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Augustus V. Sharpe soldier escaped Duval's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
John Van Bibber (ill) soldier spared Duval's Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Sidney Van Bibber soldier spared Duval's Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Ulrich Wuthrich soldier spared Duval's Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Dr. William H. Magee soldier spared Duval's Company spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
William Brenan soldier escaped Captain Pettus' Company (New Orleans Greys reorg. as San Antonio Greys) Command escaped during massacre 27 March
Benjamin H. Holland Captain escaped Pettus' Company escaped during massacre 27 March
William Lockhart Hunter Sergeant escaped Pettus' Company org N.O.Grey escaped during massacre 27 March
Milton Irish soldier escaped Pettus' Greys Company escaped during massacre 27 March
David J. Jones soldier escaped Pettus' Greys Company escaped during massacre 27 March
John Rees soldier escaped Pettus' Greys Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Peter Griffin soldier spared Pettus' Greys Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
George Andrew Vose soldier spared Pettus' Greys Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Jack Shackelford Captain spared Captain Shackelford's Company of Alabama Red Rovers spared execution by intercession 27 March
Zachariah S. Brooks soldier escaped Shackelford's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Dillard Cooper soldier escaped Shackelford's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Isaac D. Hamilton 2nd Sergeant escaped Shackelford's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Wilson Simpson soldier escaped Shackelford's Company escaped during massacre 27 March
Francis S. Early 1st Lt. spared Shackelford's Company spared because was absent or sick at time of Battle
Simpson Tennant soldier spared Shackelford's Company spared because was absent or sick at time of Battle
Andrew Michael Boyle soldier spared Westover's Company (Regular Army) spared execution by intercession 27 March
George Pittuck soldier spared Westover's Company spared execution by intercession 27 March
Bennett McNelly 3rd Lt. spared Westover's Company spared because was absent or sick at time of Battle
Francis W. Thornton 1st. Lt. spared Westover's Company spared because was absent or sick at time of Battle
Bennett Butler soldier escaped Wyatt's Company (Louisville Volunteers) escaped during massacre 27 March
John B. Sideck soldier spared Fraser's Command spared by de la Garza's intervention.
James W. Byrnes soldier spared Fraser's Command spared by de la Garza's intervention.
Edward Perry soldier spared Fraser's Command spared by de la Garza's intervention.
Anthony Sideck soldier spared Fraser's Command spared by de la Garza's intervention.
Nathaniel Hazen soldier escaped unknown command escaped during massacre 27 March
Joseph W. Hicks soldier escaped unknown command escaped during massacre 27 March
Daniel (William) Murphy soldier escaped unknown command escaped during massacre 27 March
Isham. J. Good soldier spared unknown command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
Joseph Howe soldier spared unknown command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle
John Lourey/Lowary soldier spared unknown command spared because was absent or sick at time of battle

References

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  1. ^ a b Hardin (1994), pg. 173
  2. ^ Todish et al., The Alamo Sourcebook, p. 26.
  3. ^ a b Scott, After the Alamo, p. 71.
  4. ^ Edmondson, The Alamo Story, p. 303.
  5. ^ Lindley (2003), p. 94.
  6. ^ Lord, A Time to Stand, p. 95.
  7. ^ Edmondson, The Alamo Story, pp. 302, 312, 345.
  8. ^ Edmondson, The Alamo Story, pp. 373.
  9. ^ a b Todish et al., The Alamo Sourcebook, p. 67.
  10. ^ Nofi, The Alamo and the Texas War of Independence, p. 139.
  11. ^ Lord, The Alamo, p. 182.
  12. ^ Todish et al., The Alamo Sourcebook, p. 68.
  13. ^ Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online [1], accessed June 09, 2011. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  14. ^ Castaneda (1970), p. 19.
  15. ^ Edmonson (2000), p. 379.
  16. ^ Bill Groneman, "DESAUQUE, FRANCIS L.," Handbook of Texas Online [2], accessed June 29, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  17. ^ Matthew Ellenberger, "HORTON, ALBERT CLINTON," Handbook of Texas Online [3], accessed June 29, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
  18. ^ Craig H. Roell, "MILLER, WILLIAM PARSONS," Handbook of Texas Online [4], accessed June 29, 2012. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.
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There are almost 700 men on the list that contains the names of soldiers that were at one time part of the Goliad Campaign. Some members left before the main battles; furloughed, got sick, joined the Runaway Scrape, retired from the army, joined with Houston, etc., and could have been victims of the Goliad Massacre, if their situation had turned out different.


  • Fannin Muster Roll Study TSHA [5]
  • TAMU, Goliad Campaign [6]