User:Danielandrukonis/sandbox

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Apparently the [sandbox] is a testing space where we could learn how to edit the WikiPages. It's great that we are allowed to participate in such a development. However, I was always wondering about the facts and speculations where students during their studies have to learn use references. From common sense we could state that WikiPedia is not profit organisation which was launched in 2001 after domain was registered by Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger. According to the historical picture which has published in official [History of Wikipedia] page it has grown to 5,769,092 articles. In proportion to this information WikiPedia has over 48 million articles internationally. Quite astonishing number some humans would not believe and would able to ask questions;

  • How do you find out if the source states accurate information?
  • Where the information comes from?
  • What kind of references was used?
  • When it has been published?

Quick code edit from History of Wikipedia[1]

Introduction[edit]

Contents represent the page structure which usually used for quicker reference. When the writer decides to write a book he/she usually has to start from points, such as, Introduction, where the author should introduce himself. However, if we are readers we usually add Acknowledgements which represent the team or group of people to whom that source has been written to. Therefore when we sign in and join such as organisation we learn how to use the tools, such as, Content Management System(CMS). It allows to for WikiPedia writers to use shortcuts. In more common sense we could just press the button which would generate the code automatically. The tools are provided in box menu for Advanced mode. In first steps we could learn how different headings.

Level 2[edit]

Level 3[edit]

Historical overview[edit]

Background[edit]

The concept of compiling the world's knowledge in a single location dates back to the ancient Libraries of Alexandria and Pergamum, but the modern concept of a general-purpose, widely distributed, printed encyclopedia originated with Denis Diderot and the 18th-century French encyclopedists. The idea of using automated machinery beyond the printing press to build a more useful encyclopedia can be traced to Paul Otlet's 1934 book Traité de documentation; Otlet also founded the Mundaneum, an institution dedicated to indexing the world's knowledge, in 1910. This concept of a machine-assisted encyclopedia was further expanded in H. G. Wells' book of essays World Brain (1938) and Vannevar Bush's future vision of the microfilm-based Memex in his essay "As We May Think" (1945).[2] Another milestone was Ted Nelson's hypertext design Project Xanadu, which was begun in 1960.[2]

Advances in information technology in the late 20th century led to changes in the form of encyclopedias. While previous encyclopedias, notably the Encyclopædia Britannica, were book-based, Microsoft's Encarta, published in 1993, was available on CD-ROM and hyperlinked. The development of the World Wide Web led to many attempts to develop internet encyclopedia projects. An early proposal for a web-based encyclopedia was Interpedia in 1993 by Rick Gates;[3] this project died before generating any encyclopedic content. Free software proponent Richard Stallman described the usefulness of a "Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource" in 1999.[4] His published document "aims to lay out what the free encyclopedia needs to do, what sort of freedoms it needs to give the public, and how we can get started on developing it." On Wednesday 17 January 2001, two days after the founding of Wikipedia, the Free Software Foundation's (FSF) GNUPedia project went online, competing with Nupedia,[5] but today the FSF encourages people "to visit and contribute to [Wikipedia]".[6]

Formulation of the concept[edit]

Wikipedia was initially conceived as a feeder project for the Wales-founded Nupedia, an earlier project to produce a free online encyclopedia, volunteered by Bomis, a web-advertising firm owned by Jimmy Wales, Tim Shell and Michael E. Davis.[7][8][9] Nupedia was founded upon the use of highly qualified volunteer contributors and an elaborate multi-step peer review process.[10] Despite its mailing list of interested editors, and the presence of a full-time editor-in-chief, Larry Sanger, a graduate philosophy student hired by Wales,[11] the writing of content for Nupedia was extremely slow, with only 12 articles written during the first year.[9]

Wales and Sanger discussed various ways to create content more rapidly.[8] The idea of a wiki-based complement originated from a conversation between Larry M. Sanger and Ben Kovitz.[12][13][14] Ben Kovitz was a computer programmer and regular on Ward Cunningham's revolutionary wiki "the WikiWikiWeb". He explained to Sanger what wikis were, at that time a difficult concept to understand, over a dinner on Tuesday 2 January 2001.[12][13][14][15] Wales first stated, in October 2001, that "Larry had the idea to use Wiki software",[16] though he later stated in December 2005 that Jeremy Rosenfeld, a Bomis employee, introduced him to the concept.[17][18][19][20] Sanger thought a wiki would be a good platform to use, and proposed on the Nupedia mailing list that a wiki based upon UseModWiki (then v. 0.90) be set up as a "feeder" project for Nupedia. Under the subject "Let's make a wiki", he wrote:

No, this is not an indecent proposal. It's an idea to add a little feature to Nupedia. Jimmy Wales thinks that many people might find the idea objectionable, but I think not... As to Nupedia's use of a wiki, this is the ULTIMATE "open" and simple format for developing content. We have occasionally bandied about ideas for simpler, more open projects to either replace or supplement Nupedia. It seems to me wikis can be implemented practically instantly, need very little maintenance, and in general are very low-risk. They're also a potentially great source for content. So there's little downside, as far as I can determine.

Wales set one up and put it online on Wednesday 10 January 2001.[21]

Founding of Wikipedia[edit]

There was considerable resistance on the part of Nupedia's editors and reviewers to the idea of associating Nupedia with a wiki-style website. Sanger suggested giving the new project its own name, Wikipedia, and Wikipedia was soon launched on its own domain, wikipedia.com, on Monday 15 January 2001. The bandwidth and server (located in San Diego) used for these initial projects were donated by Bomis. Many former Bomis employees later contributed content to the encyclopedia: notably Tim Shell, co-founder and later CEO of Bomis, and programmer Jason Richey.

Wales stated in December 2008 that he made Wikipedia's first edit, a test edit with the text "Hello, World!", but this edit may have been to an old version of Wikipedia which soon after was scrapped and replaced by a restart;[22] see [1]. The oldest article still preserved is the article UuU, created on Tuesday 16 January 2001, at 21:08 UTC.[23][24] The existence of the project was formally announced and an appeal for volunteers to engage in content creation was made to the Nupedia mailing list on 17 January 2001.[25]

The "UuU" edit, the first edit that is still preserved on Wikipedia to this day, as it appears using the Nostalgia skin

The project received many new participants after being mentioned on the Slashdot website in July 2001,[26] having already earned two minor mentions in March 2001.[27][28] It then received a prominent pointer to a story on the community-edited technology and culture website Kuro5hin on 25 July.[29] Between these relatively rapid influxes of traffic, there had been a steady stream of traffic from other sources, especially Google, which alone sent hundreds of new visitors to the site every day. Its first major mainstream media coverage was in The New York Times on Thursday 20 September 2001.[30]

The project gained its 1,000th article around Monday 12 February 2001, and reached 10,000 articles around 7 September. In the first year of its existence, over 20,000 encyclopedia entries were created – a rate of over 1,500 articles per month. On Friday 30 August 2002, the article count reached 40,000.

Wikipedia's earliest edits were long believed lost, since the original UseModWiki software deleted old data after about a month. On Tuesday 14 December 2010, developer Tim Starling found backups on SourceForge containing every change made to Wikipedia from its creation in January 2001 to 17 August 2001.[31] It showed the first edit as being to HomePage on 15 January 2001, reading "This is the new WikiPedia!".

The first three edits that were known of before Tim Starling's discovery, are:

For more information see Wikipedia:Wikipedia's oldest articles.

Divisions and internationalization[edit]

Early in Wikipedia's development, it began to expand internationally, with the creation of new namespaces, each with a distinct set of usernames. The first subdomain created for a non-English Wikipedia was deutsche.wikipedia.com (created on Friday 16 March 2001, 01:38 UTC),[32] followed after a few hours by Catalan.wikipedia.com (at 13:07 UTC).[33] The Japanese Wikipedia, started as nihongo.wikipedia.com, was created around that period,[34][35] and initially used only Romanized Japanese. For about two months Catalan was the one with the most articles in a non-English language,[36][37] although statistics of that early period are imprecise.[38] The French Wikipedia was created on or around 11 May 2001,[39] in a wave of new language versions that also included Chinese, Dutch, Esperanto, Hebrew, Italian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swedish.[40] These languages were soon joined by Arabic[41] and Hungarian.[42][43] In September 2001, an announcement pledged commitment to the multilingual provision of Wikipedia,[44] notifying users of an upcoming roll-out of Wikipedias for all major languages, the establishment of core standards, and a push for the translation of core pages for the new wikis. At the end of that year, when international statistics first began to be logged, Afrikaans, Norwegian, and Serbian versions were announced.[45]

In January 2002, 90% of all Wikipedia articles were in English. By January 2004, fewer than 50% were English, and this internationalization has continued to increase as the encyclopedia grows. As of 2014, about 85.5% of all Wikipedia articles are contained within non-English Wikipedia versions.[46]

Development of Wikipedia[edit]

Screenshot of Wikipedia's main page on 28 September 2002

In March 2002, following the withdrawal of funding by Bomis during the dot-com bust, Larry Sanger left both Nupedia and Wikipedia.[47] By 2002, Sanger and Wales differed in their views on how best to manage open encyclopedias. Both still supported the open-collaboration concept, but the two disagreed on how to handle disruptive editors, specific roles for experts, and the best way to guide the project to success.

Wales went on to establish self-governance and bottom-up self-direction by editors on Wikipedia. He made it clear that he would not be involved in the community's day-to-day management, but would encourage it to learn to self-manage and find its own best approaches. As of 2007, Wales mostly restricts his own role to occasional input on serious matters, executive activity, advocacy of knowledge, and encouragement of similar reference projects.

Sanger says he is an "inclusionist" and is open to almost anything.[48] He proposed that experts still have a place in the Web 2.0 world. He returned briefly to academia, then joined the Digital Universe Foundation. In 2006, Sanger founded Citizendium, an open encyclopedia that used real names for contributors in an effort to reduce disruptive editing, and hoped to facilitate "gentle expert guidance" to increase the accuracy of its content. Decisions about article content were to be up to the community, but the site was to include a statement about "family-friendly content".[49] He stated early on that he intended to leave Citizendium in a few years, by which time the project and its management would presumably be established.[50]

Organization[edit]

The Wikipedia project has grown rapidly in the course of its life, at several levels. Content has grown organically through the addition of new articles, new wikis have been added in English and non-English languages, and entire new projects replicating these growth methods in other related areas (news, quotations, reference books and so on) have been founded as well. Wikipedia itself has grown, with the creation of the Wikimedia Foundation to act as an umbrella body and the growth of software and policies to address the needs of the editorial community. These are documented below:

[edit]

  • Founding – late 2001 (tentative)
    Founding – late 2001 (tentative)
  • Late 2001 – 12 October 2003
    Late 2001 – 12 October 2003
  • 13 October 2003 – 13 May 2010
    13 October 2003 – 13 May 2010
  • 13 May 2010 – present
    13 May 2010 – present
  1. ^ 1
  2. ^ a b Reagle, Joseph (2010). Good Faith Collaboration. The Culture of Wikipedia. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-01447-2. Chapter 2: "The Pursuit of the Universal Encyclopedia".
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference listserv.uh.edu was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ Stallman, Richard (18 December 2000). "The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource". GNU. Archived from the original on 29 March 2014. Retrieved 11 March 2014.
  5. ^ "Slashdot Comments | GNUPedia Project Starting". Slashdot.org. 17 January 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  6. ^ "The Free Encyclopedia Project". GNU.org. 2012 [1999]. Archived from the original on 21 December 2012. Retrieved 20 December 2012.
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference thehive was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  8. ^ a b Sidener, Jonathan (6 December 2004). "Everyone's Encyclopedia". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 21 February 2009. Retrieved 25 March 2007.
  9. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference memoirofwiki was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  10. ^ Kaplan Andreas, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Business Horizons, Volume 57 Issue 5, pp.617–626
  11. ^ My resignation: Larry Sanger (meta.wikimedia.com) – "I was more or less offered the job of editing Nupedia when I was, as an ABD philosophy graduate student, soliciting Jimbo's (and other friends') advice on a website I was thinking of starting. It was the first I had heard of Jimbo's idea of an open content encyclopedia, and I was delighted to take the job."
  12. ^ a b "Ben Kovitz". WikiWikiWeb. Archived from the original on 4 April 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007. – see also Ben Kovitz' fuller account which he links from there.
  13. ^ a b Moody, Glyn (13 July 2006). "This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 22 February 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007.-- While casting around for a way to speed up article production, Sanger met with Ben Kovitz, an old friend, in January 2001. Kovitz introduced Sanger to the idea of the wiki, invented in 1995 by Ward Cunningham: web pages that anyone could write and edit. "My first reaction was that this really could be what would solve the problem," Sanger explains, "because the software was already written, and this community of people on WikiWikiWeb" – the first wiki – "had created something like 14,000 pages". Nupedia, by contrast, had produced barely two dozen articles. Sanger took up the idea immediately: "I wrote up a proposal and sent it [to Wales] that evening, and the wiki was then set up for me to work on." But this was not Wikipedia as we know it. "Originally it was the Nupedia Wiki – our idea was to use it as an article incubator for Nupedia. Articles could begin life on this wiki, be developed collaboratively and, when they got to a certain stage of development, be put it into the Nupedia system."
  14. ^ a b Sidener, Jonathan (23 September 2006). "Wikipedia co-founder looks to add accountability, end anarchy". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007. Retrieved 25 March 2007. The origins of Wikipedia date to 2000, when Sanger was finishing his doctoral thesis in philosophy and had an idea for a Web site.
  15. ^ Poe, Marshall (September 2006). "The Hive". The Atlantic Monthly. p. 3. Archived from the original on 10 November 2006. Retrieved 25 March 2007.-- Over tacos that night, Sanger explained his concerns about Nupedia's lack of progress, the root cause of which was its serial editorial system. As Nupedia was then structured, no stage of the editorial process could proceed before the previous stage was completed. Kovitz brought up the wiki and sketched out "wiki magic", the mysterious process by which communities with common interests work to improve wiki pages by incremental contributions. If it worked for the rambunctious hacker culture of programming, Kovitz said, it could work for any online collaborative project. The wiki could break the Nupedia bottleneck by permitting volunteers to work simultaneously all over the project. With Kovitz in tow, Sanger rushed back to his apartment and called Wales to share the idea. Over the next few days he wrote a formal proposal for Wales and started a page on Cunningham's wiki called "WikiPedia."
  16. ^ Cite error: The named reference wikipedia-l-000671 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  17. ^ "Assignment Zero First Take: Wiki Innovators Rethink Openness". Wired News. 3 May 2007. Archived from the original on 2014-03-28. Retrieved 1 November 2007. Wired.com states: "Wales offered the following on-the-record comment in an e-mail to NewAssignment.net editor [and NYU Professor] Jay Rosen ...'Larry Sanger was my employee working under my direct supervision during the entire process of launching Wikipedia. He was not the originator of the proposal to use a wiki for the encyclopedia project – that was Jeremy Rosenfeld'."
  18. ^ Rogers Cadenhead. "Wikipedia Founder Looks Out for Number 1". Retrieved 15 October 2006.
  19. ^ Also stated on Wikipedia, on Friday 2 December 2005 permanent reference
  20. ^ Stated on Wikipedia on Monday 14 March 2005: reference
  21. ^ Larry Sanger (10 January 2001). "Let's make a wiki". Nupedia mailing list. Archived from the original on 14 April 2003.
  22. ^ Message by Jimmy Wales Wednesday 17 December 2008. Retrieved Saturday 30 January 2010.
  23. ^ "Wikipedia:Wikipedia's oldest articles". Wikipedia. Retrieved on Tuesday 30 January 2007.
  24. ^ The Wikipedia Revolution by Andrew Lih.
  25. ^ Larry Sanger. "Wikipedia is up!" Nupedia-l mailing list message. Wednesday 17 January 2001.
  26. ^ "Britannica and Free Content". Slashdot. 26 July 2001. Archived from the original on 14 January 2009.
  27. ^ "Nupedia and Project Gutenberg Directors Answer". Slashdot. 5 March 2001.
  28. ^ "Everything2 Hits One Million Nodes". Slashdot. 29 March 2001.
  29. ^ Britannica or Nupedia? The Future of Free Encyclopedias Wednesday 25 July 2001
  30. ^ "Fact driven? Collegial? This site wants you Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine". New York Times. Thursday 20 September 2001. Retrieved Wednesday 17 July 2013.
  31. ^ Announcement of finding of Wikipedia's earliest history. Wikimedia.org. 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2013.
  32. ^ "Alternative language Wikipedias". Lists. Wikimedia. 15 March 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  33. ^ "History of the Catalan Homepage". Wikipedia. Archived from the original on 13 April 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  34. ^ The Wayback Machine: An early Japanese Wikipedia HomePage (revision #3), dated Tuesday 20 March 2001 23:00. Retrieved Tuesday 4 November 2008.
  35. ^ An Internet Archive's snapshot of English Wikipedia HomePage, dated Friday 30 March 2001, showing links to the three first sister projects, "Deutsch (German)", "Catalan", and "Nihongo (Japanese)".
  36. ^ Multilingual monthly statistics
  37. ^ "First edition in the Catalan Wikipedia" (in Catalan). Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  38. ^ This table, for instance, misses Japanese and German articles such as this one and this one, both dated 6 April 2001.
  39. ^ The Documentation on the French Wikipedia mentions the date of 23 March 2001, but this date is not supported by Wikipedia snapshots on the Internet Archive, nor by Jason Richney's letter, which was dated 11 May 2001 (see below).
  40. ^ Letter of Jason Richey to wikipedia-l mailing list 11 May 2001
  41. ^ "Homepage from the Internet Archive". Wikipedia. Archived from the original on 18 November 2001. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  42. ^ Wikipedia:Announcements May 2001
  43. ^ "International Wikipedia". Wikipedia. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  44. ^ Wikipedia: Announcements 2001
  45. ^ "International Wikipedias statistics". Wikipedia. Archived from the original on 5 March 2003. Retrieved 13 April 2010.
  46. ^ Cite error: The named reference Grand20 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  47. ^ Schiff, Stacy (31 July 2006). "Know It All". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 25 April 2009.
  48. ^ Anderson, Nate (25 February 2007). "Citizendium: building a better Wikipedia". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 20 October 2008. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  49. ^ "Family-Friendly Policy" Archived 20 November 2010 at the Wayback Machine. en.citizendium.org. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
  50. ^ Cite error: The named reference Nate Anderson was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
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