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This page serves as "the editing history" of the English Wikipedia article "User:Donald Trung/List of Chinese numismatic charms by inscription" (among others) and is preserved for attribution.

Cash coin inscriptions (General)

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Cash coin obverse inscriptions with amuletic reverse inscriptions
Inscription
(Transliteration)		 Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Literal English translation Meaning Catalogue number(s) Image

Cash coin inscriptions (Zhouyuan Tongbao)

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The Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寶) is one of the most commonly used Chinese cash coin inscription for amulets and many varieties of it have been produced due to fact that the real Zhouyuan Tongbao cash coins were manufactured using metal from Buddhist statues and objects requisitioned from Buddhist pagodas.[1] For this reason these cash coins have always been a sought after object by Buddhists.[1]

Cash coin obverse inscriptions with amuletic reverse inscriptions
Inscription
(Transliteration)		 Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Literal English translation Meaning Catalogue number(s) Image
Zhouyuan Tongbao
Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai[1]		 周元通寶
子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥		 周元通宝
子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥		 zǐ chǒu yín mǎo chén sì wǔ wèi shēn yǒu xū hài "Begging of the Zhou circulating treasure and the twelve zodiacs." See text above. Thierry 1987 n°30

Fantasy cash coin inscriptions

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Fantasy Chinese cash coin inscriptions
Inscription
(Transliteration)		 Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Literal English translation Meaning Diameter Catalogue number(s) Image
Qianlong Zhongbao
Bao Quan[2]		 乾隆重寳
寳泉		 乾隆重宝
宝泉		 qián lóng zhòng bǎo
bǎo quán		 "Qianlong heavy currency."
"Ministry of Revenue Mint."		 A fantasy cash coin cast in celebration of the Emperor's 60th birthday.[2] Because the feast held on his 60th birthday was called Wanshoujie (萬壽節, "the party of ten thousand longevities") these numismatic charms are often referred to as wanshou qian (萬壽錢, "Currencies of the Ten Thousand Longevitys").[2] 52,8 millimeters Thierry#6, ZGHQ#1364

Fantasy text - Wanshou Qian

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During the 36th year of the Qianlong period (or the Gregorian year 1771), a number of fantasy cash coins with the inscription Qianlong Zhongbao (乾隆重寳) were cast in celebration of the Emperor's 60th birthday.[2] Because the feast held on his 60th birthday was called Wanshoujie (萬壽節, "the party of ten thousand longevities") these numismatic charms are often referred to as wanshou qian (萬壽錢, "Currencies of the Ten Thousand Longevitys").[2]

Kangxi Poem Coin.[3]

Zodiac charms

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The zodiac amulets, which in China are called "coins of the animal of birth", or "coins of the fundamental destiny", are amulets to which one supposedly lends protective powers according to their sign of birth.[4] According to traditional Chinese beliefs each individual, their life, their course, and their success are linked to the protection granted to them by the Benming Guan (本命官, "Mandarin of Basic Destiny") who resides in the star of the constellation North Bushel (the Big Dipper) which corresponds to their year of birth.[4] This year takes place in a cycle of twelve symbolised by twelve cyclical signs and by twelve animals.[4] Zodiacal amulets bear either the animal of birth, or the Benming Xingguan, or the zodiac as a whole, or combinations of these three forms.[4]

Cash coin obverse inscriptions with amuletic reverse inscriptions
Inscription
(Transliteration)		 Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Literal English translation Meaning Diameter Catalogue number(s) Image
Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai
Gan Kan Gen Zhen Xun Li Kun Dui[5]		 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥
乾☰坎☵艮☶震☳巽☴離☲坤☷兑☱		 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥
乾☰坎☵艮☶震☳巽☴離☲坤☷兑☱		 zǐ chǒu yín mǎo chén sì wǔ wèi shēn yǒu xū hài
gàn ☰ kǎn ☵ gèn ☶ zhèn ☳ xùn ☴ lí ☲ kūn ☷ duì ☱		 The twelve zodiacs and the eight trigrams. The twelve zodiacs with the eight trigrams in the layout of King Wen called the "Later Heaven" (後天八卦, hòu tiān bā guà). 49 millimeters Thierry 1987 n°31; Xu Liuliang et alii n°1491
Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai
Riben Guo[6]		 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥
日本國		 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥
日本国		 zǐ chǒu yín mǎo chén sì wǔ wèi shēn yǒu xū hài
rì běn guó		 "The Twelve Zodiacs - State of Japan." The struggle of the dragon and the tiger, longhu dou (龍虎鬥), represents the struggle between the yin and yang principles whose complementary interaction produces everything. The White Tiger is the regent of the West of the sky and the West, that is to say where the sun disappears, of autumn, and therefore of the ascending yin. The Green Dragon is the ruler of the celestial East, a symbol of spring renewal and therefore of ascending yang. The islands, including Japan, show that the struggle between yin and yang takes place above the East Sea (東海, Donghai), where the immortals live. 38 millimeters Wang Xiqi : XII, 37; Ni Mo : XXIII, 6; Thierry 1987 n°28
Zi Chou Yin Mao Chen Si Wu Wei Shen You Xu Hai[7] 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥 子丑寅卯辰巳午未申酉戌亥 zǐ chǒu yín mǎo chén sì wǔ wèi shēn yǒu xū hài "The Twelve Zodiacs." 62 millimeters Li Zuoxian, IX, 8; Thierry 1987 n°27
Qian qiu wan sui
Benming Xingguan
Xiang hua gongyang[8]		 阡秋萬歲
本命星官
香花供養		 阡秋万岁
本命星官
香花供养		 qiān qiū wàn suì
běn mìng xīng guān
xiāng huā gōng yǎng		 "Ten thousand years of blooming autumns!"
"Baseline Fate Stellar Functionary."
"Offerings of fragrant flowers."		 An amulet for the year of the rat. 38 millimeters
Chang shou fu gui
Benming Xingguan[9]		 長壽富貴[a]
本命星官		 长寿富贵
本命星官		 cháng shòu fù guì
běn mìng xīng guān		 "Long life and honours!"
"Baseline Fate Stellar Functionary."		 An amulet for the year of the ox. 34 millimeters
Yin Sheng[10] 寅生 寅生 yín shēng "Tiger." An amulet for the year of the tiger. 25 millimeters
Benming Xingguan
4 Fulu characters[11]		 本命星官
####		 本命星官
####		 běn mìng xīng guān
####		 "Baseline Fate Stellar Functionary."
Undeciphered.		 The Stellar Functionary (Benming Xingguan) is the protective spirit of each individual, depending on their birth sign (zodiac animal); it resides in the star that corresponds to the person's date of birth. The cauldron is used to heat the cinnabar which, according to Daoism, is used in the manufacture of pills or the elixir of longevity. 47,8 millimeters
Benming Xingguan
4 Fulu characters[12]		 本命星官
####		 本命星官
####		 běn mìng xīng guān
####		 "Baseline Fate Stellar Functionary."
Undeciphered.		 The Stellar Functionary (Benming Xingguan) is the protective spirit of each individual, depending on their birth sign (zodiac animal); it resides in the star that corresponds to the person's date of birth. The cauldron is used to heat the cinnabar which, according to Daoism, is used in the manufacture of pills or the elixir of longevity. 49,5 millimeters
Benming Xingguan
4 Fulu characters[13]		 本命星官
####		 本命星官
####		 běn mìng xīng guān
####		 "Baseline Fate Stellar Functionary."
Undeciphered.		 The Stellar Functionary (Benming Xingguan) is the protective spirit of each individual, depending on their birth sign (zodiac animal); it resides in the star that corresponds to the person's date of birth. The cauldron is used to heat the cinnabar which, according to Daoism, is used in the manufacture of pills or the elixir of longevity. 49 millimeters
Benming Xingguan
4 Fulu characters[14]		 本命星官
####		 本命星官
####		 běn mìng xīng guān
####		 "Baseline Fate Stellar Functionary."
Undeciphered.		 The Stellar Functionary (Benming Xingguan) is the protective spirit of each individual, depending on their birth sign (zodiac animal); it resides in the star that corresponds to the person's date of birth. The cauldron is used to heat the cinnabar which, according to Daoism, is used in the manufacture of pills or the elixir of longevity. 48 millimeters

Religious charms

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Purely or specifically religious amulets are quite rare since Chinese folk religion mixes elements of the three great philosophies, Buddhism, Daoism, and Confucianism.[15] There, most Chinese amulets tend to be syncretic amulets where we have both religious elements (images or names of deities or immortals), symbolic motifs (trigrams, etc.), prayers, and/or secret graphs (符, fù).[15] There are specifically Buddhist or Taoist amulets and syncretic amulets, but also Christian amulets.[15]

Syncretic religious charms

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List of syncretic Chinese folk religion coin charm inscriptions
Transliteration Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Literal English translation Meaning Catalogue number(s)  Image
An ma ni ba ni hong[16] 唵嘛呢叭呢吽
☰☵☶☳☴☲☷☱		 唵嘛呢叭呢吽
☰☵☶☳☴☲☷☱		 "Om Mani Padme Hum." Chinese transcription of the Buddhist formula "Om Mani Padme Hum", "Hail! O jewel in the lotus!" and the eight trigrams from Daoism. Thierry 1987 n°50; Xu Liuliang et alii n°1570
A Mi Tuo Fo
San Guan jing[17]		 阿彌陀佛
三官經		 阿弥陀佛
三官经		 "Amitābha Buddha"
"The canon of the three agents."		 A reference is made to a sacred book of Daoist inspiration: the Three Agents, the Heavenly Agent, the Earth Agent and the Water Agent, are three celestial officials endowed with protective powers. We mainly know the invocation to the Heavenly Agent, Tian guan ci fu (天官賜福, "May the Heavenly Agent bring happiness").
Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum
[A Daoist "secret writing" character]
Changming Fugui
The Eight Trigrams[18]		 唵呾吶嘛呢叭咪吽
[b]
長命冨貴[c]
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷		 唵呾吶嘛呢叭咪吽

长命冨贵
☰☱☲☳☴☵☶☷		 "To shout Majestically "Om Ma Ni Pad Me Hum"
A Daoist "magic" incantation (To Expel Evil)."
"Longevity, riches, and honour"
The Eight Trigrams		 A Buddhist prayer and Daoist magic spell incantation.

Christian charms

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List of Christian coin charms
Inscription
(Transliteration)		 Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Literal English translation Meaning Catalogue number(s) Image
Zhongguo da zhubao wei wodeng qi
Wei wodeng ji yi, Min de Yinghai qi[19]		 中國大主保爲我等祈
爲我等及伊民的嬰頦祈		 中国大主保为我等祈
为主及伊民的婴颏祈		 zhōng guó dà zhǔ bǎo wéi wǒ děng qí
wéi zhǔ jí yī mín de yīng kē qí		 "Great Protector of China, pray for us!"
"Pray for us and for others, O Son of Man!"		 Saint Joseph was elevated by Roman Catholics to the rank of patron saint of China. The Blessed Virgin carrying the child is represented to be able to compete with the iconography of Guanyin carrying the child. Thierry 1987 n°63.

Yin and Yang charms

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Yin and Yang charms

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Yin and yang coins (陰陽錢), also known as jian pu qian or "coins for casting spells", are Chinese numismatic charms based on the I-Ching.[20] They generally bear the Eight Trigrams on one side, which will be considered as the empty side, and a more or less esoteric inscription on the other side, which are considered as the inscribed side.[20]

Yin and yang charms
Inscription
(Transliteration)		 Traditional Chinese Simplified Chinese Hànyǔ Pīnyīn Literal English translation Meaning Diameter Catalogue number(s) Image
Ji Yi Xiang Gua[21] 極儀象卦 极仪象卦 jí yí xiàng guà "The Summit, the Modalities, the Aspects, the Trigrams." The law summarizes in four characters the process of constitution of all the possible situations of beings and things: the primordial Movement manifests itself in Tai ji, the "Supreme Summit", according to the two Modalities, yin and yang; these Modalities (yi) associated two by two form the four Aspects (xiang); by adding under the Aspects a yin line or a yang line one obtains the Eight Trigrams, Ba gua. 29,4 millimeters Thierry#64
Yuanheng Lizhen
Sichen Tongle[22]		 元亨利貞
四辰同樂		 元亨利贞
四辰同乐		 yuán hēng lì zhēn
sì chén tóng lè		 "Initial cause, freedom, good, perfection."
"In the four seasons, union in joy!"		 Yuen heng li zhen is the first sentence of Yijing, it explains the qian hexagram, one of the most auspicious since it is composed of 6 yang lines. This piece is probably Vietnamese in origin due to the modification of the traditional formula si shi tong le by si chen tong le: The Shi (時, thì) is replaced by Chen (辰, thìn) ​​which has approximately the same meaning here, because thì makes part of the personal name of the Tự Đức Emperor (1818–1883). 30 millimeters Thierry 1987 n°70

Vietnamese numismatic charms

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List of Vietnamese numismatic charms by inscription
(excluding Lei Ting curse charm inscriptions)
Inscription
(Chữ Quốc Ngữ)		 Inscription
(Hán Tự)		 Literal English translation Implied meaning or symbolism Distribution[d] Catalogue number(s) Image
Good luck and protective inscriptions
Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh
Tứ Thìn Đồng Lạc[22]		 元亨利貞
四辰同樂		 "Initial cause, freedom, good, perfection."
"In the four seasons, union in joy!"		 "Nguyên Hanh Lợi Trinh" is the first sentence of the Yijing, it explains the Càn hexagram, one of the most auspicious since it is composed of 6 dương lines. China and Vietnam Thierry#70

Text expansions

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Top.

The term "Yansheng" means "to curse" (厭) on the evil spirits so as "to crush" (勝) them, and later these numismatic charms started to bear the meaning of inviting good fortune and warding off evil spirits.[23] Today, Chinese numismatic charms are often referred to as "flower coins" (花錢).[23] Chinese coin-like charms, are generally agreed to date back to the second century CE and continued to be used until middle of the 20th century.[24]

While the making of numismatic charms first appeared during the Western Han dynasty period, they flourished, both in terms of quantity and quality, during the Ming and Qing dynasties.[23]

Han dynasty.

During the Han dynasty coin charms with Liubo patterns emerged, these patterns depict an ancient gambling game that has largely been lost to time and these coin charms are among the few objects that prove archeological evidence of the existence of this game.[25]

Zodiac charms.

There are various types of Chinese zodiac charms that feature intricate imagery. For example a Song dynasty period marriage amulet that featured geese meant to symbolise monogamy and marital fidelity;[26] A Song or Yuan dynasty period bronze charm that is 62 millimeters in diameter that features the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiacs on one side and two foo dogs on its reverse, the foo dogs are playing with balls and are adorned with ribbons is an image whose symbolism is similar to that of the image of the two Chinese dragons fighting over the flaming wish-granting pearl.[7]

Text expansions (Marriage coin charms)

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Geese

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Zodiac charms.

Among the various types of Chinese marriage charms are those that use Chinese zodiac animals as well as other animals in combination to symbolise a harmonious matrimony.[26][27] For example, a Song dynasty period brass charm that is 51 millimeters in diameter with geese features all the twelve animals of the Chinese zodiac in a circle on one side and wild geese on the other side.[26] The geese on this amulet symbolise marital fidelity because of the legend that geese are monogamous and remain together for life.[26][28] During marriage ceremonies in ancient China, libations were made to the geese when the bride arrived at her husband's home.[26][29] This tradition goes back to antiquity: at that time, a goose was offered to the bride.[30][26] This amulet also features an image of a lotus flower, which feeds the goose and reinforces the symbolism of happy union because of the homophony with the character lian, "to unite", "together".[26] This particular type of amulet was offered at weddings.[26]

Text expansions (Open-work charms)

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An alternative hypothesis proposes that rather than being a representation of a temple of Confucius with the statue of the philosopher in front of whom four scholars gather, it is a representation of the Emperor of China seated facing south in the Ming Dang, with the four great officials called the "Columns of the Empire" (si guozhu).[31]

References

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  1. ^ a b c François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette Zhou yuan 周元 zodiacale (Zhou yuan zodiacal charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Monnaie "wanshou" 萬壽 de Qian Long 乾隆 - Qian Long wanshou coin" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 9 September 2020.
  3. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette au poème de Kang Xi - Charm inscribed with Kang Xi's poem - Droit : Tong Fu Lin Dong Jiang, Xuan Yuan Su Ji Chang 同福臨東江, 宣原蘇薊昌, Revers : Ning He Nan Guang Zhe, Tai Gui Xia Yun Zhang 寧河南廣浙, 台貴峽雲漳. - Laiton, diam. 52 mm" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 9 September 2020. {{cite web}}: no-break space character in |title= at position 75 (help)
  4. ^ a b c d François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulettes zodiacales (Zodiacal charms)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  5. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette au zodiaque et aux trigrammes (Charm with zodiac and trigrams)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
  6. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale à la lutte du dragon et du tigre (Zodiacal charm with the fighting dragon and tiger)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  7. ^ a b François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale aux deux lions (Zodiacal charm with a two lions pattern). - Li Zuoxian, IX, 8; Thierry 1987 n°27" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  8. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale de l'année du Rat (Zodiacal charm of the year of the Rat)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  9. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale de l'année du Buffle (Zodiacal charm of the year of the Ox)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  10. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale de l'année du Tigre (Zodiacal charm of the year of the Tiger)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  11. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale au cheval (Horse zodiacal charm). - Bronze, diam. 47,8 mm, 22,57 gr. Chine, époque Song ou Yuan" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  12. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale au dragon (Dragon zodiacal charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  13. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale au coq (Rooster zodiacal charm). - Bronze, diam. 49 mm, 31 gr. Chine, époque Song ou Yuan" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  14. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale au cheval (Horse zodiacal charm). - Bronze, diam. 48 mm, 26,3 gr. Chine, époque Song ou Yuan" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  15. ^ a b c François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulettes religieuses (Religious charms)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 22 February 2022. Les amulettes purement ou spécifiquement religieuses sont assez rares puisque la religion populaire chinoise mêle des élements des trois grandes philosophies, bouddhisme, taoïsme et confucianisme. On trouve en général des amulettes syncrétiques où l'on a à la fois des éléments religieux (images ou noms des divinités ou des immortels), des motifs symboliques (trigrammes, etc), des prières, et/ou des graphes secrets (fu 符). Il existe des amulettes spécifiquement bouddhiques ou taoïstes et des amulettes syncrétiques, mais aussi des amulettes chrétiennes.
  16. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette bouddhique aux trigrammes (Trigram bouddhist charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  17. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette du Canon des San Guan 三官 (San Guan canon charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  18. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Démonifuge bouddhique (Bouddhist charm against demons)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  19. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette chrétienne (Christian charm). - Amulette catholique à bélière" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  20. ^ a b François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulettes yinyang 陰陽 (Yinyang charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 22 February 2022. On appelle yinyang qian 陰陽錢, "monnaies yinyang", les amulettes qui sont liées aux pratiques ésotériques et divinatoires du Yi jing 易經. On les appelle aussi jian pu qian, "pièces pour tirer les sorts". Elles portent généralement les Huit Trigrammes (ba gua 八卦) sur une face, qui sera considérée comme la face vide, et une inscription plus ou moins ésotérique sur l'autre face considérée comme la face inscrite.
  21. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette yinyang 陰陽 aux trigrammes (Trigram Yinyang charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  22. ^ a b François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette yin yang 陰陽 des Quatre saisons (Four seasons Yinyang charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  23. ^ a b c Jian Hu (10 December 2016). "Lucky Charms from the Ming and the Qing Dynasties". Springer Publishing, Singapore. Retrieved 11 August 2023.
  24. ^ Alex Chengyu Fang (Department of Linguistics and Translation, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong) and François Thierry (Département des Monnaies et Médailles, Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, France) (2016). "The Language and Iconography of Chinese Charms: Deciphering a Past Belief System". Springer Science+Business Media Singapore. Retrieved 11 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  25. ^ Jie Song (The Kai Yuan Website of Chinese Coins, Xi’an, China) (10 December 2016). "Charms Decorated with Liu bo Patterns from the Han Dynasty". Springer Science+Business Media Singapore. Retrieved 11 August 2023. As far as we know based on excavated evidence, there are mainly five categories of physical data for liu bo, namely, the actual game board , depictions on stones and baked bricks , funerary models, bronze mirrors , and coin charms.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  26. ^ a b c d e f g h François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette zodiacale aux oies (Zodiacal charm with geese). - Amulette ronde à trou rond et munie d'une bélière" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 15 February 2022.
  27. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette bouddhique au nom d'Amithaba (Amithaba invocation bouddhist charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  28. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette de Guanyin 觀音 (Guanyin charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  29. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette d'Amithaba (Amithaba charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 21 February 2022.
  30. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette taoïste de Li Tieguai 李鐵拐 (Li Tieguai taoist charm)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  31. ^ François Thierry de Crussol (蒂埃里) (14 September 2015). "Amulette ajourée au pavillon (Openwork charm with a pavillion pattern)" (in French). TransAsiart. Retrieved 23 February 2022. Amulette ajourée présentant au droit et au revers le même motif : au centre, dans un grand bâtiment à étage, un personnage assis de face sur un trône; de part et d'autre, dans de petits pavillons, deux personnages à genoux; au premier plan, dans un jardin traditionnel avec pins, arbres et rochers, deux autres personnages. - Bronze, diam. 65 mm. Chine, XIVe-XVe siècle. - Bibliographie : Wang Xiqi : XII, 44; Ding Fubao, Guqian da cidian, p. 393; Thierry 1987 n°245.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The character fù (富) is written without the first stroke.
  2. ^ A Daoist "secret writing" character used in a magic spell incantation to expel evil spirits. This Chinese character (Hán Tự) refers to a "dead ghost" and its purpose can be better understood by using the following analogy. When a person dies in Chinese mythology, he or she becomes a ghost. Living people greatly dislike seeing ghosts. Similarly, it is believed in Chinese mythology that ghosts are afraid when they see a "dead ghost" and will run away. The ancient Chinese, therefore, believed that ghosts will be scared away if this Daoist magic character, meaning "dead ghost", is hung somewhere in their homes or worn as an amulet.
  3. ^ Note that the character is written as "冨" and not "富".
  4. ^ Country of production, as many Chinese numismatic charms have the same inscriptions and designs as Vietnamese numismatic charms, as the latter are often based on the former. And to differentiate between exclusive Vietnamese amulets from Chinese coin amulets.

Catalogue numbers

[edit]
  • Hartill = Cast Chinese Amulets by David Hartill (13 August 2020).
  • CC = Chinese Charms: Art, Religion and Folk Belief by Dr. Fang Alex Chengyu (2008).
  • EJM = Metal Charms and Amulets of China by Edgar J. Mandel.
  • CCC1 = Classic Chinese Charms - Version 1 by Zheng Zhiwei (2004).
  • CCC2 = Classic Chinese Charms - Version 2 by Zheng Zhiwei (2006).
  • Grundmann = Amulette Chinas und seiner Nachbarländer by Horst Grundmann (2003), in German.
  • Remmelts = A.A. Remmelts. Chinese Charms and Amulets. Amsterdam, 1968.
  • ZGHQ = Xu Liuliang (余榴梁) and others, Zhongguo Huaqian (中国花钱), Shanghai, 1992, 509 pages.

Sources

[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chinese numismatic charms by inscription.

Category:Chinese numismatic charms

Standard reference templates (old)

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August 2021.
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July 2021.
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June 2021.
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May 2021.
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April 2021.
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February 2021.
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February 2021.
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January 2021.
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December 2020.
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October 2020.
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November 2020.
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September 2020.
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  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
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August 2020.
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July 2020.
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June 2020.
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May 2020.
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April 2020.
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  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
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March 2020.
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February 2020.
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January 2020.
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December 2019.
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To use

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  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>

Standard reference templates

[edit]

Usually recurring sources

[edit]

2023

[edit]
December 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里), LIANG Minglong, DOGHANTEKIN Süleyman, LY Minh Duc, Laurence CUNCY, Linda TRUONG, and Pierre SARDY|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
November 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里), LIANG Minglong, DOGHANTEKIN Süleyman, LY Minh Duc, Laurence CUNCY, Linda TRUONG, and Pierre SARDY|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
October 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里), LIANG Minglong, DOGHANTEKIN Süleyman, LY Minh Duc, Laurence CUNCY, Linda TRUONG, and Pierre SARDY|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
September 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里), LIANG Minglong, DOGHANTEKIN Süleyman, LY Minh Duc, Laurence CUNCY, Linda TRUONG, and Pierre SARDY|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
August 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里), LIANG Minglong, DOGHANTEKIN Süleyman, LY Minh Duc, Laurence CUNCY, Linda TRUONG, and Pierre SARDY|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
July 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
June 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
May 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
April 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
March 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2023.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2023|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2023|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2022

[edit]
December 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
November 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
October 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
September 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
August 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
July 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
June 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
May 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
April 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
March 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2022.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2022|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2021

[edit]
December 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
November 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
October 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
September 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
August 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
July 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
June 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
May 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
April 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2021.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2021|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>

2020

[edit]
December 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
October 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= October 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
November 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= November 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
September 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= September 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
August 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Chinese-Coinage-Web-Site">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= August 2020|author= Vladimir Belyaev (Владимир Беляев)|publisher= Chinese Coinage Web Site (Charm.ru)|language=en}}</ref>
July 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= July 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
June 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= June 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
May 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= May 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= May 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref> No longer needed as I've imported THE ENTIRE WEBSITE, except for ancient Chinese piggy banks.
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=May 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
April 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= April 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= April 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Kaogu">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate=April 2020|author= Credited as "NetWriter".|publisher= [[Kaogu]] (考古) - [[Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences|Institute of Archaeology]], [[Chinese Academy of Social Sciences]] (中国社会科学院考古研究所)|language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
March 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= March 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= March 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
February 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= February 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= February 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
January 2020.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= January 2020|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

2019

[edit]
December 2019.
  • <ref name="">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=|accessdate= December 2019|author= |publisher= |language=en}}</ref>
  • <ref name="Primaltrek">{{cite web|url= |title=.|date=16 November 2016|accessdate= December 2019|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>

To use

[edit]
  • <ref name="HoreshQing">{{cite web|url= https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F978-981-10-0622-7_54-1|title= The Monetary System of China under the Qing Dynasty.|date=28 September 2018|accessdate=29 July 2019|author= [[Niv Horesh]]|publisher= [[Springer Nature|Springer Link]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="HoreshQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimalQing">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/chinesecoins.html#qing_dynasty_coins|title= Chinese coins – 中國錢幣 - Qing (Ch'ing) Dynasty (1644-1911)|date=16 November 2016|accessdate=30 June 2017|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimalQing"/>
  • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins">{{cite web|url= http://primaltrek.com/blog/2013/01/08/the-king-of-qing-dynasty-coins/|title=The King of Qing Dynasty Coins.|date=8 January 2013|accessdate=8 January 2020|work= Gary Ashkenazy / גארי אשכנזי (Primaltrek – a journey through Chinese culture)|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="PrimaltrekKingOfQingDynastyCoins"/>
  • <ref name="CambridgeInflation">{{cite web|url= https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/hsienfeng-inflation/54A8F1ADDC871CC18F4DCFA828730DEB|title= The Hsien-Fêng Inflation (Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009).|date=October 1958|accessdate=28 July 2019|author= Jerome Ch'ên|publisher= [[SOAS University of London]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="CambridgeInflation"/>
  • <ref name="Brill2015">[https://www.academia.edu/28400259/_Silver_Copper_Rice_and_Debt_Monetary_Policy_and_Office_Selling_in_China_during_the_Taiping_Rebellion_in_Money_in_Asia_1200_1900_Small_Currencies_in_Social_and_Political_Contexts_ed._by_Jane_Kate_Leonard_and_Ulrich_Theobald_Leiden_Brill_2015_343-395 “Silver, Copper, Rice, and Debt: Monetary Policy and Office Selling in China during the Taiping Rebellion,” in Money in Asia (1200–1900): Small Currencies in Social and Political Contexts, ed.] by Jane Kate Leonard and Ulrich Theobald, [[Leiden]]: Brill, 2015, 343-395.</ref>
    • <ref name="Brill2015"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa">{{cite web|url= http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/41940/1/WP159.pdf|title= Money and Monetary System in China in the 19th-20th Century: An Overview. (Working Papers No. 159/12)|date=January 2012|accessdate=26 January 2020|author= Debin Ma|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics]]|language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsDebinMa"/>
  • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan">{{cite web|url= http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3307/1/Yan_In_Search_of_Power.pdf|title= In Search of Power and Credibility - Essays on Chinese Monetary History (1851-1845).|date=March 2015|accessdate=8 February 2020|author= Xun Yan|publisher= Department of Economic History, [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]]||language=en}}</ref>
    • <ref name="LondonSchoolOfEconomicsXunYan"/>.

TransAsiart sources (general)

[edit]
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= March 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= April 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= May 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= June 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= July 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= August 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= September 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= October 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= November 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= December 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= January 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • <ref name="TransAsiart">{{cite web|url= |title= .|date=14 September 2015|accessdate= February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

Monnaies amulettisées

[edit]
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/monnaies%20amulettes/ncnamumakx262.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Kang-Xi-Poem-Coin">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/monnaies%20amulettes/ncnamumakx262.htm|title= Amulette au poème de Kang Xi - Charm inscribed with Kang Xi's poem - Droit : Tong Fu Lin Dong Jiang, Xuan Yuan Su Ji Chang 同福臨東江, 宣原蘇薊昌, Revers : Ning He Nan Guang Zhe, Tai Gui Xia Yun Zhang 寧河南廣浙, 台貴峽雲漳. - Laiton, diam. 52 mm.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=9 September 2020|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

Amulettes zodiacales

[edit]
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulettes-zodiacales">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod.htm|title= Amulettes zodiacales (Zodiacal charms).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod31.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Zodiaque-et-aux-Trigrammes">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod31.htm|title= Amulette au zodiaque et aux trigrammes (Charm with zodiac and trigrams).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=11 February 2021|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod030.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-Zhou-Yuan-Zodiacale">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod030.htm|title= Amulette Zhou yuan 周元 zodiacale (Zhou yuan zodiacal charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=14 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod028.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Dragon-et-du-Tigre">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod028.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale à la lutte du dragon et du tigre (Zodiacal charm with the fighting dragon and tiger).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod026.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-aux-oies">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod026.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale aux oies (Zodiacal charm with geese). - Amulette ronde à trou rond et munie d'une bélière.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod027.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-aux-deux-lions">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod027.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale aux deux lions (Zodiacal charm with a two lions pattern). - Li Zuoxian, IX, 8; Thierry 1987 n°27.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod008.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-de-l'année-du-Rat">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod008.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale de l'année du Rat (Zodiacal charm of the year of the Rat).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod009.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-de-l'année-du-Buffle">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod009.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale de l'année du Buffle (Zodiacal charm of the year of the Ox).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod010.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-de-l'année-du-Tigre">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod010.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale de l'année du Tigre (Zodiacal charm of the year of the Tiger).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod372.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-au-cheval">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod372.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale au cheval (Horse zodiacal charm). - Bronze, diam. 47,8 mm, 22,57 gr. Chine, époque Song ou Yuan.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod371.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-au-dragon">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod371.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale au dragon (Dragon zodiacal charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod011.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-au-coq">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod011.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale au coq (Rooster zodiacal charm). - Bronze, diam. 49 mm, 31 gr. Chine, époque Song ou Yuan.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod012.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-zodiacale-au-cheval-lagi">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/zodiac/ncnamuzod012.htm|title= Amulette zodiacale au cheval (Horse zodiacal charm). - Bronze, diam. 48 mm, 26,3 gr. Chine, époque Song ou Yuan.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=15 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

Amulettes religieuses

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  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulettes-religieuses">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel.htm|title= Amulettes religieuses (Religious charms).|quote= Les amulettes purement ou spécifiquement religieuses sont assez rares puisque la religion populaire chinoise mêle des élements des trois grandes philosophies, bouddhisme, taoïsme et confucianisme. On trouve en général des amulettes syncrétiques où l'on a à la fois des éléments religieux (images ou noms des divinités ou des immortels), des motifs symboliques (trigrammes, etc), des prières, et/ou des graphes secrets (fu 符). Il existe des amulettes spécifiquement bouddhiques ou taoïstes et des amulettes syncrétiques, mais aussi des amulettes chrétiennes.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelbt01.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-bouddhique-aux-trigrammes">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelbt01.htm|title= Amulette bouddhique aux trigrammes (Trigram bouddhist charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=18 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelb303.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-bouddhique-au-nom-d'Amithaba">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelb303.htm|title= Amulette bouddhique au nom d'Amithaba (Amithaba invocation bouddhist charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=20 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel401.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-du-Canon-des-San-Guan">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel401.htm|title= Amulette du Canon des San Guan 三官 (San Guan canon charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=21 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel058.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-taoïste-de-Han-Zhongli">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel058.htm|title= Amulette taoïste de Han Zhongli 漢鍾離 (Han Zhongli taoist charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel059.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-taoïste-de-Zhang-Guolao">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel059.htm|title= Amulette taoïste de Zhang Guolao 張果老 (Zhang Guolao taoist charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamureltltg.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-taoïste-de-Li-Tieguai">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamureltltg.htm|title= Amulette taoïste de Li Tieguai 李鐵拐 (Li Tieguai taoist charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelvn01.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-bouddhique-vietnamienne">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelvn01.htm|title= Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm). - Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelvn01.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-bouddhique-vietnamienne">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurelvn01.htm|title= Amulette bouddhique vietnamienne (Vietnamese bouddhist charm). - Amulette vietnamienne en sanscrit.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel063.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-chrétienne">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/religieuses/ncnamurel063.htm|title= Amulette chrétienne (Christian charm). - Amulette catholique à bélière.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

Amulettes yin-yang

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  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulettes-yinyang">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy.htm|title= Amulettes yinyang 陰陽 (Yinyang charm).|quote=On appelle '''yinyang qian''' 陰陽錢, "monnaies yinyang", les amulettes qui sont liées aux pratiques ésotériques et divinatoires du Yi jing 易經. On les appelle aussi '''jian pu qian''', "pièces pour tirer les sorts". Elles portent généralement les Huit Trigrammes (ba gua 八卦) sur une face, qui sera considérée comme la face vide, et une inscription plus ou moins ésotérique sur l'autre face considérée comme la face inscrite.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=22 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy01.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-yinyang-陰陽-aux-trigrammes">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy01.htm|title= Amulette yinyang 陰陽 aux trigrammes (Trigram Yinyang charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=23 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>
  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy070.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-yin-yang-陰陽-des-Quatre-saisons">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/yin%20yang/ncnamuyy070.htm|title= Amulette yin yang 陰陽 des Quatre saisons (Four seasons Yinyang charm).|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=23 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

Amulettes démonifuges et protectrices

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Amulettes d'heureux présages

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Amulettes ajourées

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  • http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/ajourrees/ncnamuaj245.htm
    • <ref name="TransAsiart-Amulette-ajourée-au-pavillon">{{cite web|url= http://www.transasiart.com/Numismatique/numismatique_chine/amulettes/ajourrees/ncnamuaj245.htm|title= Amulette ajourée au pavillon (Openwork charm with a pavillion pattern).|quote= Amulette ajourée présentant au droit et au revers le même motif : au centre, dans un grand bâtiment à étage, un personnage assis de face sur un trône; de part et d'autre, dans de petits pavillons, deux personnages à genoux; au premier plan, dans un jardin traditionnel avec pins, arbres et rochers, deux autres personnages. - Bronze, diam. 65 mm. Chine, XIVe-XVe siècle. - Bibliographie : Wang Xiqi : XII, 44; Ding Fubao, Guqian da cidian, p. 393; Thierry 1987 n°245.|date=14 September 2015|accessdate=23 February 2022|author= [[François Thierry (numismatist)|François Thierry de Crussol]] (蒂埃里)|publisher= TransAsiart|language=fr}}</ref>

Pièces de jeu amulettisées

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ROC consumer vouchers spin-off project

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Chinese playing cards spin-off project

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Bleeding horse coins

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Cyclocosmia ricketti

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Tìm thấy ấn triện bằng vàng nguyên chất vô cùng quý hiếm, nặng gần 8kg

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More stuff to work on later

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Korean currency expansion

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Cash coins in art (2023 expansion)

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Zhouyuan Tongbao (周元通寳) spin-off project

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Others

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