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Hello, I am Ehsan from Egypt.
Types of residential architecture in Historical Cairo Area
[edit]Historic Cairo area covers the area that was built up during the Fatimid, Ayyubid, Mamluk, ottoman, French occupation and even Mohamed Ali periods.[1]. Cairo’s historic city covers an area of around 32 square kilometers on the eastern bank of the Nile river and surrounded by the modern quarters of Greater Cairo. First report of activities (July 2010-June 2012) of Urban Regeneration Project for Historic Cairo set a map to compare between the world heritage property and buffer zone in different institutions such as (URHC) & Supreme Council of Antiquities (SCA).[2] Historical Cairo area "Islamic Medieval architecture in Cairo" has witnessed many successful patterns for housing design. Environmental and social factors were accurately included in the housing design with different typologies during Mamluk, Ottoman, 19th century periods in Cairo. Brief explanation for these types will be in the following sections.
Types of residential architecture during Mamluk and Ottoman eras
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Mamluk and Ottoman eras were rich of various types of residential buildings. The main types of those residential buildings are: Palaces, Private Houses "Cairene", Apartment buildings "Rab'a" as well as residential attachments to religious buildings.[3].Each one of them has its own specific characteristics that distinguish it from others. fortunately, there are some still survived buildings in the historic Cairo area.[4]
The definitions of the typical residential types during the Mamluk and Ottoman era will be as the following:
a. Palace: A large and richly furnished building resembling the high class and used also for official meetings and events.
b. Private House "Cairene": They are traditional residential architecture in Cairo from late Mamluk era (1259 – 1517) and throughout the Ottoman era (1517 – 1805), where the idea of a private house was consistent.[5]
c. Rab’a: Collective houses type for a person who has limited income or for traders and their families. It is located above Wekala building, in the upper floor and it has a separate entrance, or It is located in a separate buildings.[3]
Stylistic Features in Mamluk and Ottoman Residential Buildings
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Stylistic features are the basic elements that influenced housing design to achieve privacy as a social aspect and climate treatment as an environmental aspect. So, these architectural features influenced the housing design and achieved different architectural solutions for residential buildings during Mamluk and beginning of Ottoman eras.[4][6]
These features on floor plan levels are [6]:
- Bent entrance
- Internal courtyard
- Space for men "Salamlik" includes:
- Reception hall "Qa'a"
- Receiving area off the courtyard house "Tahtabush"
- Space for women "Haramlik" includes:
- Sitting area "Maq'ad"
These features on elevation and section levels are [6]:
- Perforated wooden screen on window "Mashrabiya"
- Rooftop wind scoop "Malqaf"
- External house walls and Opening Characteristics
- Building Materials
The definitions of these architectural features will be as the following[7]:
Bent entrance
[edit]This is a bent walkway into the inside of the house
Internal courtyard
[edit]It is a square or rectangular open space in the center of the house surrounded by house elements such as "Qa'a" and "Tahtabush"
Space for men "Salamlik"
[edit]It is a space to receive male guests and it is located on the ground floor and it consists of "Qa,a" and "Tahtabush"
Reception hall "Qa'a"
[edit]It is a large hall to receive male gusts.
Receiving area off the courtyard house "Tahtabush"
[edit]It is a sitting area to welcome common people on ground floor
Space for women "Haramlik"
[edit]It is a space for women and children to sleep and live. It is located on the upper floors, first floor, and it has a separated entrance
Sitting area "Maq'ad"
[edit]It is a setting area for family members, the family's master, children and close friends. It is located on the first floor and the sleeping areas are attached to it
Perforated wooden screen on window "Mashrabiya"
[edit]It is a perforated wooden screens on windows. It was installed between the "Haramlik" and the following elements: "Salamlik", internal courtyard and streets.
Rooftop wind scoop "Malqaf"
[edit]It is a square structure built on the roof floor and usually it is located on the roof of the reception hall or in the lobbies front of them. It has an inclined roof from brick or wood or glass.
External house walls and Opening Characteristics
[edit]It must be built to a height that ensures that the domestic interior cannot be overlooked and that intruders are discouraged. any openings in the ground floor are small, grilled and above the line of vision of passersby. the windows of upper floors are generally larger and may project considerably; through admitting light and air, they must not overlook neighboring courtyards or terraces[8]
Types of resesential architecture during 19th century
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The residential houses from 19th century that are located in the historic Cairo area are related to the middle class category. These houses were influenced by the earlier medieval residential architectural style as well as they shared many similarities in the plan and function from Turkish houses. They constitute the link between the contemporary and the earlier medieval architectural.[9]
There are three main types of houses of 19th century. These types are classified according to the design of the house and the number of families living inside, as the following:
The single family house
[edit]These houses were designed to accommodate one family and close relatives, in addition to servants, guards and helpers. Sukkar house/ Bayt Sukkar is an example for this type. This house has more than one floor above the ground. The owner's family used to live in the first floor. Also, there is a mezzanine floor for storage, kitchen facilities, and residence for servants.[9]
The block of houses around a court
[edit]This type was common in 19th century due to the increased density in historic Cairo. It was designed for more than one family, each family has a separate house. The houses form one building used to be distributed around one open courtyard and each house had a private staircase from the courtyard to the upper floors. The design had two apartments per floor and each apartment was built on small lot of land. Al-Sitt Sakna house is an example for this type.[9]
The traditional apartment buildings
[edit]This type is an apartment building. The apartment building is comprised of two or three apartments. The area of each one is around 30m2 and 45m2. In some cases, there was one apartment in each floor. Usually, the apartment building had two floors above the ground floor. This type had an indication for increasing the population in city center. So, the requirement for rental housing units on small lots of land was mandatory. House of Abu al-Hassan is an example for this type.[9]
References
[edit]- ^ AHMED, HEBA FAROUK; KAMEL, BASIL (1996). "Cairo: Three Cities, Three Periods, Three Maidans". Built Environment(1978). 22 (2): 104-123.
- ^ Frst report of activities- July 2010-June 2012. Urban Regeneration Project for Historic Cairo.
- ^ a b Al-Hamshery, Aosama Mostafa (1987). The effect of the environment on the design of architectural spaces: Cairene houses in Mamluk era. Egypt: Master of science in architectural engineering - Faculty of engineering, Cairo university.
- ^ a b Hafez, Tamer Yahya Abdel (2005). The influence of a paradigm in shaping the manifestation of architectural expression and urban fabric in the middle ages- A comparative analysis between Gothic and Mamluk Cities. Egypt: Master of science in architectural engineering- Faculty of engineering, Cairo university.
- ^ Mohamed, Nermine Abdel Gelil; Ali, Waleed Hussein (2014). "Traditional Residential Architecture in Cairo from a Green Architecture Perspective". Arts and Design Studies. 16: 6–26.
- ^ a b c Raslan, Ehsan (2016). CONCEPT OF DESIGN AT MAMLUK HOUSES IN CAIRO (12TH AND 14TH CENTURIES). Vienna: SGEM International Scientific Conference on SOCIAL SCIENCES and ARTS. p. 181-188.
- ^ Williams, Caroline (2005). Islamic monuments in Cairo: The practical guide. p. 232-235.
- ^ Michell, George (1978). Architecture of the Islamic world. UK. p. 196-197.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d Said, Salah Zaky (2009). 19th century houses of old Cairo quarters.