User:Jon Awbrey/TABLE
Logical Tables[edit]
Zeroth Order Logic[edit]
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
x : | 1 1 0 0 | ||||
y : | 1 0 1 0 | ||||
f0 | f0000 | 0 0 0 0 | ( ) | false | 0 |
f1 | f0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ¬x ∧ ¬y |
f2 | f0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ¬x ∧ y |
f3 | f0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ¬x |
f4 | f0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x ∧ ¬y |
f5 | f0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ¬y |
f6 | f0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x ≠ y |
f7 | f0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ¬x ∨ ¬y |
f8 | f1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x ∧ y |
f9 | f1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y |
f10 | f1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y |
f11 | f1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x → y |
f12 | f1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x |
f13 | f1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x ← y |
f14 | f1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x ∨ y |
f15 | f1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (( )) | true | 1 |
Template Draft[edit]
L1 | L2 | L3 | L4 | L5 | L6 | Name |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
x : | 1 1 0 0 | |||||
y : | 1 0 1 0 | |||||
f0 | f0000 | 0 0 0 0 | ( ) | false | 0 | Falsity |
f1 | f0001 | 0 0 0 1 | (x)(y) | neither x nor y | ¬x ∧ ¬y | NNOR |
f2 | f0010 | 0 0 1 0 | (x) y | y and not x | ¬x ∧ y | Insuccede |
f3 | f0011 | 0 0 1 1 | (x) | not x | ¬x | Not One |
f4 | f0100 | 0 1 0 0 | x (y) | x and not y | x ∧ ¬y | Imprecede |
f5 | f0101 | 0 1 0 1 | (y) | not y | ¬y | Not Two |
f6 | f0110 | 0 1 1 0 | (x, y) | x not equal to y | x ≠ y | Inequality |
f7 | f0111 | 0 1 1 1 | (x y) | not both x and y | ¬x ∨ ¬y | NAND |
f8 | f1000 | 1 0 0 0 | x y | x and y | x ∧ y | Conjunction |
f9 | f1001 | 1 0 0 1 | ((x, y)) | x equal to y | x = y | Equality |
f10 | f1010 | 1 0 1 0 | y | y | y | Two |
f11 | f1011 | 1 0 1 1 | (x (y)) | not x without y | x → y | Implication |
f12 | f1100 | 1 1 0 0 | x | x | x | One |
f13 | f1101 | 1 1 0 1 | ((x) y) | not y without x | x ← y | Involution |
f14 | f1110 | 1 1 1 0 | ((x)(y)) | x or y | x ∨ y | Disjunction |
f15 | f1111 | 1 1 1 1 | (( )) | true | 1 | Tautology |
Truth Tables[edit]
Logical negation[edit]
Logical negation is an operation on one logical value, typically the value of a proposition, that produces a value of true when its operand is false and a value of false when its operand is true.
The truth table of NOT p (also written as ~p or ¬p) is as follows:
p | ¬p |
---|---|
F | T |
T | F |
The logical negation of a proposition p is notated in different ways in various contexts of discussion and fields of application. Among these variants are the following:
Notation | Vocalization |
---|---|
bar p | |
p prime, p complement | |
bang p |
No matter how it is notated or symbolized, the logical negation ¬p is read as "it is not the case that p", or usually more simply as "not p".
- Within a system of classical logic, double negation, that is, the negation of the negation of a proposition p, is logically equivalent to the initial proposition p. Expressed in symbolic terms, ¬(¬p) ⇔ p.
- Within a system of intuitionistic logic, however, ¬¬p is a weaker statement than p. On the other hand, the logical equivalence ¬¬¬p ⇔ ¬p remains valid.
Logical negation can be defined in terms of other logical operations. For example, ~p can be defined as p → F, where → is material implication and F is absolute falsehood. Conversely, one can define F as p & ~p for any proposition p, where & is logical conjunction. The idea here is that any contradiction is false. While these ideas work in both classical and intuitionistic logic, they don't work in Brazilian logic, where contradictions are not necessarily false. But in classical logic, we get a further identity: p → q can be defined as ~p ∨ q, where ∨ is logical disjunction.
Algebraically, logical negation corresponds to the complement in a Boolean algebra (for classical logic) or a Heyting algebra (for intuitionistic logic).
Logical conjunction[edit]
Logical conjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both of its operands are true.
The truth table of p AND q (also written as p ∧ q, p & q, or pq) is as follows:
p | q | p ∧ q |
---|---|---|
F | F | F |
F | T | F |
T | F | F |
T | T | T |
Logical disjunction[edit]
Logical disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are false.
The truth table of p OR q (also written as p ∨ q) is as follows:
p | q | p ∨ q |
---|---|---|
F | F | F |
F | T | T |
T | F | T |
T | T | T |
Logical equality[edit]
Logical equality is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both operands are false or both operands are true.
The truth table of p EQ q (also written as p = q, p ↔ q, or p ≡ q) is as follows:
p | q | p = q |
---|---|---|
F | F | T |
F | T | F |
T | F | F |
T | T | T |
Exclusive disjunction[edit]
Exclusive disjunction is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true just in case exactly one of its operands is true.
The truth table of p XOR q (also written as p + q, p ⊕ q, or p ≠ q) is as follows:
p | q | p XOR q |
---|---|---|
F | F | F |
F | T | T |
T | F | T |
T | T | F |
The following equivalents can then be deduced:
Generalized or n-ary XOR is true when the number of 1-bits is odd.
Logical implication[edit]
The material conditional and logical implication are both associated with an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if the first operand is true and the second operand is false.
The truth table associated with the material conditional if p then q (symbolized as p → q) and the logical implication p implies q (symbolized as p ⇒ q) is as follows:
p | q | p ⇒ q |
---|---|---|
F | F | T |
F | T | T |
T | F | F |
T | T | T |
Logical NAND[edit]
The NAND operation is a logical operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of false if and only if both of its operands are true. In other words, it produces a value of true if and only if at least one of its operands is false.
The truth table of p NAND q (also written as p | q or p ↑ q) is as follows:
p | q | p ↑ q |
---|---|---|
F | F | T |
F | T | T |
T | F | T |
T | T | F |
Logical NOR[edit]
The NOR operation is a logical operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both of its operands are false. In other words, it produces a value of false if and only if at least one of its operands is true.
The truth table of p NOR q (also written as p ⊥ q or p ↓ q) is as follows:
p | q | p ↓ q |
---|---|---|
F | F | T |
F | T | F |
T | F | F |
T | T | F |
Exclusive Disjunction[edit]
A + B = (A ∧ !B) ∨ (!A ∧ B) = {(A ∧ !B) ∨ !A} ∧ {(A ∧ !B) ∨ B} = {(A ∨ !A) ∧ (!B ∨ !A)} ∧ {(A ∨ B) ∧ (!B ∨ B)} = (!A ∨ !B) ∧ (A ∨ B) = !(A ∧ B) ∧ (A ∨ B)
p + q = (p ∧ !q) ∨ (!p ∧ B) = {(p ∧ !q) ∨ !p} ∧ {(p ∧ !q) ∨ q} = {(p ∨ !q) ∧ (!q ∨ !p)} ∧ {(p ∨ q) ∧ (!q ∨ q)} = (!p ∨ !q) ∧ (p ∨ q) = !(p ∧ q) ∧ (p ∨ q)
p + q = (p ∧ ~q) ∨ (~p ∧ q) = ((p ∧ ~q) ∨ ~p) ∧ ((p ∧ ~q) ∨ q) = ((p ∨ ~q) ∧ (~q ∨ ~p)) ∧ ((p ∨ q) ∧ (~q ∨ q)) = (~p ∨ ~q) ∧ (p ∨ q) = ~(p ∧ q) ∧ (p ∨ q)
Column displays[edit]
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Mathematical Symbols[edit]
Symbol
|
Name
|
Explanation | Examples |
---|---|---|---|
Should be read as | |||
Category
| |||
=
|
equality | x = y means x and y represent the same thing or value. | 1 + 1 = 2 |
is equal to; equals | |||
everywhere | |||
≠
<> != |
inequation | x ≠ y means that x and y do not represent the same thing or value. | 1 ≠ 2 |
is not equal to; does not equal | |||
everywhere | |||
<
> ≪ ≫ |
strict inequality | x < y means x is less than y. x > y means x is greater than y. x ≪ y means x is much less than y. x ≫ y means x is much greater than y. |
3 < 4 5 > 4. 0.003 ≪ 1000000 |
is less than, is greater than, is much less than, is much greater than | |||
order theory | |||
≤
≥ |
inequality | x ≤ y means x is less than or equal to y. x ≥ y means x is greater than or equal to y. |
3 ≤ 4 and 5 ≤ 5 5 ≥ 4 and 5 ≥ 5 |
is less than or equal to, is greater than or equal to | |||
order theory | |||
∝
|
proportionality | y ∝ x means that y = kx for some constant k. | if y = 2x, then y ∝ x |
is proportional to | |||
everywhere | |||
+
|
addition | 4 + 6 means the sum of 4 and 6. | 2 + 7 = 9 |
plus | |||
arithmetic | |||
disjoint union | A1 + A2 means the disjoint union of sets A1 and A2. | A1 = {1, 2, 3, 4} ∧ A2 = {2, 4, 5, 7} ⇒ A1 + A2 = {(1,1), (2,1), (3,1), (4,1), (2,2), (4,2), (5,2), (7,2)} | |
the disjoint union of ... and ... | |||
set theory | |||
−
|
subtraction | 9 − 4 means the subtraction of 4 from 9. | 8 − 3 = 5 |
minus | |||
arithmetic | |||
negative sign | −3 means the negative of the number 3. | −(−5) = 5 | |
negative ; minus | |||
arithmetic | |||
set-theoretic complement | A − B means the set that contains all the elements of A that are not in B. | {1,2,4} − {1,3,4} = {2} | |
minus; without | |||
set theory | |||
×
|
multiplication | 3 × 4 means the multiplication of 3 by 4. | 7 × 8 = 56 |
times | |||
arithmetic | |||
Cartesian product | X×Y means the set of all ordered pairs with the first element of each pair selected from X and the second element selected from Y. | {1,2} × {3,4} = {(1,3),(1,4),(2,3),(2,4)} | |
the Cartesian product of ... and ...; the direct product of ... and ... | |||
set theory | |||
cross product | u × v means the cross product of vectors u and v | (1,2,5) × (3,4,−1) = (−22, 16, − 2) | |
cross | |||
vector algebra | |||
÷
/ |
division | 6 ÷ 3 or 6/3 means the division of 6 by 3. | 2 ÷ 4 = .5 12/4 = 3 |
divided by | |||
arithmetic | |||
√
|
square root | √x means the positive number whose square is x. | √4 = 2 |
the principal square root of; square root | |||
real numbers | |||
complex square root | if z = r exp(iφ) is represented in polar coordinates with -π < φ ≤ π, then √z = √r exp(iφ/2). | √(-1) = i | |
the complex square root of; square root | |||
complex numbers | |||
| |
|
absolute value | |x| means the distance in the real line (or the complex plane) between x and zero. | |3| = 3, |-5| = |5| |i| = 1, |3+4i| = 5 |
absolute value of | |||
numbers | |||
|
|
divides | A single vertical bar is used to denote divisibility. a|b means a divides b. |
Since 15 = 3×5, it is true that 3|15 and 5|15. |
divides | |||
Number Theory | |||
!
|
factorial | n! is the product 1 × 2× ... × n. | 4! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = 24 |
factorial | |||
combinatorics | |||
~
|
probability distribution | X ~ D, means the random variable X has the probability distribution D. | X ~ N(0,1), the standard normal distribution |
has distribution | |||
statistics | |||
⇒
→ ⊃ |
material implication | A ⇒ B means if A is true then B is also true; if A is false then nothing is said about B. → may mean the same as ⇒, or it may have the meaning for functions given below. ⊃ may mean the same as ⇒, or it may have the meaning for superset given below. |
x = 2 ⇒ x2 = 4 is true, but x2 = 4 ⇒ x = 2 is in general false (since x could be −2). |
implies; if .. then | |||
propositional logic | |||
⇔
↔ |
material equivalence | A ⇔ B means A is true if B is true and A is false if B is false. | x + 5 = y +2 ⇔ x + 3 = y |
if and only if; iff | |||
propositional logic | |||
¬
˜ |
logical negation | The statement ¬A is true if and only if A is false. A slash placed through another operator is the same as "¬" placed in front. |
¬(¬A) ⇔ A x ≠ y ⇔ ¬(x = y) |
not | |||
propositional logic | |||
∧
|
logical conjunction or meet in a lattice | The statement A ∧ B is true if A and B are both true; else it is false. | n < 4 ∧ n >2 ⇔ n = 3 when n is a natural number. |
and | |||
propositional logic, lattice theory | |||
∨
|
logical disjunction or join in a lattice | The statement A ∨ B is true if A or B (or both) are true; if both are false, the statement is false. | n ≥ 4 ∨ n ≤ 2 ⇔ n ≠ 3 when n is a natural number. |
or | |||
propositional logic, lattice theory | |||
⊕ ⊻ |
exclusive or | The statement A ⊕ B is true when either A or B, but not both, are true. A ⊻ B means the same. | (¬A) ⊕ A is always true, A ⊕ A is always false. |
xor | |||
propositional logic, Boolean algebra | |||
direct sum | The direct sum is a special way of combining several one modules into one general module (the symbol ⊕ is used, ⊻ is only for logic). |
Most commonly, for vector spaces U, V, and W, the following consequence is used: U = V ⊕ W ⇔ (U = V + W) ∧ (V ∩ W = ∅) | |
direct sum of | |||
Abstract algebra | |||
∀
|
universal quantification | ∀ x: P(x) means P(x) is true for all x. | ∀ n ∈ N: n2 ≥ n. |
for all; for any; for each | |||
predicate logic | |||
∃
|
existential quantification | ∃ x: P(x) means there is at least one x such that P(x) is true. | ∃ n ∈ N: n is even. |
there exists | |||
predicate logic | |||
∃!
|
uniqueness quantification | ∃! x: P(x) means there is exactly one x such that P(x) is true. | ∃! n ∈ N: n + 5 = 2n. |
there exists exactly one | |||
predicate logic | |||
:=
≡ :⇔ |
definition | x := y or x ≡ y means x is defined to be another name for y (but note that ≡ can also mean other things, such as congruence). P :⇔ Q means P is defined to be logically equivalent to Q. |
cosh x := (1/2)(exp x + exp (−x)) A XOR B :⇔ (A ∨ B) ∧ ¬(A ∧ B) |
is defined as | |||
everywhere | |||
{ , }
|
set brackets | {a,b,c} means the set consisting of a, b, and c. | N = {0, 1, 2, ...} |
the set of ... | |||
set theory | |||
{ : }
{ | } |
set builder notation | {x : P(x)} means the set of all x for which P(x) is true. {x | P(x)} is the same as {x : P(x)}. | {n ∈ N : n2 < 20} = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} |
the set of ... such that ... | |||
set theory | |||
∅ {} |
empty set | ∅ means the set with no elements. {} means the same. | {n ∈ N : 1 < n2 < 4} = ∅ |
the empty set | |||
set theory | |||
∈
|
set membership | a ∈ S means a is an element of the set S; a S means a is not an element of S. | (1/2)−1 ∈ N 2−1 N |
is an element of; is not an element of | |||
everywhere, set theory | |||
⊆
⊂ |
subset | (subset) A ⊆ B means every element of A is also element of B. (proper subset) A ⊂ B means A ⊆ B but A ≠ B. |
A ∩ B ⊆ A; Q ⊂ R |
is a subset of | |||
set theory | |||
⊇
⊃ |
superset | A ⊇ B means every element of B is also element of A. A ⊃ B means A ⊇ B but A ≠ B. |
A ∪ B ⊇ B; R ⊃ Q |
is a superset of | |||
set theory | |||
∪
|
set-theoretic union | (exclusive) A ∪ B means the set that contains all the elements from A, or all the elements from B, but not both. "A or B, but not both". (inclusive) A ∪ B means the set that contains all the elements from A, or all the elements from B, or all the elements from both A and B. "A or B or both". |
A ⊆ B ⇔ A ∪ B = B (inclusive) |
the union of ... and ...; union | |||
set theory | |||
∩
|
set-theoretic intersection | A ∩ B means the set that contains all those elements that A and B have in common. | {x ∈ R : x2 = 1} ∩ N = {1} |
intersected with; intersect | |||
set theory | |||
\
|
set-theoretic complement | A \ B means the set that contains all those elements of A that are not in B. | {1,2,3,4} \ {3,4,5,6} = {1,2} |
minus; without | |||
set theory | |||
( )
|
function application | f(x) means the value of the function f at the element x. | If f(x) := x2, then f(3) = 32 = 9. |
of | |||
set theory | |||
precedence grouping | Perform the operations inside the parentheses first. | (8/4)/2 = 2/2 = 1, but 8/(4/2) = 8/2 = 4. | |
parentheses | |||
everywhere | |||
f:X→Y
|
function arrow | f: X → Y means the function f maps the set X into the set Y. | Let f: Z → N be defined by f(x) := x2. |
from ... to | |||
set theory | |||
o
|
function composition | fog is the function, such that (fog)(x) = f(g(x)). | if f(x) := 2x, and g(x) := x + 3, then (fog)(x) = 2(x + 3). |
composed with | |||
set theory | |||
N ℕ
|
natural numbers | N means {0, 1, 2, 3, ...}, but see the article on natural numbers for a different convention. | {|a| : a ∈ Z} = N |
N | |||
numbers | |||
Z ℤ |
integers | Z means {..., −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}. | {a, -a : a ∈ N} = Z |
Z | |||
numbers | |||
Q ℚ |
rational numbers | Q means {p/q : p,q ∈ Z, q ≠ 0}. | 3.14 ∈ Q π ∉ Q |
Q | |||
numbers | |||
R ℝ |
real numbers | R means the set of real numbers. | π ∈ R √(−1) ∉ R |
R | |||
numbers | |||
C ℂ |
complex numbers | C means {a + bi : a,b ∈ R}. | i = √(−1) ∈ C |
C | |||
numbers | |||
arbitrary constant | C can be any number, most likely unknown; usually occurs when calculating antiderivatives. | if f(x) = 6x² + 4x, then F(x) = 2x³ + 2x² + C | |
C | |||
integral calculus | |||
∞
|
infinity | ∞ is an element of the extended number line that is greater than all real numbers; it often occurs in limits. | limx→0 1/|x| = ∞ |
infinity | |||
numbers | |||
pi | π is the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter. Its value is 3.1415.... | A = πr² is the area of a circle with radius r | |
pi | |||
Euclidean geometry | |||
|| ||
|
norm | ||x|| is the norm of the element x of a normed vector space. | ||x+y|| ≤ ||x|| + ||y|| |
norm of; length of | |||
linear algebra | |||
∑
|
summation |
means a1 + a2 + ... + an. |
= 12 + 22 + 32 + 42
|
sum over ... from ... to ... of | |||
arithmetic | |||
∏
|
product |
means a1a2···an. |
= (1+2)(2+2)(3+2)(4+2)
|
product over ... from ... to ... of | |||
arithmetic | |||
Cartesian product |
means the set of all (n+1)-tuples
|
| |
the Cartesian product of; the direct product of | |||
set theory | |||
'
|
derivative | f '(x) is the derivative of the function f at the point x, i.e., the slope of the tangent to f at x. | If f(x) := x2, then f '(x) = 2x |
... prime; derivative of ... | |||
calculus | |||
∫
|
indefinite integral or antiderivative | ∫ f(x) dx means a function whose derivative is f. | ∫x2 dx = x3/3 + C |
indefinite integral of ...;; the antiderivative of ... | |||
calculus | |||
definite integral | ∫ab f(x) dx means the signed area between the x-axis and the graph of the function f between x = a and x = b. | ∫0b x2 dx = b3/3; | |
integral from ... to ... of ... with respect to | |||
calculus | |||
∇
|
gradient | ∇f (x1, …, xn) is the vector of partial derivatives (df / dx1, …, df / dxn). | If f (x,y,z) := 3xy + z², then ∇f = (3y, 3x, 2z) |
del, nabla, gradient of | |||
calculus | |||
∂
|
partial derivative | With f (x1, …, xn), ∂f/∂xi is the derivative of f with respect to xi, with all other variables kept constant. | If f(x,y) := x2y, then ∂f/∂x = 2xy |
partial derivative of | |||
calculus | |||
boundary | ∂M means the boundary of M | ∂{x : ||x|| ≤ 2} = {x : ||x|| = 2} | |
boundary of | |||
topology | |||
⊥
|
perpendicular | x ⊥ y means x is perpendicular to y; or more generally x is orthogonal to y. | If l⊥m and m⊥n then l || n. |
is perpendicular to | |||
geometry | |||
bottom element | x = ⊥ means x is the smallest element. | ∀x : x ∧ ⊥ = ⊥ | |
the bottom element | |||
lattice theory | |||
⊧
|
entailment | A ⊧ B means the sentence A entails the sentence B, that is every model in which A is true, B is also true. | A ⊧ A ∨ ¬A |
entails | |||
model theory | |||
⊢
|
inference | x ⊢ y means y is derived from x. | A → B ⊢ ¬B → ¬A |
infers or is derived from | |||
propositional logic, predicate logic | |||
◅
|
normal subgroup | N ◅ G means that N is a normal subgroup of group G. | Z(G) ◅ G |
is a normal subgroup of | |||
group theory | |||
/
|
quotient group | G/H means the quotient of group G modulo its subgroup H. | {0, a, 2a, b, b+a, b+2a} / {0, b} = {{0, b}, {a, b+a}, {2a, b+2a}} |
mod | |||
group theory | |||
quotient set | A/~ means the set of all ~ equivalence classes in A. | ||
set theory | |||
≈
|
isomorphism | G ≈ H means that group G is isomorphic to group H | Q / {1, −1} ≈ V, where Q is the quaternion group and V is the Klein four-group. |
is isomorphic to | |||
group theory | |||
approximately equal | x ≈ y means x is approximately equal to y | π ≈ 3.14159 | |
is approximately equal to | |||
everywhere | |||
<,>
|
inner product | <x,y> means the inner product between x and y, as defined in an inner product space. | The standard inner product between two vectors x = (2, 3) and y = (-1, 5) is: <x, y> = 2×-1 + 3×5 = 13 |
inner product of | |||
vector algebra | |||
⊗
|
tensor product | V ⊗ U means the tensor product of V and U. | {1, 2, 3, 4} ⊗ {1,1,2} = {{1, 2, 3, 4}, {1, 2, 3, 4}, {2, 4, 6, 8}} |
tensor product of | |||
linear algebra |
Work Area[edit]
Binary Operations x0 x1 2f0 2f1 2f2 2f3 2f4 2f5 2f6 2f7 2f8 2f9 2f10 2f11 2f12 2f13 2f14 2f15 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Draft 1[edit]
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Draft 2[edit]
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