User:Martelengo Mozzi/sandbox

Eritrean-Italian relations

Eritrea	Italy

Eritrea–Italy relations is the official relationship between Italy and Eritrea. Both nations are members of the United Nations.

Country comparison

official name	the ኤርትራ	the Italian Republic
Anthem	Ertra, Ertra, Ertra	Il Canto degli Italiani
National day	24th May	2nd June
Largest city	Asmara - 895.863 ab.	Rome - 2,770,226 ab.
Population	6 088 682	60,281,331
Population density	50,28/km2	205/km2
Government	Presidential republic dictatorship	Unitary Parliamentary constitutional republic
Head of State	Isaias Afewerki	Sergio Mattarella
Current Prime Minister	Isaias Afewerki	Mario Draghi
Official language	Afar, Arabic of Hegiaz, Begia, Italian, English, Cunama, Nara, Saho, Tigrè	Italian
Currency	Eritrean Nakfa	Euro
GDP	$2.07 billion(2011)	$1.888 trillion(2020)
Human Development Index	0.459	0.892
Area	121.320 km²	302.073 km²

History

Further information: Italian Eritrea

Eritrea was an Italian colony from the 1880s until the defeat of the Italians by the Allies of World War II in 1941.The first Italian establishment in what is now known as Eritrea was in 1869 with the purchase of Assab by the Rubattino Shipping Company, which came under government control in 1882. In 1890 the colony of Eritrea (Italian: Colonia Eritrea) was officially founded. Mussolini's rise to power in Italy in 1922 brought major changes to the colonial government in Eritrea. After he declared the birth of the Italian Empire in May 1936, Italian Eritrea (enlarged with northern Ethiopia's regions) and Italian Somaliland were merged with the recently conquered Ethiopia in the new Italian East Africa (Africa Orientale Italiana) administrative territory. It remained so until Italy lost the region in 1941, during the East African campaign of World War II. Italian Eritrea then came under British military administration, and then in 1951 fell under United Nations supervision. Italy maintained some influence over Eritrean politics after 1948.

Asmara, the capital of Eritrea, used to be known as "Little Rome", was one of the most famous destinations for both native Eritreans and Italian colonialists. The city still retains a lot of Italian architecture.

When Eritrea gained independence from Ethiopia in 1991, Italy was one of the earliest nations in the world to recognise Eritrea as a country.

Eritreans are fleeing conscription and the country's political and economic isolation. Eritreans were the largest group of migrants and refugees entering Italy by sea in 2015, accounting for 25 per cent of arrivals in Italy, mainly coming via the Central Mediterranean route in boats departing from Libya. In 2016 there was a significant reduction.

Embassy of Italy in Asmara

Citizenship for Italian Eritreans

During the colonial period

During the first decades of Italian colonialism in Eritrea, the Italian community remained numerically small and consisted almost entirely of unmarried or married males, with their wives, not counting military personnel. The colonial government did not look favourably on unions between Italian men and Eritrean women. Nonetheless, some children born from relationships between Italian men and Eritrean women were recognised as Italians, as the principle that citizenship followed the paternal line prevailed among both Italians and Eritreans.

Most of these children were abandoned, with Italian men replicating patterns of behaviour that also existed in their homeland, whereby the master would abuse the servant girl, dismissing her when she became pregnant. Such children were, however, considered to be Italian, especially on the Eritrean side, as in their culture, descent also followed the paternal line. Both the liberal and fascist governments until 1933 allowed 'meticci' to be granted Italian citizenship, even when not recognised by their fathers.

"In 1940, the 'Norme relative ai meticci' (Law No. 822 of 13 May 1940) prohibited Italians from recognising children had by Africans and from contributing to their maintenance, and assigned to meticci the legal status of colonial subjects". These regulations found their ideological foundation in a form of biological racism, according to which mixing would cause a degeneration of the Italic race.

During the sixty years of colonialism in the Horn of Africa, it is estimated that at least 20 thousand meticci or 'moretti' (a term perceived as derogatory) were born, and of these only five or six thousand were recognised.

After World War II

After the Second World War, laws changed. Eritrea became part of independent Ethiopia and in Rome it was established that those born in the territories of the former colonies were to be declared Italian citizens "if for any reason it can be justifiably believed that one of their parents is an Italian citizen".

From the period of independence to the present

The 1992 Italian law on 'ius sanguinis' grants dual citizenship to those who can prove they have Italian ancestors, which is extremely difficult for those who cannot reconstruct their genealogical line. More than 300 descendants of these illegitimate children are still in 2021 asking President Mattarella and the government to recognise the crime of colonial racism, which marked the lives of thousands of Italian-Eritreans, despised in their homeland precisely because they were not recognised by their fathers.

Bilateral agreement for Italian schools

The Italian and Eritrean governments signed an agreement on 21 September 2012 to recognise Italian State Schools in Asmara.

On 25 May 2020, Eritrea unilaterally decided to withdraw from the Agreement, also revoking the licence to operate the Istituto Italiano Statale Omnicomprensivo di Asmara.The causes of the closure, according to the Eritrean government, are linked to the Italian government's decision to suspend the school's teaching activities due to the Covid-19 pandemic. A decision, according to the Eritrean authorities, taken arbitrarily, without prior consultation with local counterparts and leaving students and teachers in a situation of uncertainty. Furthermore, in June 2020, the Eritrean Ministry of Education banned students of Eritrean nationality who were supposed to sit for the State Examinations. This ban was later lifted.

A diplomatic action involving the Farnesina and Palazzo Chigi began in June in an attempt to mend relations between the two countries. On 26 June 2020, Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs and International Cooperation Marina Sereni received Eritrean Ambassador Fessahazion for clarification on the resumption of activities. Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte wrote a letter to Eritrean President Isaias Afewerki, inviting him to a conciliatory dialogue. Despite Italian initiatives, the Eritrean government has not commented on the issue. On 31 August 2020, the Institute was closed by the Italian ambassador in Asmara Michele Camerota, with a precautionary decree of temporary closure.

Economic relations

Agriculture, fishing, construction, textile and also energy are sectors which present a significant value for trade between these two countries. There are two main categories of Italian stakeholders in Eritrea who influence the Eritrean economy, though they have less influence than in the past. Italian small and medium enterprises established their presence in the first half of the XX century. The second group, which focus their investment in trading and the textile industry, is composed of new entrepreneurs. ZaEr of the StartAfrica group established in Bergamo has the largest volume of investment and manpower with 500 employees.

Economic relations between Italy and Eritrea during the colonial period

The Kingdom of Italy during the colonial period had numerous economic interests in Eritrea, then part of Italian East Africa. The interests were mainly in the use of the colony's natural resources, secondly in the development of the colony, especially in the Horn of Africa as a strategic point for trade and transit of vessels in the Red Sea.

The Kingdom of Italy adopted liberal policies to grow the Eritrean economy. Between 1902 and 1906, imports from Eritrea tripled.

Trade Relationship between Italy and Eritrea During the Period 1902 - 1907 (Value in Italian Lire).

Year	Imports	Exports
1902	1,805,445	2,373,205
1903	1,609,527	2,607,581
1904	4,618,560	3,942,183
1905	4,813,459	4,490,461
1906	5,931,797	9,022,486
1907	3,943,243	5,009,905

There were numerous products that the Kingdom of Italy imported during this period, the main ones being cotton and cement, but there was also tobacco. Also during these years large infrastructural investments were made in railway lines, such as those between Asmara and Massawa, and 3600 km of roads were built.

The reasons for a stable trade relationship between Italy and Eritrea in the early 1990s

The trade between Italy and Eritrea was attractive because of the mutual interests in its consolidation. Italy would have been able to access Eritrean commodities such as salt and fish, bananas, mangoes, oranges and have access to and control of the sea, while Eritrea would have found a stable trading partner unlike its neighbouring states.

Import-export between Italy and Eritrea (1993-1997) (value in millions of Italian lire)

	1993	1994	1995	1996	1997
Export	23,509	46,140	76,749	129,508	101,664
Import	843	271	2,749	5,673	5,059
Balance	22,667	45,869	74,000	123,835	96.606

It can be seen from the table that imports of Eritrean goods were much lower than those of Italy and that the gap did not diminish over time.

Italian architecture in Eritrea

Eritrea was an Italian colony from 1890 to 1941. During the colonial and fascist period, italian architects built a lot of palaces, villas, theaters, churches, stations, cinemas, houses of which we still have testimony today. In particular, the capital Asmara welcomes an enormous artistic heritage dating back to the first half of the twentieth century. For these reasons, Unesco has listed Asmara UNESCO World Heritage site in 2017 becoming the first Unesco site in the country of the Horn of Africa. During the Italian occupation especially in the fascist period, Italian architects redesigned the city experimenting with different architectural styles such as Futurism, Art Deco and Rationalism. Mussolini aimed to create an ideal city model which could symbolize the second Roman empire that the Dictator wanted to recreate. These are the reasons why Mussolini called the city the Africa’s little Rome. The task of redesigning the city was entrusted to the architect Giuseppe Pettazzi. One of his best-known designs was the petrol station Fiat Tagliero, completed in 1938. This is an example of a futurist style building, indeed the idea of ​​movement that characterizes Futurism is visible in the form of the construction: there is a central tower and two side wings that refer to the image of an airplane. Another example of futurist and Art Deco style is the World Bank Building, an Italian villa built in 1938.

Resident diplomatic missions

• Eritrea has an embassy in Rome and a consulate in Milan.
• Italy has an embassy in Asmara.

See also

• Italian Eritreans

External links

• Eritrean Embassy, Rome
• Italian Embassy, Asmara

Italy Category:Bilateral relations of Italy Category:Relations of colonizer and former colony