User:Nederlandse Leeuw/Sexual violence in the Eighty Years' War
Sexual violence in the Eighty Years' War
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The chaotic and dramatic early decades of the Eighty Years' War, which were filled with civil revolts and large-scale urban massacres, largely ended for the provinces north of the Great Rivers after they proclaimed the Republic in 1588, expelled the Spanish forces and established peace, safety and prosperity for their population.[1] In literature, the last few decades have often been considered a rather 'regulated' and 'professional' armed conflict in the borderlands of the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Southern Netherlands, which is less interesting to recount, because the ideological struggle had essentially been decided.[b] However, the countryside in especially Brabant, Flanders and the lands constituting the modern two provinces of Belgian and Dutch Limburg continued to be devastated by decades of uninterrupted warfare, with armies forcing farmers to hand over their food, or destroying their crops to deny food to the enemy.[1] Both parties levied taxes on farmers in the still-contested environs of 's-Hertogenbosch after the Dutch conquered it in 1629.[1] Towns such as Helmond, Eindhoven and Oisterwijk were repeatedly subjected to pillaging, arson, and sexual violence committed by both rebel and royal forces.[1]
Depictions in Dutch Republic publications
[edit]Inhabitants of the early 17th-century Dutch Republic deployed depictions of sexual violence committed by Spanish Habsburg troops as a political tool in order to justify the anti-government revolt, and ensure the Republic's continued existence.[3] It could also be used to unite various political and religious factions against a common enemy, and thus protect the young state against instability due to internal conflict.[3] According to Amanda C. Pipkin (2009), '[t]hey propagated stories that vilified the Spanish in two ways: focusing on the literal raping women of the Low Countries as Phillip II's troops attempted to reassert his control there and the metaphoric violence of a people ruled by a tyrant who violated the traditional rights of the Dutch nation imagined as a vulnerable woman.'[3] In addition to uniting the Republic's population against a common enemy, the rhetoric around war-time rape also 'generated the idea that treating women with proper care and respect was part of a Dutch (male) national character.'[3] In turn, this idea was employed 'to articulate the place of Dutch men as heads of the household with a patriotic and patriarchal duty to protect (and control) Dutch women.'[4][5]
Some of the most influential authors of the first half of the 17th century, particularly during the Twelve Years' Truce (1609–1621), were Pieter Bor, Willem Baudartius, and Johannes Gysius.[6]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Original early modern Dutch title: Oorspronck ende voortgang der Neder-landtscher beroerten ende ellendicheden, 1616.
- ^ Van der Lem (1995): 'As soon as [the 1588 States-General's decision to wage offensive war] had been taken, the continuation of the 'Revolt' or 'Eighty Years' War' became a regulated war. The ideological element did retain a role, but disappeared to the background. (...) The course of the struggle is henceforth a military one, in which not all conquests and losses need be remembered.'[2]
References
[edit]- ^ a b c d Hellinga 2019.
- ^ van der Lem 1995, p. Chapter VI.
- ^ a b c d Pipkin 2009, p. 229.
- ^ van Duijnen 2019, p. 94.
- ^ Pipkin 2009, p. 264.
- ^ van Duijnen 2019, pp. 65–66.
Bibliography
[edit]- Adriaenssen, Leo (2007). Staatsvormend geweld : overleven aan de frontlinies in de meierij van Den Bosch, 1572–1629. Tilburg: Stichting Zuidelijk Historisch Contact. p. 487. ISBN 9789070641825. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- van Duijnen, Michel F., A Distance in Time: The Dutch Revolt (2019)
- van Duijnen, Michel F. (2020). "From Artless to Artful. Illustrated Histories of the Eighty Years' War in the Seventeenth-Century Dutch Republic". BMGN: Low Countries Historical Review. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- Hellinga, Runa (27 September 2019). "Die eeuw van goud ging aan Brabant en Limburg voorbij". Trouw (in Dutch). Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- van der Lem, Anton (1995). De Opstand in de Nederlanden (1555–1648) (in Dutch). Uitgeverij Kosmos / Leiden University. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- van der Lem, Naarden
- van der Lem, Spanish Fury Antwerp
- van der Lem, Borderlands after 1588. overview literature
- Piceu, Tim (2008). Over vrybuters en quaetdoenders. Terreur op het Vlaamse platteland (eind 16de eeuw). Leuven: Davidsfonds. p. 293. ISBN 9789058265357. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- Pipkin, Amanda C. (2009). ""They were not humans, but devils in human bodies": Depictions of Sexual Violence and Spanish Tyranny as a Means of Fostering Identity in the Dutch Republic". Journal of Early Modern History. doi:10.1163/138537809X12528970165109. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
- Pipkin, Amanda C., Rape in the Republic, 1609-1725: Formulating Dutch Identity (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2013, 271 pp., ISBN 978 90 0425 665 1).
- Pipkin, Amanda C., Dissenting Daughters: Reformed Women in the Dutch Republic, 1572-1725
- Verschure, Han (2004). Overleven buiten de Hollandse tuin. Raamsdonk, Waspik, 's Gravenmoer, Capelle, Sprang en Besoijen tijdens de Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Tilburg: Verschure. p. 499. ISBN 9090178732. Retrieved 7 January 2023.
Category:Eighty Years' War Category:History of women in Belgium Category:History of women in Luxembourg Eighty Years' War Category:Women in war in the Netherlands