Wikipedia:The Human Body Project
The Human Body Project aims at increasing the quality of the content related to human anatomy and physiology on English Wikipedia by integrating the content from the 'Anatomy and Physiology’ Openstax textbook.
Workflow[edit]
- The glossary of the textbook will be scraped using OpenRefine and exported in list format to create an index of anatomy and physiology terminology [similar example here]. From this index, the knowledge gaps in anatomy and physiology will be mapped using the redlinks.
- Content gaps on Wikipedia that can be bridged using resources from the textbook will be mapped.
- The identified content gaps will be bridged with the resources from the textbook.
- The textbook has lists of key terms and tables of anatomical structures and physiological processes. This content will be integrated to the existing lists related to medicine on English Wikipedia. New list articles will be created wherever a relevant list does not exist.
- The text from the textbook will be used to bridge the content gaps on anatomy and physiology articles on Wikipedia.
- Relevant images from the textbook will be used to illustrate Wikipedia articles.
The contents of the textbook will be integrated to Wikimedia projects according to the guidelines for adding open-licenced text to Wikipedia.
Glossary[edit]
The glossary of words built from the textbook can be found here.
Source text[edit]
The source of the contents will be mentioned as follows on Wikipedia articles included under the scope of this project:
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY 4.0. Text taken from Anatomy and Physiology, J. Gordon Betts et al, Openstax.
The category used for the pages including the contents of this project is [[Category: Free content from Openstax Anatomy and Physiology]]
The reference to the textbook can be done in this format: [1] Image category: Images from the textbook
Adding images[edit]
The images can be added in the following format: [[File:1809 Hormonal Regulation of Growth.jpg|thumb|500px|right|Flowchart showing hormonal regulation of growth]]
Organizational levels of human body: Chemical, cellular and tissue levels[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Overview of anatomy and physiology: Introduction | ||
| Structural organization of human body | ||
| Functions of human life | ||
| Requirements for human life | ||
| Homeostasis | - | - |
| Anatomical terminology | Anatomical terminology | Created new section: Body cavities (diff) |
| Medical imaging | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The chemical level of organization: Introduction | - | - |
| Elements and atoms: The building blocks of matter | - | - |
| Chemial bonds | - | - |
| Chemical reactions | - | - |
| Inorganic compounds essential to human functioning | Buffer solution | Added reference Diff |
| Organic compounds essential to human functioning | Phosphorylation | Added reference Diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The cellular level of organization: Introduction | - | - |
| The cell membrane | Amphiphile | Added reference, Diff |
| The cytoplasm and cell organelles | Cytoskeleton | image and description, diff |
| The nucleus and DNA replication | - | - |
| Protein synthesis | - | - |
| Cell growth and division | Cleavage furrow Cytokinesis |
added short description, diff New section about clinical significance, diff |
| Cellular differentiation | Cell potency | added reference, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The tissue level of organization: Introduction | - | - |
| Types of tissues | Mesoderm Endoderm Tissue membrane |
Added image, diff Added image, diff New article on tissue membrane, diff |
| Epithelial tissue | Cell junction | Added image in the infobox, diff |
| Connective tissue supports and protects | Connective tissue Tendinopathy |
Text and reference, diff short description, diff |
| Muscle tissue and motion | - | - |
| Nervous tissue mediates perception and response | - | - |
| Tissue injury and ageing | - | - |
Organ systems: The integumentary system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The integumentary system: Introduction | - | - |
| Layers of the skin | Stratum basale Stratum spinosum |
Added content to Clinical Significance, diff Added content, diff |
| Accessory structures of the skin | - | - |
| Functions of the integumentary system | - | - |
| Diseases, disorders and injuries of the integumentary system | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Bone tissue and the skeletal system: Introduction | - | - |
| The functions of the skeletal system | - | - |
| Bone classification | Bone | Content related to short bones, diff |
| Bone structure | Anatomical terms of bone | Added examples, diff |
| Bone formation and development | - | - |
| Fractures: Bone Repair | Bone fracture | Added image, diff |
| Exercise, nutrition, hormones and bone tissue | - | - |
| Calcium homeostasis: Interactions of the skeletal system and other organ systems | Calcium metabolism | Added image and caption, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Axial skeleton: Introduction | - | - |
| Divisions of the skeletal system | Axial skeleton | Functions of axial skeleton, diff |
| The skull | - | - |
| The vertebral column | Vertebral column | Function of curvatures of the vertebral column, diff |
| The thoracic cage | Rib cage | Information regarding manubrium sterni, diff |
| Embryonic development of the axial skeleton | Sternum | Reference for embryonic development, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The appendicular skeleton: Introduction | - | - |
| The pectoral girdle | Shoulder girdle | Added image and caption, Diff |
| Bones of the upper limb | Humerus fracture | Added an image showing types of major humerus fractures, Diff |
| The pelvic girdle and pelvis | Pelvis | Difference between female and male pelvis, Diff |
| Bones of the lower limb | Q angle | New article about Q angle, Diff |
| Development of the appendicular skeleton | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Joints: Introduction | Joint Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis |
Added content related to functional anatomy, Diff Added content related to function/feature, Diff Added content in the lead section, Diff |
| Classification of joints | Synarthrosis Amphiarthrosis Synovial joint Hinge joint Uniaxial joint Biaxial joint Multiaxial joint |
Added image and description, Diff Added content, Diff Axial movement, Diff Added reference, Diff Redirect to Hinge joint, Diff Created a new article, Diff Created a new article with text and images, Diff |
| Fibrous joints | Fibrous joint Suture (anatomy) Syndesmosis |
Cleanup of joint types, Diff and added info regarding Gomphosis, Diff Added reference, Diff, and added image and caption in the infobox, Diff Created new article from a redirect Syndesmosis and added image, Diff |
| Cartilaginous joints | Cartilaginous joint | Information regarding symphyses, Diff |
| Synovial joints | Synovial bursa Tendon sheath Plane joint |
Classification of bursa, Diff Added content related to function, Diff Added info related to functional classification, Diff |
| Types of body movements | - | - |
| Anatomy of selected synovial joints | Ankle Deltoid ligament |
Added an image of ankle joint ligaments. Diff Function of deltoid ligament, Diff |
| Development of joints | Development of joints | Created a new article on development of joints, Diff |
Organ systems: The muscular system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Muscle tissue: Introduction | - | - |
| Overview of muscle tissues | - | - |
| Skeletal muscle | Epimysium T-tubule |
added information about its function, diff, added short description, diff Added short description, diff |
| Muscle fibre contraction and relaxation | Creatine phosphate shuttle Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption Utrophin |
improved short description, added image, diff added citation, diff added information about Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, diff |
| Nervous system control of muscle tension | Motor unit Recruitment (disambiguation) Motor unit recruitment Sarcomere Tetanic contraction Bowditch effect Muscle tone Hypotonia |
added information regarding recruitment, diff added a disambiguation term, diff added reference, diff redirect to the length-tension curve, diff Added image and caption, diff Added short description, diff added reference, diff added short description, diff |
| Types of muscle fibres | Skeletal muscle | information regarding types of muscles, diff |
| Exercise and muscle performance | Sarcopenia | added content about exercise, diff, added image, diff, added short description, diff |
| Cardiac muscle tissue | Intercalated disc | content about function, diff, added image and caption, diff |
| Smooth muscle | Calmodulin | added short description, diff |
| Development and regeneration of muscle tissue | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The Muscular system: Introduction | - | - |
| Interactions of skeletal muscles, their fascicle arragement and their lever systems | - | - |
| Naming skeletal muscles | - | - |
| Axial muscles of the head, neck and back | Facial muscles Muscles of mastication |
Table showing facial muscles, diff Added table showing muscles of mastication, diff |
| Axial muscles of the abdominal wall and thorax | Abdominal muscles | New article from a redirect, diff |
| Muscles of the pectoral girdle and upper limbs | Shoulder girdle | New section heading, diff |
| Appendicular muscles of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs | Example | Example |
Organ systems: The nervous system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The nervous system and nervous tissue: Introduction | - | - |
| Basic structure and function of the nervous system | - | - |
| Nervous tissue | Neuron | Content and reference related to types of neurons, diff |
| The function of nervous tissue | Precentral gyrus Thermoreceptor |
Text and reference, diff Image and caption, diff |
| The action potential | Ion channel | Added reference, diff |
| Communication between neurons | Graded potential Summation (neurophysiology) Biogenic amine |
Added reference, diff Added reference for temporal summation, diff Added text and reference, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Anatomy of the nervous system: Introduction | - | - |
| The Embryologic perspective | Neural tube | Image showing stages of development of brain vesicles, diff and text about neural tube, diff |
| The central nervous system | Lateralization of brain function | Added content related to the myth of "right brain" and "left brain", diff |
| Circulation and the central nervous system | Ventricular system | Added reference to parts of ventricular system, diff |
| The peripheral nervous system | Nerve plexus | Added short description and reference in the lead, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The somatic nervous system: Introduction | Somatic nervous system | Added reference to the function, diff |
| Sensory perception | Inner ear Capsaicin |
Image showing frequency coding, diff Analgesic properties, diff |
| Central processing | Prism adaptation | Added image, diff |
| Motor responses | Extrapyramidal system | Added short description, text related to the function of the tracts and reference, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The autonomic nervous system: Introduction | - | - |
| Divisions of the autonomic nervous system | White ramus communicans Gray ramus communicans |
Added reference, diff Added reference, diff |
| Autonomic reflexes and homeostasis | Kehr's sign Splenic injury |
Added short description and reference, diff Added reference, diff |
| Central control | Example | Example |
| Drugs that affect the autonomic system | Example | Example |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The neurological exam: Introduction | Neurological examination | added information on who performs neurological exam diff |
| Overview of the neurological exam | - | - |
| The mental status exam | Korbinian Brodmann Brodmann area Association cortex Gnosis (disambiguation) |
content about the present state of his work, diff content to the lead section, diff new article on association cortex from a redirect, diff added the neurological definition, diff |
| The cranial nerve exam | Cranial nerve examination Rinne test Weber test Jaw jerk reflex Gaze (physiology) |
linked Snellen chart, diff reference for the lead section of Rinne test, diff added reference to the lead section, diff New section with existing text, diff Added information regarding nerves and muscles, diff |
| The sensory and motor exams | Pronator drift | added short description, diff |
| The coordination and gait exams | - | - |
Organ systems: The endocrine system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The endocrine system: Introduction | - | - |
| An overview of the endocrine system | Paracrine signalling | Added text related to an example, diff |
| Hormones | Amine Steroid hormone Peptide hormone |
Text about amine hormones, diff Image showing mechanism of action, diff Image showing mechanism of action, diff |
| Pituitary gland and hypothalamus | Growth hormone | Added flowchart, diff |
| The thyroid gland | - | - |
| The parathyroid glands | - | - |
| The adrenal glands | - | - |
| The pineal gland | - | - |
| Gonadal and placental hormones | - | - |
| The endocrine pancreas | - | - |
| Organs with secondary endocrine functions | List of human endocrine organs and actions | Added adiponectin, diff |
| Development and ageing of the endocrine system | Development of the endocrine system | Content in the lead section, diff |
Organ systems: The cardiovascular system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The cardiovascular system: Blood: Introduction | - | - |
| An overview of blood | Phlebotomy | Added reference, diff |
| Production of the formed elements | Hemopoietic growth factor | Added text and references, diff |
| Erythrocytes | - | - |
| Leukocytes and platelets | - | - |
| Hemostasis | Clotting factors | New page from redirect, diff |
| Blood typing | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The cardiovascular system: Heart: Introduction | - | - |
| Heart: Anatomy | - | - |
| Cardiac muscle and electrical activity | - | - |
| Cardiac cycle | - | - |
| Cardiac physiology | Takotsubo cardiomyopathy | Other name and reference, diff |
| Development of the heart | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Cardiovascular system: Blood vessels and circulation: Introduction | - | - |
| Structure and function of blood vessels | Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica externa |
Text about function, diff Text about external elastic lamina, diff Text about artery vs vein differences, diff |
| Blood flow, blood pressure and resistance | Mean arterial pressure Skeletal muscle pump Respiratory pump |
Added image, diff Added short description, diff New article from a redirect, diff |
| Capillary exchange | - | - |
| Homeostatic regulation of the vascular system | Baroreflex | Added image, diff |
| Circulatory pathways | Artery | Added image, diff |
| Development of blood vessels and fetal circulation | Fetal shunt | Redirect to fetal circulation, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The lymphatic and immnue system: Introduction | - | - |
| Anatomy of the lymphatic and immune systems | Lymph capillary | Added a new section for clinical significance, diff |
| Barrier defenses and the innate immune response | - | - |
| The adaptive immune response: T lymphocytes and Their Functional Types | - | - |
| The Adaptive Immune Response: B-lymphocytes and Antibodies | - | - |
| The immune response against pathogens | Mucosal immunology | Added image, diff |
| Diseases Associated with Depressed or Overactive Immune Responses | Type I hypersensitivity | Added image and caption, diff |
| Transplatation and cancer immunology | Psychoneuroimmunology | Added reference, diff |
Organ systems: The respiratory system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The respiratory system: Introduction | - | - |
| Organs and structures of the respiratory system | Pathophysiology of asthma | Added image and caption, diff |
| The lungs | - | - |
| The process of breathing | Intrapleural pressure Alveolar pressure |
Added image and caption, diff Added image and caption, diff |
| Gas exchange | Hyperbaric medicine | Added reference, diff |
| Transport of gases | Fetal hemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin |
Added image, diff Added reference, diff |
| Modifications in respiratory functions | Hyperpnea | Content about physiology, diff |
| Embryonic development of the respiratory system | Development of the respiratory system | New article, diff |
Organ systems: The digestive system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Digestive system: Introduction | - | - |
| Overview of the digestive system | - | - |
| Digestive system: Processes and regulation | - | - |
| The mouth, pharynx and esophagus | - | - |
| Stomach | Stomach | Added content related to mechanical and chemical digestion, diff |
| The small and large intestines | Gastrointestinal wall | Table containing intestinal cells, diff |
| Accessory Organs in Digestion: The Liver, Pancreas, and Gallbladder | - | - |
| Chemical digestion and absorption: A closer look | Lipid metabolism | Added image, diff |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Metabolism and nutrition: Introduction | - | - |
| Overview of metabolic reactions | Catabolism | Added table containing catabolic hormones, diff |
| Carbohydrate metabolism | - | - |
| Lipid metabolism | - | - |
| Protein metabolism | - | - |
| Metabolic states of the body | - | - |
| Energy and heat balance | - | - |
| Nutrition and diet | - | - |
Organ systems: The urinary system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The urinary system: Introduction | - | - |
| Physical characteristics of urine | Urinalysis | Added image, diff |
| Gross anatomy of urine transport | - | - |
| Gross anatomy of the kidney | - | - |
| Microscopic anatomy of the kidney | - | - |
| Physiology of urine formation | Filtration coefficient | Added image, diff |
| Tubular reabsorption | Reabsorption | Added image, diff |
| Regulation of renal blood flow | Myogenic mechanism | Added reference, diff |
| Endocrine regulation of kidney function | - | - |
| Regulation of fluid volume and composition | - | - |
| The urinary system and homeostasis | - | - |
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Introduction | - | - |
| Body fluids and fluid compartments | Hydrostatics | Added text and reference, diff |
| Water balance | - | - |
| Electrolyte balance | - | - |
| Acid-base balance | - | - |
| Disorders of acid-base balance | - | - |
Organ systems: The reproductive system[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| The reproductive system: Introduction | - | - |
| Anatomy and physiology of the male reproductive system | - | - |
| Anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system | - | - |
| Development of the male and female reproductive systems | - | - |
Development and inheritance[edit]
| Chapter | Wikipedia article | References and notes |
|---|---|---|
| Development and inheritance: Introduction | - | - |
| Fertilization | - | - |
| Embryonic development | - | - |
| Fetal development | - | - |
| Maternal changes during pregnancy, labor and childbirth | - | - |
| Adjustments of the infant at birth and postnatal stages | - | - |
| Lactation | Lactation | Added image, diff |
| Patterns of inheritance | - | - |
References[edit]
- ^
This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 4.0 license. Betts, J Gordon; Desaix, Peter; Johnson, Eddie; Johnson, Jody E; Korol, Oksana; Kruse, Dean; Poe, Brandon; Wise, James; Womble, Mark D; Young, Kelly A (June 8, 2023). Anatomy & Physiology. Houston: OpenStax CNX. 9.0 Joints: Introduction. ISBN 978-1-947172-04-3.
