Wildlife of Finland
Wildlife of Finland is affected by prevailing environmental conditions. Phytogeographically, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the Circumboreal Region within the Boreal Kingdom. The territory of Finland can be subdivided into three ecoregions: the Scandinavian and Russian taiga, Sarmatic mixed forests, and Scandinavian Montane Birch forest and grasslands. Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki-Rauma line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the tree line and Arctic Ocean, Montane Birch forests are common.
Habitat types
The habitat types of Finland have been divided in eight groups by prevailing environmental conditions, and by the plant and animal species typical of such areas. The groups consist of habitat types of the Baltic Sea, its coast, inland waters and shores, mires, forests, rocky habitats, traditional rural biotopes and fell habitats.[1]
Species
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The number of species living in Finland has been estimated to be at least 45 000. At the moment, known fauna consists of 27 000 species, flora of 4500 species and fungi 7500 species. The largest group is insects, over 20 000 known species and estimated total 30 000 known species.[2] The following estimates of numbers of species in different groups are primarily based on the 2010 Red List of Finnish Species.[3]
Birds
In all 468 species of birds have been observed. Of these 256 are nesting species.[2] The most common breeding birds are the willow warbler, common chaffinch, and redwing.[4] The Whooper swan is Finland’s national bird.[5]
Mammals
A total of 80 species of mammals have been observed in Finland.[2] The Saimaa ringed seal Pusa hispida saimensis is an endemic subspecies restricted to Lake Saimaa.[6]
In 2015 assessment of endangered Finnish bird and mammal species, mammal species classified as threatened included the Natterer's bat Myotis nattereri (endangered), the Nathusius’ pipistrelle Pipistrellus nathusi (Vulnerable), the arctic fox Vulpes lagopus (Critically endangered), the Gray wolf Canis lupus (endangered), the wolverine Gulo gulo (endangered), the European polecat Mustela putorius (Vulnerable) and the Saimaa ringed seal Pusa hispida saimensis (endangered).[7]
Insects
Over 20000 species of insects have been identified in Finland. These include[2]
- Bristletails (Thysanura): 6
- Leapers (Orthoptera): 32
- Earwigs (Dermaptera): 3
- Cockroaches (Blattodea): 4
- True bugs (Hemiptera): 1542
- Net-winged insects (Neuroptera): 57
- Dobsonflies and fishflies (Megaloptera): 5
- Snakeflies (Raphidioptera): 3
- Scorpionflies (Mecoptera): 6
- Booklice (Psocoptera): 71
- Thrips (Thysanoptera): 151
- Caddisflies (Trichoptera): 218
- Butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera): 2559
- Flies and mosquitoes (Diptera): 6400
- Twisted-winged parasites (Strepsiptera): 5
- Fleas (Siphonaptera): 54
- Ants, bees and wasps (Hymenoptera): 7100
- Beetles (Coleoptera): 3697
Insects unique to Finland include a leafroller moth Exapate bicuspidella, a grass-miner moth Elachista saarelai, a braconid wasp Phaenocarpa ungulosetosa, an ichneumon wasp Fennomacrus koponeni, and a chalcidoid wasp Anaphes crassipennis.[6]
Other animals
- Reptiles (Reptilia): 5
- Fishes (Pisces s.l.): 102
- Amphibians (Amphibia): 7
- Annelids (Annelida): 179
- Molluscs (Mollusca): 165
- Arachnids (Arachnida): 2200
- Crustaceans (Crustacea): 350
- Myriapods (Myriapoda): 63
Plants
Total of 3550 species of vascular plants, 892 bryophytes and 1832 lichens have been identified in Finland.[2]
The only endemic vascular plants in Finland are microspecies of dandelions and hawkweeds.[6]
Fungi
At the moment 5584 species of Fungi and Myxomycetes (Protista) have been identified in Finland.[2] Roughly 200 species are edible, and people commonly pick around 10 species which are relatively easy to find and identify. It has been estimated that around 40% of people in Finland pick wild mushrooms multiple times a year.[8]
Finland’s most important commercial varieties of forest mushrooms are cep (Boletus edulis) and northern milkcap (Lactarius trivialis).[9]
Fungi are further classified to
- Agaricoid & Boletoid fungi: 1 821 species
- Aphyllophorales & Heterobasidiomycetes: 950
- Gasteromycetoid fungi: 79
- Pucciniomycetes, Ustilaginomycotina: 407
- Ascomycota: 2 106
- Myxomycetes: 204
Protected areas
Nature reserves, wilderness areas and hiking areas established on state-owned lands are the central parts of the protected area system in Finland. Almost all of these are included in the European Union’s network of Natura 2000 areas.[10] In 2012 Finland had 1,865 Natura 2000 areas, the combined area of which measures 49,000 km2 or 15% of Finland’s territory.[11]
References
- ^ "Natural habitats". Joint website of Finland's environmental administration. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ a b c d e f "Fauna, flora and fungi of Finland". Finnish Barcode of Life. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ Rassi, P., Hyvärinen, E., Juslén, A. & Mannerkoski, I. (eds.): Suomen lajien uhanalaisuus – Punainen kirja 2010. . Ympäristöministeriö & Suomen ympäristökeskus, 2010. ISBN 978-952-11-3806-5. PDF
- ^ "BirdLife Finland". BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12). Retrieved 1 May 2016.
- ^ "Whooper Swan". LuontoPortti. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ a b c "Finland". In Treasures. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "The 2015 Red Lists of Finnish bird and mammal species". Website of Finnish environmental authorities. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "Fun with Fungi: Hunting Mushrooms in Finland's Forests". Wall Street Journal. 2007. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "Northern milkcap". Arctic Flavours. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "State-owned Protected Areas in Finland". Website of Finland's forest administration. Retrieved 2016-05-01.
- ^ "Natura 2000 Areas: Established to Protect Biotopes and Species". Website of Finland's forest administration. Retrieved 2016-05-01.