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Wyndham Robertson

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Wyndham Robertson
Portrait of Wyndham Robertson ca. 1880 by L.M.D. Guillaume
Acting Governor of Virginia
In office
1836–1837
Preceded byLittleton Waller Tazewell
as Governor
Succeeded byDavid Campbell
as Governor
Virginia House of Delegates
In office
1838–1841
ConstituencyRichmond, Virginia
Virginia House of Delegates
In office
1859–1865
ConstituencyRichmond, Virginia
Personal details
Born(1803-01-26)January 26, 1803
near Manchester, Chesterfield County, Virginia
DiedFebruary 11, 1888(1888-02-11) (aged 85)
Abingdon, Virginia
Political partyWhig
SpouseMary Trigg Smith
ResidenceRichmond, Virginia
Abingdon, Virginia

Wyndham Robertson (January 26, 1803 – February 11, 1888) was the Acting Governor of the U.S. state of Virginia from 1836 to 1837. He also served twice in the Virginia House of Delegates, the second time during the American Civil War.

Robertson was a Whig, and was an advocate for Union during the secession crisis that precipitated the Civil War. However, after Lincoln's call for troops, he advocated secession. After the war, he was a member of the Committee of Nine that helped usher Virginia back into the Union. Robertson, a descendant of Pocahontas, published a book near the end of his life in her defense, and tracing her ancestry and descendants.

Biography

Early life and family

Robertson was born near Manchester, in Chesterfield County, Virginia, the son of William Robertson and Elizabeth Bolling, a descendant of Pocahontas and John Rolfe.[1] His father was a member of the Virginia Council of State.[2] Robertson attended private schools in Richmond and graduated from The College of William and Mary in 1821.[2][3] He then married Mary Trigg Smith, daughter of Captain Francis Smith.[3] Robertson's brothers were Thomas B. Robertson, a Governor of Louisiana, and John Robertson, a U.S. Congressman. Robertson studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1824.[2][3] In 1827, he made a short trip to Paris and London, and in 1830 he was made Councillor of State.[4]

Career

Robertson was re-elected to the Council of State in 1833, and on March 31, 1836, he became the senior member of this body, and therefore Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia.[3] When Governor Littleton Waller Tazewell resigned that same day, Robertson became Governor.[3][5] Since the Virginia Legislature, which elected the Governor, was Democratic, and he, being a Whig, was not, Robertson was not elected when his term was up in 1837, and he was replaced by David Campbell.[3] Robertson was then elected to the Virginia House of Delegates for the 1838 session.[6] He was re-elected for three successive sessions, ending his service in 1841.[7]

He moved to his wife's home south of Abingdon, in southwest Virginia in 1841.[3][8] He was made a Justice of Washington County on July 25, 1842,[9] and was appointed a trustee of Abingdon Academy in 1843.[10] In 1850, he leased the King Saltworks for five years.[11] In 1858, he returned to Richmond.[3] In 1859, he was elected to the Virginia House of Delegates for the 1859-1861 session.[12] When Virginia was struggling with the idea of seceding from the United States, Robertson was a staunch Unionist and tried to prevent its secession.[2][3] He later wrote of himself as a "friend to peace and the Union" and that he had actively opposed South Carolina's call for a Southern Convention in 1859.[5] In fact, he was present at the Henry Clay banquet in April 1860, at which former President John Tyler was present, and Robertson was called on to give "The Union" toast, which he did, followed by a short speech. He then proposed the following toast:

"The Constitutional Union of the States" - The Union of the States is the harmony of the spheres. While obedient to the laws of their creation, they sing ever as they go 'glad tidings of great joy' to all the world. Rebelling against them, light and joy are swallowed up in darkness, and order falls back into primordial chaos.[13]

After South Carolina and several other states started seceding in the winter of 1860-61, he still advocated that Virginia not follow suit.[2][5] On January 7, 1861, he presented a resolution known as the Anti-Coercion Resolution, which rejected secession, but stated that if the Federal government used coercion toward the seceded states, Virginia would fight, which was duly adopted.[2][14] However, when President Abraham Lincoln made his call for troops on April 15, 1861, he was "from that time forth zealously active in all measures for the defence of his State."[3] The call for troops was precisely the scenario detailed in their Anti-Coercion Resolution and Virginia seceded.

"And now, after twenty years' experience of yet unripened results, I have no regrets, nor repent a single act of my State, or myself, in these unhappy affairs - welcoming the end of slavery, but still believing it would have been reached without the horrors of war."
Wyndham Robertson[15]

Robertson was re-elected to the House of Delegates for the next two sessions, ending in 1865.[16] In 1863, he opposed and helped to defeat a bill to fix the prices of food, which he believed was "fraught with the direst mischief".[15] When a committee of citizens presented a resolution asking their representatives to support a similar bill or resign, Robertson refused. When he found that his colleagues had already acquiesced, he resigned so as not to misrepresent his constituents. The House, however, requested that his resignation be withdrawn until the wishes of his constituents could be determined. A formal poll was held and it was determined that a majority did not support the bill and Robertson retained his seat.[15]

After the war, he moved back to Abingdon. During Reconstruction, Robertson was a member of the Committee of Nine, led by Alexander H. H. Stuart, that sought Virginia's readmission to the Union.[17] At issue was the new state constitution, which included disenfranchisement of many white males. The committee successfully negotiated with the Federal government to have that clause voted on separately, so that Virginians would accept and ratify the new constitution and so rejoin the Union. He died on February 11, 1888, and was buried at Cobbs, Chesterfield County.[3]

Legacy and writings

Title page, Pocahontas, alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants through Her Marriage at Jamestown, Virginia, in April, 1614, with John Rolfe, Gentleman, written by Robertson and published at Richmond, 1887

Robertson was an early donor to Emory and Henry College, which later endowed the Robertson prize medal for "encouraging oratory".[18]

After the American Civil War, Northern writers began questioning the validity of the rescue story of Captain John Smith and Pocahontas, attacking the accounts of the historical role played by both, as well as that of her husband John Rolfe.[19] The movement was led by Henry Adams, a descendant of John Adams whose rival was John Randolph of Roanoke, a descendant of Pocahontas.[19] Several Virginians replied, one of whom was Robertson. "Northern attacks disturbed him so much that he prepared a detailed study" and wrote Pocahontas alias Matoaka and Her Descendants through Her Marriage with John Rolfe.[20] He traced her descendants, who included the Bollings, Branches, Lewises, Randolphs, and Pages, as well as his own family. His thesis was that because her descendants were notable, so was she. "History, poetry, and art," wrote Robertson, "have vied with one another in investing her name from that day to the present with a halo of surpassing brightness."[20]

The Wyndham Robertson Library at Hollins University is dedicated to Robertson.

Notes

  1. ^ Robertson, Pocahontas and Her Descendants, 40-41
  2. ^ a b c d e f Smith, 344-345
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Summers, History of Southwest Virginia, 766
  4. ^ Robertson, Pocahontas and her Descendants, 81
  5. ^ a b c Robertson, Pocahontas and her Descendants, 82
  6. ^ Leonard, The General Assembly of Virginia, 386.
  7. ^ Leonard, The General Assembly of Virginia, 390, 394, 398.
  8. ^ Year of moving is in Robertson, Pocahontas and her Descendants, 82
  9. ^ Summers, History of Southwest Virginia, 828
  10. ^ Summers, History of Southwest Virginia, 883
  11. ^ Summers, History of Southwest Virginia, 586
  12. ^ Leonard, The General Assembly of Virginia, 471.
  13. ^ Tyler, The Letters and Times of the Tylers, 464
  14. ^ Robertson, Pocahontas and her Descendants, 82-83
  15. ^ a b c Robertson, Pocahontas and her Descendants, 83
  16. ^ Leonard, The General Assembly of Virginia, 480, 485.
  17. ^ Brenaman, 78
  18. ^ Summers, History of Southwest Virginia, 578
  19. ^ a b Birchfield, Stan. "Did Pocahontas Save Captain John Smith?". Retrieved 2006-09-09.
  20. ^ a b Fishwick, Marshall. "Was John Smith a Liar?". AmericanHeritage.com. Archived from the original on 2006-06-24. Retrieved 2006-09-09.

References

  • Brenaman, Jacob Neff (1902). A History of Virginia Conventions. Richmond, Virginia: J.L. Hill Printing Company.
  • Leonard, Cynthia Miller, comp. (1978). The General Assembly of Virginia, July 30, 1619 - January 11, 1978. Richmond, Virginia: Virginia State Library.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Robertson, Wyndham (1986). Pocahontas, alias Matoaka, and Her Descendants through Her Marriage with John Rolfe. Baltimore, Maryland: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc.
  • Smith, Margaret Vowell (1893). Virginia 1492-1892:A History of the Executives. Washington, D.C.: W.H. Lowdermilk & Co.
  • Summers, Lewis Preston (1971). History of Southwest Virginia 1746-1786, Washington County 1777-1870. Baltimore, Maryland: Regional Publishing Company.
  • Tyler, Lyon Gardiner (1884). The Letters and Times of the Tylers. Richmond, Virginia: Whittet & Shepperson.
Political offices
Preceded by Acting Governor of Virginia
1836–1837 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Virginia House of Delegates
1838–1841 		Succeeded by

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