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Emily Balskus

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Emily Balskus
Born1980 (age 43–44)
CitizenshipUnited States
Alma materWilliams College, Harvard University
Scientific career
FieldsChemical Biology, Enzymology, Microbiology, Biochemistry
InstitutionsHarvard University
Websitehttps://www.microbialchemist.com/

Emily P. Balskus is an American chemical biologist, enzymologist, microbiologist, and biochemist born in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1980. She has been on the faculty of the Chemistry and Chemical Biology department of Harvard University since 2011 and is currently the Morris Kahn Professor. She has published more than 80 peer-reviewed papers and three book chapters. Since 2012 she has been invited to give over 170 lectures, has held positions on various editorial boards, and served as a reviewer for ACS and Nature journals among others. Balskus also currently serves as a consultant for Novartis, Kintai Therapeutics, and Merck & Co.

Early life and education

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Balskus was already interested in a potential career in science in elementary school where she conducted a science fair experiment on dilution and conservation of matter.[1] Later in high school she was introduced to chemistry and was "captivated by the excitement of manipulating molecules in lab." Later in her scientific career this evolved into her fascination of how molecules are made in living organisms. In an interview for the Blavatnik Awards for Young Scientists, Balskus reflects that she was likely inspired to go into science because all of her science teachers were women.[2]

Balskus received a B.A. with highest honor in chemistry, summa cum laude, in 2002 from Williams College,[3][4] where she published her first paper on the synthesis of (-)-hennoxazole A in the lab of professor Thomas E. Smith.[5] She then went on to the University of Cambridge as a Churchill Scholar where she earned a M.Phil. in chemistry in the lab of Steven V. Ley.[3][4] Balskus received her Ph.D. with organic chemist, Eric Jacobsen, at Harvard in 2008. There she proposed the novel idea of using an asymmetric catalyst to control chemical bond formation across large, cyclic molecules to form the favored stereoisomer.[6] She then made the switch from organic chemistry to chemical biology as she pursued a postdoctoral fellowship from 2008 through 2011 at Harvard Medical School with natural products researcher Christopher Walsh. Together they collaborated on the biosynthesis of scytonemin, a "microbial sunscreen" used to protect microorganisms from harmful UV light.[4] In 2009 she became a member of the Microbial Diversity Summer Course at the Marine Biology Lab at Woods Hole and received training in microbial ecology and environmental microbiology.[7]

Research

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The Balskus lab's research is centered around the human microbiome, which is the trillions of commensal, symbiotic, and pathogenic microorganisms that live in and on us. These microorganisms include bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Because of the abundance of genes in the human microbiome (200 times the amount in the human genome) many enzymes and/or their mechanisms have not been characterized.[8] Two of Balskus' aims is therefore to elucidate the mechanisms by which these microbial enzymes perform chemistry and to identify the specific microbes, genes, and enzymes responsible for key metabolic activities. A third aim is to develop biocompatible methods to control, manipulate, and study microbial chemistry in situ.[9]

Bioinformatics is heavily applied in the Balskus lab in order to study the extensive amount of genes of the human microbiome. Bioinformatics is the "science of storing, retrieving and analysing large amounts of biological information."[10] Examples of bioinformatic analyses utilized in the Balskus lab are; phylogenetics, sequence alignments, homology modeling, and DNA annotation. A key accomplishment of the Balskus lab was the elucidation of the enzyme responsible for the already known conversion of choline to trimethylamine, choline trimethylamine-lyase. They identified the gene cluster required for the cleavage of the C-N bond of choline and hypothesized that it coded for a glycyl radical enzyme (GRE), a class of enzymes not previously reported to perform that type of chemistry. Sequence alignments of the gene cluster and previously functionally characterized glycyl radical enzymes as well as homology models of the suspected enzyme revealed the presence of conserved key glycine and cysteine residues in the active site, supporting the hypothesis that the enzyme is a member of the GRE family of enzymes. This research is important because choline metabolism has possible links to fish malodor syndrome, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease.[11]

Another key publication, A prominent glycyl radical enzyme in human gut microbiomes metabolizes trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline[12] outlines an important research approach utilized by Balskus and her team; chemically-guided functional profiling. First an enzyme family of interest is identified (in this case, the GRE family) and the amino acid sequences of all the members are compared. With the knowledge of the structures and functions of already characterized members of the enzyme family and the amino acid residues responsible, a sequence similarity network (SSN) is constructed to group together sequences of enzymes in clusters that share biological function. The SSN is used to interpret data generated by Short-BRED, a quantitative metagenomic analysis tool which uses the amino acid sequences of the enzyme family as input. Short-BRED identifies the unique sequence markers of each group of similar members and sequentially determines their abundance in the human microbiome. This tool can be used to identify uncharacterized members and prioritize their study based on their abundance.

Biocompatible chemistry is another integral strategy in the Balskus lab. These transformations are defined as "non-enzymatic chemical reactions that interact with the metabolism of living organisms in a way that alters biological function."[13] They have been able to develop biocompatible cyclopropanation and hydrogenation reactions to alter the reactivity of microbes by using non-enzymatic catalysts, iron(III) phthalocyanine and palladium, respectively.[14][15] Another application of this approach used by Balskus is to rescue the activity of auxotrophic microbes with the use of transition metal-catalyzed reactions. This approach produces the essential nutrients that are needed for the growth and survival of the microbes by a non-native route.[13] They were able to rescue an auxotroph lacking the ability to produce p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), a precursor to folic acid by using a ruthenium catalyst.[16] The success of these aforementioned approaches suggests that microbial growth and activity can be controlled and utilized for various chemical production applications.[13]

A recent achievement (2019) of the Balskus lab was elucidating the mechanism by which the genotoxin, colibactin, damages DNA. They found that a cyclopropane "warhead" breaks the DNA strands through an alkylation reaction.[17] Other areas of research investigated by the Balkus lab is microbe drug metabolism. In an interview with The Scientist magazine, Balskus pointed out that many drugs such as digoxin[6] and byproducts of human metabolism can be degraded by gut bacteria, leading to lowered effects of these molecules than would be expected. Overall, the work done by the Balskus lab presents the foundational strategies needed to investigate the human microbiome and to understand how it affects our health. Their hope is to influence the development of therapeutic strategies that work not on the human host, but on their microbiome instead.[18]

Volunteering

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Balskus was a co-organizer of the 2019 Keystone Symposia[19] on chemical and biological considerations of the gut microbiota. The major charge of this conference was to "...adopt other disciplines" such as xenobiology, ecology, and interspecies communication[20] to improve the field of microbiome research.

Awards and honors

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References

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  1. ^ a b Ehrenberg, Rachel (2018-09-28). "Emily Balskus uses chemical logic to study the microbiome". Science News. Retrieved 2018-10-29.
  2. ^ Emily Balskus, 2019 Blavatnik National Laureate in Chemistry.
  3. ^ a b c "Arthur C. Cope Scholar Awards: Emily P. Balskus | January 15, 2018 Issue - Vol. 96 Issue 3 | Chemical & Engineering News". cen.acs.org. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  4. ^ a b c "Balskus Lab - People - Emily". Balskus Lab Website. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  5. ^ Smith, Thomas E.; Kuo, Wen-Hsin; Bock, Victoria D.; Roizen, Jennifer L.; Balskus, Emily P.; Theberge, Ashleigh B. (2007-03-15). "Total synthesis of (-)-hennoxazole A". Organic Letters. 9 (6): 1153–1155. doi:10.1021/ol070244p. ISSN 1523-7060. PMID 17316014.
  6. ^ a b "Emily Balskus Pins Down the Chemistry and Metabolism of Human Microbiomes". The Scientist Magazine®. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  7. ^ Emily https://www.microbialchemist.com/people/emily
  8. ^ Marilyn Hair & Jon Sharpe. The Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, University of Washington, 1/2014.
  9. ^ Emily Balskus, 2019 Blavatnik National Laureate in Chemistry. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c_qFNuVJw8Q&feature=emb_logo
  10. ^ What is bioinformatics? https://www.ebi.ac.uk/training/online/course/bioinformatics-terrified/what-bioinformatics-0
  11. ^ Craciun, Smaranda; Balskus, Emily P. "Microbial Conversion of Choline to Trimethylamine Requires a Glycyl Radical Enzyme." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 2012, 109, 21307–21312. doi:10.1073/pnas.1215689109
  12. ^ Levin, Benjamin J.*; Huang, Yolanda Y.*; Peck, Spencer C.; Wei, Yifeng; Martinez-del Campo, Ana; Marks, Jonathan A.; Franzosa, Eric A.; Huttenhower, Curtis; Balskus, Emily P. "A Prominent Glycyl Radical Enzyme in Human Gut Microbiomes Metabolizes trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline." Science 2017, 355, aai8386. doi:10.1126/science.aai8386
  13. ^ a b c Manipulating Microbes With Biocompatible Chemistry https://www.microbialchemist.com/biocompatible-chemistry
  14. ^ Wallace, Stephen; Balskus, Emily P. "Interfacing Microbial Styrene Production with a Biocompatible Cyclopropanation Reaction." Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7106–7109. doi:10.1002/anie.201502185
  15. ^ Sirasani, Gopal; Tong, Liuchuan; Balskus, Emily P. "A Biocompatible Alkene Hydrogenation Merges Organic Synthesis with Microbial Metabolism." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2014, 53, 7785–7786. Chosen as a Research Highlight in Nature 2014, 510, 447. doi:10.1002/anie.201403148
  16. ^ Lee, Yunmi; Umeano, Afoma; Balskus, Emily P. "Rescuing Auxotrophic Microorganisms with Nonenzymatic Chemistry." Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2013, 53, 11800–11803. Selected as a Very Important Paper (VIP). doi:10.1002/anie.201307033
  17. ^ Wilson, Matthew R.*; Jiang, Yindi*; Villalta, Peter W.; Stornetta, Alessia; Boudreau, Paul D.; Carrá, Andrea; Brennan, Caitlin A.; Chun, Eunyoung; Ngo, Lizzie; Samson, Leona D.; Engelward, Bevin P.; Garrett, Wendy S.; Balbo, Silvia; Balskus, Emily P. "The human gut bacterial genotoxin colibactin alkylates DNA" Science 2019, 363, eaar7785. doi:10.1126/science.aar7785
  18. ^ Understanding the Human Microbiome https://www.microbialchemist.com/microbiome
  19. ^ Balskus, Emily P.; Turnbaugh, Peter J.; Wolan, Dennis W. (2018-07-24). "Announcement of 2019 Keystone Symposia Conference: "Microbiome: Chemical Mechanisms and Biological Consequences"". mSystems. 3 (4). doi:10.1128/mSystems.00115-18. ISSN 2379-5077. PMC 6060284. PMID 30057942.
  20. ^ Kenny, Douglas J.; Balskus, Emily P. (2018). "Engineering chemical interactions in microbial communities". Chemical Society Reviews. 47 (5): 1705–1729. doi:10.1039/C7CS00664K. ISSN 0306-0012. PMID 29210396.
  21. ^ "National Science Foundation Alan T. Waterman Award".
  22. ^ "Emily Balskus wins Blavatnik Award for Young Scientists". c&en. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  23. ^ "Metals in Biology: Discovery, Dissection, Exploitation and Mimicry of Nature's Inorganic Chemistry to Secure the Future". Gordon Research Conferences. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  24. ^ "The 12th Hirata Award". Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules Nagoya University. Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  25. ^ "The Talented 12: Emily Balskus The Microbiome Code Breaker". c&en. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  26. ^ "Cottrell Scholar Awards - 2015". Research Corporation for Science Advancement. Archived from the original on 19 October 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2018.
  27. ^ "Award Abstract #1454007". National Science Foundation. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  28. ^ "C&EN's Talented 12". Talented 12. 2015-05-20. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
  29. ^ Bourzac, Katherine. "MIT Technology Review". Technology Review. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  30. ^ "Natural Product Reports Emerging Investigator Lectureship winners". Royal Society of Chemistry. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  31. ^ "Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowships 2014" (PDF). Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  32. ^ "Previous Winners". Thieme Chemistry. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  33. ^ "New Discoveries and Honors in Cancer Research". Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  34. ^ "Founding Sources - Balskus Lab". Microbial Chemist.
  35. ^ "NIH Director's New Innovator Award Recipients". National Institutes of Health. 18 September 2018. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
  36. ^ "Scholar Profile Emily P. Balskus". Searle Scholars Program. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2023.
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