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{{for|the journal|Injury Prevention (journal)}}
{{for|the journal|Injury Prevention (journal)}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2016}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2016}}
'''Injury prevention''' is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of [[bodily injury|bodily injuries]] caused by external mechanisms, such as [[accident]]s, before they occur. Injury prevention is a component of [[safety]] and [[public health]], and its goal is to improve the health of the population by preventing [[injury|injuries]] and hence improving [[quality of life]]. Among [[layperson]]s, the term "accidental injury" is often used. However, "accidental" implies the causes of injuries are [[random]] in nature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://personalinjurylawyerbirmingham.org/accidental-injury |title=Is There Such Thing As Accidental Injury? |access-date=22 March 2003}}</ref> Researchers use the term "unintentional injury" to refer to injuries that are [[volition (psychology)|nonvolitional]] but preventable. Within the field of public health, efforts are also made to prevent or reduce "intentional injury." Data from the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Centers for Disease Control]], for example, show unintentional injuries are the leading cause of [[death]] from early childhood until middle adulthood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-24|title=Injuries and Violence Are Leading Causes of Death|url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/animated-leading-causes.html|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> During these years, unintentional injuries account for more deaths than the next three leading [[cause of death|causes of death]] combined.<ref name=":1" />
'''Injury prevention''' is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of [[bodily injury|bodily injuries]] caused by external mechanisms, such as [[accident]]s, before they occur. Injury prevention is a component of [[safety]] and [[public health]], and its goal is to improve the health of the population by preventing [[injury|injuries]] and hence improving [[quality of life]]. Among [[layperson]]s, the term "accidental injury" is often used. However, "accidental" implies the causes of injuries are [[random]] in nature.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bonilla-Escobar|first=Francisco Javier|last2=Gutiérrez|first2=María Isabel|title=Injuries are not accidents|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225791/|journal=Colombia Médica : CM|volume=45|issue=3|pages=132–135|issn=0120-8322|pmc=4225791|pmid=25386040}}</ref> Researchers prefer the term "unintentional injury" to refer to injuries that are [[volition (psychology)|nonvolitional]] but often preventable. Data from the [[United States|U.S.]] [[Centers for Disease Control]], for example, show that unintentional injuries are a significant public health concern: they are by far the leading cause of [[death]] from ages 1 through 44.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2021-08-24|title=Injuries and Violence Are Leading Causes of Death|url=https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/animated-leading-causes.html|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> During these years, unintentional injuries account for more deaths than the next three leading [[cause of death|causes of death]] combined.<ref name=":1" />


Injury prevention strategies cover a variety of approaches, many of which are classified as falling under the "3 Es" of injury prevention: [[education]], [[engineering]] modifications, and [[enforcement]]/enactment of policies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Macpherson|first=Alison K.|last2=Brussoni|first2=Mariana|last3=Fuselli|first3=Pamela|last4=Middaugh-Bonney|first4=Tara|last5=Piedt|first5=Shannon|last6=Pike|first6=Ian|date=2015-07-25|title=An evaluation of evidence-based paediatric injury prevention policies across Canada|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015-1986-9|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=15|issue=1|pages=707|doi=10.1186/s12889-015-1986-9|issn=1471-2458|pmc=PMC4514983|pmid=26208854}}</ref> Some organizations and researchers have variously proposed the addition of [[Social equity|equity,]] [[empowerment]], [[emotion]], [[empathy]], [[evaluation]], and [[Incentive|economic incentives]] to this list.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giles|first=Audrey|last2=Bauer|first2=Michelle E. E.|last3=Jull|first3=Janet|date=2020-02-01|title=Equity as the fourth ‘E’ in the ‘3 E’s’ approach to injury prevention|url=https://injuryprevention.bmj.com/content/26/1/82|journal=Injury Prevention|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=82–84|doi=10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043407|issn=1353-8047|pmid=31537617}}</ref><ref>NHTSA. 2000. Safe Communities: The First Six Months. https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/firstsixmonths_0.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Geller|first=Scott|date=May 1, 2011|title=The Human Dynamics of Injury Prevention: Three New E-Words for Occupational Safety|url=https://www.ehstoday.com/health/article/21905867/the-human-dynamics-of-injury-prevention-three-new-ewords-for-occupational-safety|url-status=live|access-date=2021-11-17|website=www.ehstoday.com}}</ref>
Injury prevention strategies cover a variety of approaches, many of which are classified as falling under the "3 E’s" of injury prevention: [[education]], [[engineering]] modifications, and [[enforcement]]/enactment. Some organizations, such as [[Safe Kids Worldwide]], have expanded the list to six E's adding: evaluation, economic incentives and empowerment.


== Measuring effectiveness ==
== Measuring effectiveness ==
Researching is challenging, because the usual outcome of interest is deaths or injuries prevented, and it is nearly impossible to measure how many people ''did not'' get hurt who otherwise would have. Education efforts can be measured by changes in knowledge, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors, before and after the intervention, however tying these changes back into reductions in [[morbidity]] and [[Mortality rate|mortality]] is often problematic.
Injury prevention research can be challenging because the usual outcome of interest is deaths or injuries prevented and it is difficult to measure how many people ''did not'' get hurt who otherwise would have. Education efforts can be measured by changes in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs and behaviors before and after an intervention; however, tying these changes back into reductions in [[morbidity]] and [[Mortality rate|mortality]] is often problematic. Effectiveness of injury prevention interventions is typically evaluated by examining trends in morbidity and mortality in a population is usually the not difficult and may provide some indication of the effectiveness of injury prevention interventions.

Examining trends in morbidity and mortality in the population is usually not difficult and may provide some indication of the effectiveness of injury prevention interventions. However, this approach suffers from the potential of [[ecological fallacy]], where the data shows an association between an intervention and a change in the outcome, but there is actually no causal relationship.


==Common types==
==Common types==

Revision as of 20:43, 17 November 2021

For the journal, see Injury Prevention (journal).

Injury prevention is an effort to prevent or reduce the severity of bodily injuries caused by external mechanisms, such as accidents, before they occur. Injury prevention is a component of safety and public health, and its goal is to improve the health of the population by preventing injuries and hence improving quality of life. Among laypersons, the term "accidental injury" is often used. However, "accidental" implies the causes of injuries are random in nature.[1] Researchers prefer the term "unintentional injury" to refer to injuries that are nonvolitional but often preventable. Data from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control, for example, show that unintentional injuries are a significant public health concern: they are by far the leading cause of death from ages 1 through 44.[2] During these years, unintentional injuries account for more deaths than the next three leading causes of death combined.[2]

Injury prevention strategies cover a variety of approaches, many of which are classified as falling under the "3 Es" of injury prevention: education, engineering modifications, and enforcement/enactment of policies.[3] Some organizations and researchers have variously proposed the addition of equity, empowerment, emotion, empathy, evaluation, and economic incentives to this list.[4][5][6]

Measuring effectiveness

Injury prevention research can be challenging because the usual outcome of interest is deaths or injuries prevented and it is difficult to measure how many people did not get hurt who otherwise would have. Education efforts can be measured by changes in knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs and behaviors before and after an intervention; however, tying these changes back into reductions in morbidity and mortality is often problematic. Effectiveness of injury prevention interventions is typically evaluated by examining trends in morbidity and mortality in a population is usually the not difficult and may provide some indication of the effectiveness of injury prevention interventions.

Common types

Traffic and automobile safety

Traffic safety and automobile safety are a major component of injury prevention because it is the leading cause of death for children and young adults into their mid 30s. Injury prevention efforts began in the early 1960s when activist Ralph Nader, exposed the automobiles as being more dangerous than necessary with his book Unsafe at Any Speed. This led to engineering changes in the way cars are designed to allow for more crush space between the vehicle and the occupant. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also contributes much to automobile safety. The CDC Injury Prevention Champion, David Sleet, illustrated the importance of lowering the legal blood alcohol content limit to 0.08 percent for drivers; requiring disposable lighters to be child resistant; and using evidence to demonstrate the dangers of airbags to young children riding in the front seat of vehicles.[7]

Engineering: vehicle crash worthiness, seat belts, airbags, locking seat belts for child seats.

Education: promote seat belt use, discourage impaired driving, promote child safety seats.

Enforcement and enactment: passage and enforcement of primary seat belt laws, speed limits, impaired driving enforcement.

Pedestrian safety

Pedestrian safety is the focus of both epidemiological and psychological injury prevention research. Epidemiological studies typically focus on causes external to the individual such as traffic density, access to safe walking areas, socioeconomic status, injury rates, legislation for safety (e.g., traffic fines), or even the shape of vehicles which affects the severity of injuries resulting from a collision. Epidemiological data show children aged 1–4 are at greatest risk for injury in driveway and sidewalks. Children aged 5–14 are at greatest risk while attempting to cross streets.

The body of psychological research on pedestrian safety is currently much smaller than that in the epidemiological field, but is rapidly growing. Psychological pedestrian safety studies extend as far back as the mid-1980s when researchers began examining behavioral variables in children. Behavioral variables of interest include selection of crossing gaps in traffic, attention to traffic, the number of near hits or actual hits, or the routes children chose when crossing multiple streets such as while walking to school. Behavioral studies often collect such variables which imply risk of injury; e.g., children engaging in risky behaviors may be assumed to be at greater risk if actually crossing a street alone. The most common technique used in behavioral pedestrian research is the pretend road, in which a child stands some distance from the curb and watches traffic on the real road. The child then walks to the edge of the street when a crossing opportunity is chosen. Research is gradually shifting to more ecologically valid virtual reality techniques. Leading scientists in psychological pedestrian safety research are Dr. Benjamin Barton, Dr. David Schwebel and Dr. James Thomson.

Home safety

Home accidents including burns, drownings, and poisonings are the most common cause of death in industrialized countries.[8] Efforts to prevent accidents such as providing safety equipment and teaching about home safety practices may reduce the rate of injuries.[8]

Other

The following is an abbreviated topic list of some common focus areas of injury prevention efforts:

Research

Further evidence is required to determine the most effective approach for community-based educational initiatives to prevent burns and scalds in children,[10] and school-based programs for injury prevention.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Bonilla-Escobar, Francisco Javier; Gutiérrez, María Isabel. "Injuries are not accidents". Colombia Médica : CM. 45 (3): 132–135. ISSN 0120-8322. PMC 4225791. PMID 25386040.
  2. ^ a b "Injuries and Violence Are Leading Causes of Death". www.cdc.gov. 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  3. ^ Macpherson, Alison K.; Brussoni, Mariana; Fuselli, Pamela; Middaugh-Bonney, Tara; Piedt, Shannon; Pike, Ian (2015-07-25). "An evaluation of evidence-based paediatric injury prevention policies across Canada". BMC Public Health. 15 (1): 707. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1986-9. ISSN 1471-2458. PMC 4514983. PMID 26208854.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Giles, Audrey; Bauer, Michelle E. E.; Jull, Janet (2020-02-01). "Equity as the fourth 'E' in the '3 E's' approach to injury prevention". Injury Prevention. 26 (1): 82–84. doi:10.1136/injuryprev-2019-043407. ISSN 1353-8047. PMID 31537617.
  5. ^ NHTSA. 2000. Safe Communities: The First Six Months. https://www.nhtsa.gov/sites/nhtsa.gov/files/firstsixmonths_0.pdf
  6. ^ Geller, Scott (May 1, 2011). "The Human Dynamics of Injury Prevention: Three New E-Words for Occupational Safety". www.ehstoday.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  7. ^ "CDC Injury Prevention Champion David Sleet Receives 2015 Elizabeth Fries Health Education Award". CDC Foundation. 24 April 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
  8. ^ a b Kendrick, Denise; Young, Ben; Mason-Jones, Amanda J.; Ilyas, Nohaid; Achana, Felix A.; Cooper, Nicola J.; Hubbard, Stephanie J.; Sutton, Alex J.; Smith, Sherie; Wynn, Persephone; Mulvaney, Caroline (2012). "Home safety education and provision of safety equipment for injury prevention". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (9): CD005014. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD005014.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22972081.
  9. ^ PLOS ONE Staff (2018-09-06). "Correction: Towards a deeper understanding of parenting on farms: A qualitative study". PLOS ONE. 13 (9): e0203842. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1303842.. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0203842. PMC 6126865. PMID 30188948.
  10. ^ Turner, C.; Spinks, A.; McClure, R.; Nixon, J. (2004). "Community-based interventions for the prevention of burns and scalds in children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004335. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004335.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6464795. PMID 15266531.
  11. ^ Orton, Elizabeth; Whitehead, Jessica; Mhizha-Murira, Jacqueline; Clarkson, Mandy; Watson, Michael C.; Mulvaney, Caroline A.; Staniforth, Joy Ul; Bhuchar, Munish; Kendrick, Denise (2016). "School-based education programmes for the prevention of unintentional injuries in children and young people". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 12 (7): CD010246. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010246.pub2. ISSN 1469-493X. PMC 6473192. PMID 28026877.

Further reading

Research journals covering injury prevention include:

External links

Library resources about
injury prevention
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