Transcutaneous pacing: Difference between revisions
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[[File:True-capture.png|thumb|True electrical and mechanical capture]] |
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'''Transcutaneous pacing''' (also called external pacing) is a temporary means of pacing a patient's [[heart]] during a medical emergency. It should not be confused with [[defibrillation]] (used in more serious cases, in ventricular fibrillation and other shockable rhythms) using a manual or automatic defibrillator, though some newer defibrillators can do both, and pads and an electrical stimulus to the heart are used in transcutaneous pacing and defibrillation. Transcutaneous pacing is accomplished by delivering pulses of electric current through the patient's chest, which stimulates the [[heart]] to contract. |
'''Transcutaneous pacing''' (also called external pacing) is a temporary means of pacing a patient's [[heart]] during a medical emergency. It should not be confused with [[defibrillation]] (used in more serious cases, in ventricular fibrillation and other shockable rhythms) using a manual or automatic defibrillator, though some newer defibrillators can do both, and pads and an electrical stimulus to the heart are used in transcutaneous pacing and defibrillation. Transcutaneous pacing is accomplished by delivering pulses of electric current through the patient's chest, which stimulates the [[heart]] to contract. |
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The most common [[indication (medicine)|indication]] for transcutaneous pacing is an abnormally slow [[heart rate]]. By convention, a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute in the adult patient is called [[bradycardia]]. |
The most common [[indication (medicine)|indication]] for transcutaneous pacing is an abnormally slow [[heart rate]]. By convention, a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute in the adult patient is called [[bradycardia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mangrum|first=J. Michael|last2=DiMarco|first2=John P.|date=2000-03-09|title=The Evaluation and Management of Bradycardia|url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200003093421006|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=342|issue=10|pages=703–709|doi=10.1056/NEJM200003093421006|issn=0028-4793|pmid=10706901}}</ref> Not all instances of bradycardia require medical treatment. Normal heart rate varies substantially between individuals, and many athletes in particular have a relatively slow resting heart rate. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Carter|first=James B.|last2=Banister|first2=Eric W.|last3=Blaber|first3=Andrew P.|date=2003-01-01|title=Effect of Endurance Exercise on Autonomic Control of Heart Rate|url=https://doi.org/10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003|journal=Sports Medicine|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=33–46|doi=10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003|issn=1179-2035}}</ref> In addition, the heart rate is known to naturally slow with age. It is only when bradycardia presents with signs and symptoms of [[Shock (circulatory)|shock]] that it requires [[emergency medicine|emergency treatment]] with transcutaneous pacing. |
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[[File:False-capture.png|thumb|False capture with visible phantom beats<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ems12lead.com/2008/11/15/transcutaneous-pacing-tcp-the-problem-of-false-capture/|title=Transcutaneous Pacing (TCP): The Problem of False Capture|website=EMS 12 Lead|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-31}}</ref>]] |
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Some common causes of [[hemodynamics|hemodynamically]] significant bradycardia include [[myocardial infarction]], [[sick sinus syndrome|sinus node dysfunction]] and [[complete heart block]]. {{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Transcutaneous pacing is no longer indicated for the treatment of [[asystole]] ([[cardiac arrest]] associated with a "flat line" on the [[electrocardiogram|ECG]]), with the possible exception of witnessed asystole (as in the case of [[bifascicular block]] that progresses to [[third degree heart block|complete heart block]] without an escape rhythm).{{ |
Some common causes of [[hemodynamics|hemodynamically]] significant bradycardia include [[myocardial infarction]], [[sick sinus syndrome|sinus node dysfunction]] and [[complete heart block]]. {{citation needed|date=December 2016}} Transcutaneous pacing is no longer indicated for the treatment of [[asystole]] ([[cardiac arrest]] associated with a "flat line" on the [[electrocardiogram|ECG]]), with the possible exception of witnessed asystole (as in the case of [[bifascicular block]] that progresses to [[third degree heart block|complete heart block]] without an escape rhythm). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/accj/31/5/1175.full.pdf|title=ACC/AHA Guidelines for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices|last=GREGORATOS|first=GABRIEL|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> |
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During transcutaneous pacing, pads are placed on the patient's chest, either in the anterior/lateral position or the anterior/posterior position. The anterior/posterior position is preferred as it minimizes transthoracic [[electrical impedance]] by "sandwiching" the heart between the two pads{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}. The pads are then attached to a monitor/defibrillator, a heart rate is selected, and current (measured in milliamps) is increased until electrical capture (characterized by a wide [[QRS complex]] with tall, broad T wave on the [[electrocardiogram|ECG]]) is obtained, with a corresponding pulse. Pacing artifact on the ECG and severe muscle twitching may make this determination difficult. It is therefore advisable to use another instrument (e.g. SpO2 monitor or bedside doppler) to confirm mechanical capture. |
During transcutaneous pacing, pads are placed on the patient's chest, either in the anterior/lateral position or the anterior/posterior position. The anterior/posterior position is preferred as it minimizes transthoracic [[electrical impedance]] by "sandwiching" the heart between the two pads{{citation needed|date=October 2016}}. The pads are then attached to a monitor/defibrillator, a heart rate is selected, and current (measured in milliamps) is increased until electrical capture (characterized by a wide [[QRS complex]] with tall, broad T wave on the [[electrocardiogram|ECG]]) is obtained, with a corresponding pulse. Pacing artifact on the ECG and severe muscle twitching may make this determination difficult. It is therefore advisable to use another instrument (e.g. SpO2 monitor or bedside doppler) to confirm mechanical capture. |
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Revision as of 20:35, 31 January 2019
Transcutaneous pacing (also called external pacing) is a temporary means of pacing a patient's heart during a medical emergency. It should not be confused with defibrillation (used in more serious cases, in ventricular fibrillation and other shockable rhythms) using a manual or automatic defibrillator, though some newer defibrillators can do both, and pads and an electrical stimulus to the heart are used in transcutaneous pacing and defibrillation. Transcutaneous pacing is accomplished by delivering pulses of electric current through the patient's chest, which stimulates the heart to contract.
The most common indication for transcutaneous pacing is an abnormally slow heart rate. By convention, a heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute in the adult patient is called bradycardia.[1] Not all instances of bradycardia require medical treatment. Normal heart rate varies substantially between individuals, and many athletes in particular have a relatively slow resting heart rate. [2] In addition, the heart rate is known to naturally slow with age. It is only when bradycardia presents with signs and symptoms of shock that it requires emergency treatment with transcutaneous pacing.
Some common causes of hemodynamically significant bradycardia include myocardial infarction, sinus node dysfunction and complete heart block. [citation needed] Transcutaneous pacing is no longer indicated for the treatment of asystole (cardiac arrest associated with a "flat line" on the ECG), with the possible exception of witnessed asystole (as in the case of bifascicular block that progresses to complete heart block without an escape rhythm). [4]
During transcutaneous pacing, pads are placed on the patient's chest, either in the anterior/lateral position or the anterior/posterior position. The anterior/posterior position is preferred as it minimizes transthoracic electrical impedance by "sandwiching" the heart between the two pads[citation needed]. The pads are then attached to a monitor/defibrillator, a heart rate is selected, and current (measured in milliamps) is increased until electrical capture (characterized by a wide QRS complex with tall, broad T wave on the ECG) is obtained, with a corresponding pulse. Pacing artifact on the ECG and severe muscle twitching may make this determination difficult. It is therefore advisable to use another instrument (e.g. SpO2 monitor or bedside doppler) to confirm mechanical capture.
Transcutaneous pacing may be uncomfortable for the patient. [citation needed] Sedation should therefore be considered. Before pacing the patient in a prehospital setting sedation is recommended by administering an analgesic or an anxiolytic.[by whom?] Prolonged transcutaneous pacing may cause burns on the skin. According to the Zoll M Series Operator's Guide," Continuous pacing of neonates can cause skin burns. If it is necessary to pace for more than 30 minutes, periodic inspection of the underlying skin is strongly advised." It is meant to stabilize the patient until a more permanent means of pacing is achieved.
Other forms of cardiac pacing are transvenous pacing, epicardial pacing,[5] and permanent pacing with an implantable pacemaker.
In addition to synchronized transcutaneous pacing offered by newer cardiac monitor/defibrillators there is also an option for Asynchronous Pacing. Sometimes in the prehospital setting a situation may arise where ECG electrodes are not available or something interferes with their adhesion to the patient's skin. In these rare situations where the patient must be paced and there are no other alternatives Asynchronous Pacing may be used. Again this setting should only be used as a last resort due to possible adverse cardiac effects it could cause.
See also
References
- ^ Mangrum, J. Michael; DiMarco, John P. (2000-03-09). "The Evaluation and Management of Bradycardia". New England Journal of Medicine. 342 (10): 703–709. doi:10.1056/NEJM200003093421006. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 10706901.
- ^ Carter, James B.; Banister, Eric W.; Blaber, Andrew P. (2003-01-01). "Effect of Endurance Exercise on Autonomic Control of Heart Rate". Sports Medicine. 33 (1): 33–46. doi:10.2165/00007256-200333010-00003. ISSN 1179-2035.
- ^ "Transcutaneous Pacing (TCP): The Problem of False Capture". EMS 12 Lead. Retrieved 2019-01-31.
- ^ GREGORATOS, GABRIEL. "ACC/AHA Guidelines for Implantation of Cardiac Pacemakers and Antiarrhythmia Devices" (PDF).
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|dead-url=(help) - ^ Batra AS, Balaji S (2008). "Post operative temporary epicardial pacing: When, how and why?". Ann Pediatr Cardiol. 1: 120–05. doi:10.4103/0974-2069.43877. PMC 2840753. PMID 20300253.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
- Bledsole, B., Porter, R., and Cherry, R. "Paramedic Care: Principles & Practice: Volume 3". Third Edition, Pearson, 2009. ISBN 978-0-13-513702-4
- Urden, L., Stacy, K., and Lough, M. Thelan's Critical Care Nursing: Diagnosis and Management. Fourth Edition, Mosby, 1998. ISBN 0-323-01461-5
- Handbook of Emergency Cardiovascular Care for Healthcare Providers. Editors Hazinski, M., Cummins, R., and Field, J. 2004. ISBN 0-87493-448-6
