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== Events ==
== Events ==
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* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[The Anarchy]] in the [[Kingdom of England]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lincoln (1141)|Battle of Lincoln]]: [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] and [[Empress Matilda]] wrest control of the throne of [[England]] from [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-qH1u1Ca-1IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=1141+Battle+of+Lincoln&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT7duwhKjjAhUK_CoKHSgPBfMQ6AEIRTAF#v=onepage&q=1141%20Battle%20of%20Lincoln&f=false|title=The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340|last=Verbruggen|first=J. F.|date=|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|year=1997|isbn=9780851155708|edition=Second edition|location=Woodbridge, UK|pages=129|language=en|translator-last=Wilard|translator-first=Sumner|orig-year=1954|translator-last2=Southern|translator-first2=R. W.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=04S4YdDarD0C&pg=PA192&dq=1141+Battle+of+Lincoln&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT7duwhKjjAhUK_CoKHSgPBfMQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=1141%20Battle%20of%20Lincoln&f=false|title=The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare|last=Bennett|first=Matthew|date=|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=1998|isbn=9781579581169|location=Chicago and London|pages=192|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yoshitake|first=Kenji|date=1988-06-01|title=The arrest of the bishops in 1139 and its consequences|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030441818890022X|journal=Journal of Medieval History|volume=14|issue=2|pages=97–114|doi=10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-X|issn=0304-4181}}</ref>
* [[February 2]] &ndash; [[The Anarchy]] in the [[Kingdom of England]] &ndash; [[Battle of Lincoln (1141)|Battle of Lincoln]]: [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] and [[Empress Matilda]] wrest control of the throne of [[England]] from [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]].
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Géza II of Hungary|Géza II]] is crowned [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] at age 11, succeeding his father.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GajVAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154&dq=1141+Geza+II&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwimu8yghqjjAhUNp4sKHbxsB80Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1141%20Geza%20II&f=false|title=The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople|last=Bauer|first=S. Wise|date=|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|year=2013|isbn=9780393059762|location=New York|pages=154|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Christie|first=Olav H. J.|last2=Rácz|first2=Anita|last3=Elek|first3=János|last4=Héberger|first4=Károly|date=2014|title=Classification and unscrambling a class-inside-class situation by object target rotation: Hungarian silver coins of the Árpád Dynasty, ad 997–1301|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cem.2601|journal=Journal of Chemometrics|language=en|volume=28|issue=4|pages=287–292|doi=10.1002/cem.2601|issn=1099-128X}}</ref>
* [[February 13]] &ndash; [[Géza II of Hungary|Géza II]] is crowned [[King of Hungary]] and [[King of Croatia|Croatia]] at age 11, succeeding his father.
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] philosopher [[Judah Halevi]] sets off from [[Alexandria]], on a pilgrimage to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=BqViDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355&dq=1141+Judah+Halevi+pilgrimage&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjr09Wmh6jjAhVPlIsKHW6lAnIQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1141%20Judah%20Halevi%20pilgrimage&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of medieval Literature, Jay Ruud, 2006: Encyclopedia of medieval Literature,|last=Ruud|first=Jay|date=|publisher=Facts on File|year=2006|isbn=0-8160-5497-5|series=Facts on File Library of World Literature|location=New York|pages=355|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=W5JxUjfwInoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA265&dq=1141+Judah+Halevi&ots=NYU5Wrnuwn&sig=JSbMzy9B4JyivvDP22qM0mx_b7M#v=onepage&q=1141%20Judah%20Halevi&f=false|title=The Literature of Al-Andalus|last=Brann|first=Ross|last2=|first2=|last3=|first3=|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521030236|editor-last=Menocal|editor-first=María Rosa|location=Cambridge, UK and New York|pages=273|language=en|quote=For example, in four poems written in 1141 as the anxious pilgrim awaited favorable gusts to take him by ship from Alexandria to the coast of northern Palestine|editor-last2=Scheindlin|editor-first2=Raymond P.|editor-last3=Sells|editor-first3=Michael}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Goitein|first=Shelomo Dov|date=1959|title=The Biography of Rabbi Judah Ha-Levi in the Light of the Cairo Geniza Documents|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622446|journal=Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research|volume=28|pages=41–56|doi=10.2307/3622446|issn=0065-6798}}</ref>
* [[May 14]] &ndash; [[Sephardi Jews|Sephardi Jewish]] philosopher [[Judah Halevi]] sets off from [[Alexandria]], on a pilgrimage to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Qatwan]]: [[Liao Dynasty]] general [[Yelü Dashi]], founder of the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], defeats the [[Seljuk Empire]] and Kara-Khanid forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=B934LaVBaz8C&pg=PA110&dq=1141+Battle+of+Qatwan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrsceRiajjAhWvs4sKHcNkCGIQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=1141%20Battle%20of%20Qatwan&f=false|title=The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World|last=Biran|first=Michal|date=|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521842266|location=Cambridge, UK and New York|pages=110|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=lodSckjlNuMC&pg=PA238&dq=1141+Battle+of+Qatwan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjrsceRiajjAhWvs4sKHcNkCGIQ6AEIPzAE#v=onepage&q=1141%20Battle%20of%20Qatwan&f=false|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia|last=Sinor|first=D.|date=|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited|year=1999|isbn=9788120815957|editor-last=Asimov|editor-first=Muchamed Sajfutdinovič|volume=Volume IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century (Part One: The historical, social and economic setting)|location=Delhi|pages=238|language=en|chapter=The Kitan and the Kara Khitay|editor-last2=Bosworth|editor-first2=C. E.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hamilton|first=Alastair|date=2016-01-01|title=Prester John. The Legend and its Sources, written by Keagan Brewer (editor and translator)|url=https://brill.com/view/journals/chrc/96/3/article-p379_9.xml|journal=Church History and Religious Culture|language=en|volume=96|issue=3|pages=379–380|doi=10.1163/18712428-09603008|issn=1871-2428}}</ref>
* [[September 9]] &ndash; [[Battle of Qatwan]]: [[Liao Dynasty]] general [[Yelü Dashi]], founder of the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], defeats the [[Seljuk Empire]] and Kara-Khanid forces.
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The Anarchy in the [[Kingdom of England]] &ndash; [[Rout of Winchester]]: Empress Matilda returns to the throne, after Robert is captured by loyalist forces.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=spSBDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT210&dq=1141+Rout+of+Winchester&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOto6gkqjjAhUmposKHb4nDk0Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1141%20Rout%20of%20Winchester&f=false|title=The Earl, the Kings, and the Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen|last=Patterson|first=Robert B.|date=|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2018|isbn=9780192518675|location=Oxford and New York|pages=|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=WndKDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&dq=1141+Rout+of+Winchester&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOto6gkqjjAhUmposKHb4nDk0Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=1141%20Rout%20of%20Winchester&f=false|title=Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300|last=Heath|first=Ian|date=|publisher=Wargames Research Group|year=2016|isbn=9781326686215|edition=Second Edition|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=117|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Painter|first=Sidney|date=January 1932|title=`The Rout of Winchester'|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.2307/2848323|journal=Speculum|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=70–75|doi=10.2307/2848323|issn=0038-7134|via=}}</ref>
* [[September 14]] &ndash; The Anarchy in the [[Kingdom of England]] &ndash; [[Rout of Winchester]]: Empress Matilda returns to the throne, after Robert is captured by loyalist forces.
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The Anarchy in the Kingdom of England &ndash; [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] is exchanged by Empress Matilda for [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]], who reassumes the throne of England.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=R-l2AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=1141+Robert+Gloucester+exchange+Stephen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7kOWNlKjjAhXEtYsKHaZjAL8Q6AEISzAG#v=onepage&q=1141%20Robert%20Gloucester%20exchange%20Stephen&f=false|title=The Queens of England and Their Times: From Matilda, Queen of William the Conqueror, to Adelaide, Queen of William the Fourth|last=Lancelott|first=Francis|date=|publisher=D. Appleton and Company|year=1859|isbn=|volume=Volume I|location=New York|pages=53 - 54|language=en|chapter=Matilda of Bolougne, Queen of Stephen}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=MZABAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA17&dq=1141+Robert+Gloucester+exchange+Stephen&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi7kOWNlKjjAhXEtYsKHaZjAL8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Annals of England: A Senior Class Date-Book of English History|last=|first=|date=|publisher=T. Nelson and Sons|year=1875|isbn=|series=The Royal School Series|location=London, Edinburgh and New York|pages=17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Crouch|first=David|date=1988-01-01|title=Earl William of Gloucester and the end of the Anarchy: new evidence relating to the honor of Eudo Dapifer|url=https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/CIII/CCCCVI/69/458255|journal=The English Historical Review|language=en|volume=CIII|issue=CCCCVI|pages=69–75|doi=10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCVI.69|issn=0013-8266}}</ref>
* [[November 1]] &ndash; The Anarchy in the Kingdom of England &ndash; [[Robert, 1st Earl of Gloucester]] is exchanged by Empress Matilda for [[Stephen of England|King Stephen]], who reassumes the throne of England.
* [[November]] &ndash; The [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]] and Southern [[Song Dynasty]] sign the [[Treaty of Shaoxing]], and peace in the [[Jin–Song Wars]] lasts for the next twenty years. The [[Huai River]] is established as the boundary between them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=zLzcHcHPsTEC&pg=PA15&dq=1141+Treaty+of+Shaoxing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmlJGklqjjAhVkl4sKHeOlDecQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=1141%20Treaty%20of%20Shaoxing&f=false|title=Breaking God's Flail: Chan Sculpture and the Death of a Great Khan in Song Dynasty Hechuan|last=Gordon|first=Kim Hunter|date=|publisher=Kim Hunter Gordon|year=2012|isbn=9787502256630|location=Beijing|pages=15|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=bnCMBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA289&dq=1141+Treaty+of+Shaoxing&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmlJGklqjjAhVkl4sKHeOlDecQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=1141%20Treaty%20of%20Shaoxing&f=false|title=Dynastic China: An Elementary History|last=San|first=Tan Koon|date=|publisher=The Other Press|year=2014|isbn=9789839541885|location=Petaling Jaya|pages=289|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Liu|first=Shi-Yee|date=January 2010|title=Epitome of National Disgrace: A Painting Illuminating Song-Jin Diplomatic Relations|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/met.45.41558052|journal=Metropolitan Museum Journal|language=en|volume=45|pages=55–82|doi=10.1086/met.45.41558052|issn=0077-8958|quote=It was not until the autumn of 1141, after the Song army had scored a few significant victories, that the two states began negotiating a peace treaty, which was completed in October 1142. Although this Peace Treaty of the Shaoxing Era (Shaoxing heyi) ended the ravaging decade-long military conflict, the Song empire was degraded to a vassal state of the Jin in a hierarchical relationship defined as minister to ruler.|via=}}</ref>
* [[November]] &ndash; The [[Jin dynasty (1115–1234)|Jin Dynasty]] and Southern [[Song Dynasty]] sign the [[Treaty of Shaoxing]], and peace in the [[Jin–Song Wars]] lasts for the next twenty years. The [[Huai River]] is established as the boundary between them.
* The first German colonists (the future [[Transylvanian Saxon]] community) arrive in [[Transylvania]], following grants by [[Géza II of Hungary|Geza II of Hungary]]. The colonization process is completed in [[1162]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=k6KNBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=1141+Transylvania+Saxons&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCitPzl6jjAhXmBBAIHYiaD_oQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=1141%20Transylvania%20Saxons&f=false|title=The Ethnic German Refugee in Austria 1945 to 1954|last=Radspieler|first=T.|date=|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|year=1955|isbn=9789401179102|location=The Hague, Netherlands|pages=23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=rM32vMruD9AC&pg=PA6&dq=1141+Transylvania+Saxons&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCitPzl6jjAhXmBBAIHYiaD_oQ6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=1141%20Transylvania%20Saxons&f=false|title=Charted Peasant Designs from Saxon Transylvania|last=Sigerus|first=Emil|last2=Kiewe|first2=Heinz Edgar|date=|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=1977|isbn=9780486234250|location=New York|pages=6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Koranyi|first=James|last2=Wittlinger|first2=Ruth|date=2011-03-11|title=From Diaspora to Diaspora: The Case of Transylvanian Saxons in Romania and Germany|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13537113.2011.550248|journal=Nationalism and Ethnic Politics|volume=17|issue=1|pages=96–115|doi=10.1080/13537113.2011.550248|issn=1353-7113|quote=Most academic literature on the topic suggests that the majority of early settlers colonized the area following a call by the Hungarian King Géza II (1141-1162) acting as “defenders” of Christianity and, later, of the Kingdom of Hungary.5|via=}}</ref>
* The first German colonists (the future [[Transylvanian Saxon]] community) arrive in [[Transylvania]], following grants by [[Andrew II of Hungary]]. The colonization process is completed in [[1162]].
* The Italian winemaking company ''Ricasoli'' is founded.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Montanari|first=Stefano|last2=Di Toma|first2=Paolo|last3=Lazzini|first3=Arianna|date=2012|title=Entrepreneurial strategies and corporate governance: experiences from the Italian wine industry|url=https://iris.unimore.it/handle/11380/840103|journal=Corporate Board|volume=8|pages=44–60|quote=Our analysis is focused on the wine industry in Italy and analyzes the case of Barone Ricasoli Spa an estate owned by the family Ricasoli since 1141.|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foodandwinegazette.com/4676|title=Barone Ricasoli: A visit to the oldest winery in Italy and the one which created the Chianti Classico|last=Brincat|first=Ivan|date=3 February 2016|work=Food and Wine Gazette|access-date=9 July 2019|quote=The first stones of Brolio Castle date back to the middle ages. The castle passed into the hands of the Ricasoli family thanks to an exchange of lands in 1141.}}</ref>
* The Italian winemaking company ''Ricasoli'' is founded.
</onlyinclude>
</onlyinclude>


Revision as of 16:03, 9 July 2019

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1141 by topic
Leaders
Birth and death categories
Births – Deaths
Establishments and disestablishments categories
Establishments – Disestablishments
Art and literature
1141 in poetry
1141 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar1141
MCXLI
Ab urbe condita1894
Armenian calendar590
ԹՎ ՇՂ
Assyrian calendar5891
Balinese saka calendar1062–1063
Bengali calendar548
Berber calendar2091
English Regnal year6 Ste. 1 – 7 Ste. 1
Buddhist calendar1685
Burmese calendar503
Byzantine calendar6649–6650
Chinese calendar庚申年 (Metal Monkey)
3838 or 3631
    — to —
辛酉年 (Metal Rooster)
3839 or 3632
Coptic calendar857–858
Discordian calendar2307
Ethiopian calendar1133–1134
Hebrew calendar4901–4902
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat1197–1198
 - Shaka Samvat1062–1063
 - Kali Yuga4241–4242
Holocene calendar11141
Igbo calendar141–142
Iranian calendar519–520
Islamic calendar535–536
Japanese calendarHōen 7 / Eiji (era) 1
(永治元年)
Javanese calendar1047–1048
Julian calendar1141
MCXLI
Korean calendar3474
Minguo calendar771 before ROC
民前771年
Nanakshahi calendar−327
Seleucid era1452/1453 AG
Thai solar calendar1683–1684
Tibetan calendar阳金猴年
(male Iron-Monkey)
1267 or 886 or 114
    — to —
阴金鸡年
(female Iron-Rooster)
1268 or 887 or 115

Year 1141 (MCXLI) was a common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar.

Events


Births

Deaths

References

  1. ^ Verbruggen, J. F. (1997) [1954]. The Art of Warfare in Western Europe During the Middle Ages: From the Eighth Century to 1340. Translated by Wilard, Sumner; Southern, R. W. (Second edition ed.). Woodbridge, UK: Boydell & Brewer. p. 129. ISBN 9780851155708. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  2. ^ Bennett, Matthew (1998). The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ancient & Medieval Warfare. Chicago and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 192. ISBN 9781579581169.
  3. ^ Yoshitake, Kenji (June 1, 1988). "The arrest of the bishops in 1139 and its consequences". Journal of Medieval History. 14 (2): 97–114. doi:10.1016/0304-4181(88)90022-X. ISSN 0304-4181.
  4. ^ Bauer, S. Wise (2013). The History of the Renaissance World: From the Rediscovery of Aristotle to the Conquest of Constantinople. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. p. 154. ISBN 9780393059762.
  5. ^ Christie, Olav H. J.; Rácz, Anita; Elek, János; Héberger, Károly (2014). "Classification and unscrambling a class-inside-class situation by object target rotation: Hungarian silver coins of the Árpád Dynasty, ad 997–1301". Journal of Chemometrics. 28 (4): 287–292. doi:10.1002/cem.2601. ISSN 1099-128X.
  6. ^ Ruud, Jay (2006). Encyclopedia of medieval Literature, Jay Ruud, 2006: Encyclopedia of medieval Literature,. Facts on File Library of World Literature. New York: Facts on File. p. 355. ISBN 0-8160-5497-5.
  7. ^ Brann, Ross (2006). Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.). The Literature of Al-Andalus. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 273. ISBN 9780521030236. For example, in four poems written in 1141 as the anxious pilgrim awaited favorable gusts to take him by ship from Alexandria to the coast of northern Palestine
  8. ^ Goitein, Shelomo Dov (1959). "The Biography of Rabbi Judah Ha-Levi in the Light of the Cairo Geniza Documents". Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research. 28: 41–56. doi:10.2307/3622446. ISSN 0065-6798.
  9. ^ Biran, Michal (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. ISBN 9780521842266.
  10. ^ Sinor, D. (1999). "The Kitan and the Kara Khitay". In Asimov, Muchamed Sajfutdinovič; Bosworth, C. E. (eds.). History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. Volume IV: The Age of Achievement A.D. 750 to the End of the Fifteenth Century (Part One: The historical, social and economic setting). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited. p. 238. ISBN 9788120815957. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  11. ^ Hamilton, Alastair (January 1, 2016). "Prester John. The Legend and its Sources, written by Keagan Brewer (editor and translator)". Church History and Religious Culture. 96 (3): 379–380. doi:10.1163/18712428-09603008. ISSN 1871-2428.
  12. ^ Patterson, Robert B. (2018). The Earl, the Kings, and the Chronicler: Robert Earl of Gloucester and the Reigns of Henry I and Stephen. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780192518675.
  13. ^ Heath, Ian (2016). Armies of Feudal Europe 1066-1300 (Second Edition ed.). Cambridge, UK: Wargames Research Group. p. 117. ISBN 9781326686215. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  14. ^ Painter, Sidney (January 1932). "`The Rout of Winchester'". Speculum. 7 (1): 70–75. doi:10.2307/2848323. ISSN 0038-7134.
  15. ^ Lancelott, Francis (1859). "Matilda of Bolougne, Queen of Stephen". The Queens of England and Their Times: From Matilda, Queen of William the Conqueror, to Adelaide, Queen of William the Fourth. Vol. Volume I. New York: D. Appleton and Company. pp. 53–54. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  16. ^ Annals of England: A Senior Class Date-Book of English History. The Royal School Series. London, Edinburgh and New York: T. Nelson and Sons. 1875. p. 17.
  17. ^ Crouch, David (January 1, 1988). "Earl William of Gloucester and the end of the Anarchy: new evidence relating to the honor of Eudo Dapifer". The English Historical Review. CIII (CCCCVI): 69–75. doi:10.1093/ehr/CIII.CCCCVI.69. ISSN 0013-8266.
  18. ^ Gordon, Kim Hunter (2012). Breaking God's Flail: Chan Sculpture and the Death of a Great Khan in Song Dynasty Hechuan. Beijing: Kim Hunter Gordon. p. 15. ISBN 9787502256630.
  19. ^ San, Tan Koon (2014). Dynastic China: An Elementary History. Petaling Jaya: The Other Press. p. 289. ISBN 9789839541885.
  20. ^ Liu, Shi-Yee (January 2010). "Epitome of National Disgrace: A Painting Illuminating Song-Jin Diplomatic Relations". Metropolitan Museum Journal. 45: 55–82. doi:10.1086/met.45.41558052. ISSN 0077-8958. It was not until the autumn of 1141, after the Song army had scored a few significant victories, that the two states began negotiating a peace treaty, which was completed in October 1142. Although this Peace Treaty of the Shaoxing Era (Shaoxing heyi) ended the ravaging decade-long military conflict, the Song empire was degraded to a vassal state of the Jin in a hierarchical relationship defined as minister to ruler.
  21. ^ Radspieler, T. (1955). The Ethnic German Refugee in Austria 1945 to 1954. The Hague, Netherlands: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 23. ISBN 9789401179102.
  22. ^ Sigerus, Emil; Kiewe, Heinz Edgar (1977). Charted Peasant Designs from Saxon Transylvania. New York: Courier Corporation. p. 6. ISBN 9780486234250.
  23. ^ Koranyi, James; Wittlinger, Ruth (March 11, 2011). "From Diaspora to Diaspora: The Case of Transylvanian Saxons in Romania and Germany". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 17 (1): 96–115. doi:10.1080/13537113.2011.550248. ISSN 1353-7113. Most academic literature on the topic suggests that the majority of early settlers colonized the area following a call by the Hungarian King Géza II (1141-1162) acting as "defenders" of Christianity and, later, of the Kingdom of Hungary.5
  24. ^ Montanari, Stefano; Di Toma, Paolo; Lazzini, Arianna (2012). "Entrepreneurial strategies and corporate governance: experiences from the Italian wine industry". Corporate Board. 8: 44–60. Our analysis is focused on the wine industry in Italy and analyzes the case of Barone Ricasoli Spa an estate owned by the family Ricasoli since 1141.
  25. ^ Brincat, Ivan (February 3, 2016). "Barone Ricasoli: A visit to the oldest winery in Italy and the one which created the Chianti Classico". Food and Wine Gazette. Retrieved July 9, 2019. The first stones of Brolio Castle date back to the middle ages. The castle passed into the hands of the Ricasoli family thanks to an exchange of lands in 1141.
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