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Alter: url. Add: author pars. 1-1. Removed parameters. Some additions/deletions were actually parameter name changes. | You can use this bot yourself. Report bugs here. | Activated by Amigao | Category:Science and technology in the People's Republic of China | via #UCB_Category
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| isbn = 0-7803-6394-9
| isbn = 0-7803-6394-9
| pages = 3–4
| pages = 3–4
| doi = 10.1109/ICCT.2000.889157}}</ref> It was inspired by the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] proposed by [[U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1983, and was ended in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gvpt.umd.edu/sites/gvpt.umd.edu/files/pubs/zhi_pearson-2016-governance.pdf|title=China's Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology|last=|first=|date=|website=The University of Maryland|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.most.gov.cn/xinwzx/xwzx/twzb/gjzdyfjh/twzbmtbd/201602/t20160217_124140.htm|title=新华社："973""863"取消后科研咋办？国家重点研发计划正式启动|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Science and Technology of China|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Gewirtz|first=Julian|date=February 2019|title=The Futurists of Beijing: Alvin Toffler, Zhao Ziyang, and China's "New Technological Revolution," 1979–1991|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=78|issue=1|pages=115–140|doi=10.1017/S0021911818002619|issn=0021-9118|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| doi = 10.1109/ICCT.2000.889157}}</ref> It was inspired by the [[Strategic Defense Initiative]] proposed by [[U.S. President]] [[Ronald Reagan]] in 1983, and was ended in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gvpt.umd.edu/sites/gvpt.umd.edu/files/pubs/zhi_pearson-2016-governance.pdf|title=China's Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology|last=|first=|date=|website=The University of Maryland|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.most.gov.cn/xinwzx/xwzx/twzb/gjzdyfjh/twzbmtbd/201602/t20160217_124140.htm|title=新华社："973""863"取消后科研咋办？国家重点研发计划正式启动|last=|first=|date=|website=Ministry of Science and Technology of China|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Gewirtz|first1=Julian|date=February 2019|title=The Futurists of Beijing: Alvin Toffler, Zhao Ziyang, and China's "New Technological Revolution," 1979–1991|journal=The Journal of Asian Studies|language=en|volume=78|issue=1|pages=115–140|doi=10.1017/S0021911818002619|issn=0021-9118|doi-access=free}}</ref>


On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by [[Wang Daheng]], [[Wang Ganchang]], [[Yang Jiachi]], and [[Chen Fangyun]] in a letter to China's [[paramount leader]] [[Deng Xiaoping]], who approved the program within 2 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.most.gov.cn/eng/programmes1/|title=Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China|website=www.most.gov.cn|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/1231/c69113-26308784.html|title=1986年邓小平亲自决策启动"863"计划--邓小平纪念网--人民网|website=cpc.people.com.cn|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> The program was initially led by [[Zhao Ziyang]], who was the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]] at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion [[Rmb|RMB]] in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total [[government spending]] that year.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=reUcHRkOwCsC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=863+program+10+billion+1986#v=onepage&q=863%20program%2010%20billion%201986&f=false|title=Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects|last=Karplus|first=Valerie J.|last2=Deng|first2=Xing Wang|date=2007-12-17|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-71138-6|language=en}}</ref>
On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by [[Wang Daheng]], [[Wang Ganchang]], [[Yang Jiachi]], and [[Chen Fangyun]] in a letter to China's [[paramount leader]] [[Deng Xiaoping]], who approved the program within 2 days.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.most.gov.cn/eng/programmes1/|title=Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China|website=www.most.gov.cn|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://cpc.people.com.cn/n/2014/1231/c69113-26308784.html|title=1986年邓小平亲自决策启动"863"计划--邓小平纪念网--人民网|website=cpc.people.com.cn|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref> The program was initially led by [[Zhao Ziyang]], who was the [[Premier of the People's Republic of China|Premier of China]] at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion [[Rmb|RMB]] in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total [[government spending]] that year.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=reUcHRkOwCsC&pg=PA58&lpg=PA58&dq=863+program+10+billion+1986#v=onepage|title=Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects|last1=Karplus|first1=Valerie J.|last2=Deng|first2=Xing Wang|date=2007-12-17|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-71138-6|language=en}}</ref>


Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the [[Loongson]] computer processor family (originally named ''Godson''), the [[Tianhe-2|Tianhe]] supercomputers and the [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou spacecraft]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ict.cas.cn/rh/rps/200909/t20090910_36875.html|title=Designing Quad-Core Loongson-3 Processor|website=english.ict.cas.cn|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/scientific-innovation-and-chinas-military-modernization/|title=Scientific Innovation and China's Military Modernization|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chinaspacereport.wordpress.com/spacecraft/shenzhou/|title=Shenzhou|date=2016-09-10|website=China Space Report|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref>
Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the [[Loongson]] computer processor family (originally named ''Godson''), the [[Tianhe-2|Tianhe]] supercomputers and the [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou spacecraft]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.ict.cas.cn/rh/rps/200909/t20090910_36875.html|title=Designing Quad-Core Loongson-3 Processor|website=english.ict.cas.cn|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/09/scientific-innovation-and-chinas-military-modernization/|title=Scientific Innovation and China's Military Modernization|website=thediplomat.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chinaspacereport.wordpress.com/spacecraft/shenzhou/|title=Shenzhou|date=2016-09-10|website=China Space Report|language=en|access-date=2019-11-29}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:03, 23 May 2020

For the manned space program, see Chinese space program#Project 863
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The 863 program (Chinese: 863计划) or State High-Tech Development Plan (Chinese: 国家高技术研究发展计划) was a program funded and administered by the government of the People's Republic of China intended to stimulate the development of advanced technologies in a wide range of fields for the purpose of rendering China independent of financial obligations for foreign technologies.[1] It was inspired by the Strategic Defense Initiative proposed by U.S. President Ronald Reagan in 1983, and was ended in 2016.[2][3][4]

On March 3, 1986, the program was suggested by Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun in a letter to China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping, who approved the program within 2 days.[5][6] The program was initially led by Zhao Ziyang, who was the Premier of China at the time, and received a governmental fund of 10 billion RMB in 1986, which accounts for 5% of the total government spending that year.[4][6][7]

Among the products known to have resulted from the 863 program are the Loongson computer processor family (originally named Godson), the Tianhe supercomputers and the Shenzhou spacecraft.[8][9][10]

History

Part of a series on the
History of science and technology in China
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Named after its date of establishment (March 1986, 86/3 by the Chinese date format), the 863 Program was proposed in a letter to the Chinese government by scientists Wang Daheng, Wang Ganchang, Yang Jiachi, and Chen Fangyun and endorsed by Deng Xiaoping.[11] After its implementation during the Seventh Five-Year Plan, the program continued to operate through the two five-year plans that followed, with state financing of around 11 billion RMB and an output of around 2000 patents (national and international).[12]

Under the plan, about US $200 billion was to be spent on information and communication technologies, of which US $150 billion was earmarked for telecommunications. In 1996 the key technological field of Marine Technology was added. The implementation took place during the Seventh Five-Year Plan and an update has been made during the period of the Tenth, which lasted from 2001 to 2005.

In 2001, under the Tenth Five-Year Plan, the program was reevaluated in consultation with foreign experts. The result was a widened focus to strengthen the competitiveness of China in the global economy.[13] The evaluation practice has been included into the program as a project management system.[14]

In a 2011 court case, Chinese-born scientist Huang Kexue was found guilty of stealing commercial secrets from US-based corporations and passing at least some of this information to the 863 program.[15]

Outline

The program initially focused on seven key technological fields:[16]

Since 1986, two more fields have been brought under the umbrella of the program:

See also

References

  1. ^ Wu, Hequan (2002-08-06), "The progress of communication technology subject of hi-tech research development plan of China", International Conference on Communication Technology Proceedings, 2000, 1, Beijing: 3–4, doi:10.1109/ICCT.2000.889157, ISBN 0-7803-6394-9
  2. ^ "China's Hybrid Adaptive Bureaucracy: The Case of the 863 Program for Science and Technology" (PDF). The University of Maryland.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  3. ^ "新华社："973""863"取消后科研咋办？国家重点研发计划正式启动". Ministry of Science and Technology of China. Retrieved 2019-11-29.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
  4. ^ a b Gewirtz, Julian (February 2019). "The Futurists of Beijing: Alvin Toffler, Zhao Ziyang, and China's "New Technological Revolution," 1979–1991". The Journal of Asian Studies. 78 (1): 115–140. doi:10.1017/S0021911818002619. ISSN 0021-9118.
  5. ^ "Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China". www.most.gov.cn. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  6. ^ a b "1986年邓小平亲自决策启动"863"计划--邓小平纪念网--人民网". cpc.people.com.cn. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  7. ^ Karplus, Valerie J.; Deng, Xing Wang (2007-12-17). Agricultural Biotechnology in China: Origins and Prospects. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-71138-6.
  8. ^ "Designing Quad-Core Loongson-3 Processor". english.ict.cas.cn. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  9. ^ "Scientific Innovation and China's Military Modernization". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  10. ^ "Shenzhou". China Space Report. 2016-09-10. Retrieved 2019-11-29.
  11. ^ Feigenbaum, Evan A. (2003). China's Techno-warriors: National Security and Strategic Competition from the Nuclear to the Information Age. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 141. ISBN 978-0-8047-4601-4. OCLC 49415750.
  12. ^ Science & Technology Newsletter No.380: 863 Program Creates RMB 56 Billion, Ministry of Science & Technology of the People's Republic of China (MOST), archived from the original on November 20, 2014
  13. ^ "National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)". Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 1 April 2015.: 1. Orientation and Objectives, 2. Major Tasks.
  14. ^ "National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program)". Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved 1 April 2015.: 4. Organization and Management, 2) Project Management.
  15. ^ BBC News Chinese scientist Huang Kexue jailed for trade theft December, 22nd 2011
  16. ^ Ke Yan (Ke, Yan), Science and Technology in China, German Edition (Beijing 2005), p.109 Passages readable online

External links

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