Indigenous peoples in Uruguay: Difference between revisions

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Indigenous peoples in Uruguay, or Native Uruguayans, are a very small share of the population.^[3]

Scholars do not agree about the first settlers in what is now Uruguay; but there is evidence that there was human presence some 10,000 years BCE, the Homo catalanensis culture. Indigenous Uruguayans disappeared in the 1830s, and with the exception of the Guaraní, little is known about these peoples, and even less about their genetic characteristics.^[4]

The Charrúa peoples were perhaps the most-talked-about indigenous people of the Southern Cone in what was known as the Banda Oriental.^[5] During pre-colonial times Uruguayan territory was inhabited by small tribes of nomadic Charrua, Chana, Arachan and Guarani peoples. They were a semi-nomadic people who survived by hunting, fishing and gathering and probably never reached more than 10,000 – 20,000 people.^[6]

It is estimated that there were about 9,000 Charrúa and 6,000 Chaná and Guaraní at the time of contact with the Spanish in the 1500s. By the time of independence, some 300 years later, there were only about 500 native peoples remaining in Uruguay. The cause of the decline in native populations was disease, as well as intermarriage. With little immunity to these diseases, native peoples and culture were gradually diminished.^[7]

Native peoples had almost disappeared by the time of Independence as a result of European diseases and constant warfare. European genocide culminated on April 11, 1831 with the Massacre of Salsipuedes, where most of the Charrua men were killed by the Uruguayan army on the orders of President Fructuoso Rivera, and the remaining 300 Charrua women and children were divided as household slaves and servants among Europeans. By 1840 there were only 18 surviving Charrua in Uruguay.^[8]. According to the history professor and journalist Lincoln Maiztegui Casas, “the disappearance of the Charrúa people was a gradual process that took more than 200 years, and the root cause was territorial occupation by Europeans”.^[9]

Other significant tribes were the Minuane, Yaro, Güenoa, Chaná, Bohán, Arachán.

Languages once spoken in the area include Charrúa, Chaná, Güenoa, Guaraní.

Nowadays a minor percentage of Uruguayans have indigenous descent.^[10]^[11] According to the 2011 Census, 2.4% of the population reported having indigenous ancestry.^[12] A 2009 DNA study in the American Journal of Human Biology showed a genetic composition of 92% European, 7% African, and 1% Native American in Montevideo.^[13]

References

^ Moraes, Cícero. "A "Avó" dos Uruguaios" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "Reconstrucción 3D de Cráneo prehistórico del Uruguay". Portal de Museos del Uruguay (in Spanish). Ministry of Education and Culture (Uruguay). Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
^ "South America :: Uruguay — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.
^ Sans, Monica; Figueiro, Gonzalo; Sanguinetti, Carlos; Echarte-Rafaelli, Lourdes; Portela, Cecilia; Taranto, Luis; Pizzarossa, Carlos; Oliver, Roberto; Manikowski, Rosana; Barreto, Isabel; Hidalgo, Pedro; Berro, Guido. "The last Charrua Indian; (Uruguay): analysis of the remains of Chief Vaimaca Per". Nature Precedings – via www.academia.edu.
^ Burford, Tim. Uruguay. Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84162-316-0.
^ Gibbon, S.; Santos, R.; Sans, Mónica (November 15, 2011). Racial Identities, Genetic Ancestry, and Health in South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay. Springer. ISBN 9781137001702 – via Google Books.
^ McDermott, Alicia. "The Last of the Charrua: The Honored Warrior Tribe of Uruguay". www.ancient-origins.net.
^ Jermyn, Leslie (August 18, 1999). Uruguay. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761408734 – via Google Books.
^ "Uruguay and the memory of the Charrúa tribe – ThePrisma.co.uk".
^ Da Silva Villarrubia, Santiago Katriel (14 July 2011). "Dra. Sinthia Pagano. Un Estudio Detectó 38% de Sangre Aborigen en la Población Uruguaya - En Uruguay hay 115.118 descendientes de indígenas". Mario Delgado Gérez (in Spanish). LaRed21 Comunidad. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^ Da Silva Villarrubia, Santiago Katriel (27 August 2011). "Censo 2011. Organizaciones Sociales Llaman a Decir "Sí" Para Reconocer sus Etnias - Censo: afrodescendientes e indígenas hacen campaña". Matías Rotulo (in Spanish). LaRed21 Comunidad. Retrieved 6 February 2013.
^ "Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay , 2011: Ancestry" (PDF) (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-13.
^ Bonilla, Carolina (2004). "Substantial native American female contribution to the population of Tacuarembó, Uruguay, reveals past episodes of sex-biased gene flow". American Journal of Human Biology. 16 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20025. PMID 15101054. S2CID 34341356.

External links

Renzo Pi Hugarte (1969). "El Uruguay indígena" (PDF). Nuestra Tierra. Retrieved 12 May 2015. (in Spanish)

[cícero-1] Moraes, Cícero. "A "Avó" dos Uruguaios" (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

[museos-2] "Reconstrucción 3D de Cráneo prehistórico del Uruguay". Portal de Museos del Uruguay (in Spanish). Ministry of Education and Culture (Uruguay). Archived from the original on 20 January 2019. Retrieved 20 January 2019.

[3] "South America :: Uruguay — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www.cia.gov.

[4] Sans, Monica; Figueiro, Gonzalo; Sanguinetti, Carlos; Echarte-Rafaelli, Lourdes; Portela, Cecilia; Taranto, Luis; Pizzarossa, Carlos; Oliver, Roberto; Manikowski, Rosana; Barreto, Isabel; Hidalgo, Pedro; Berro, Guido. "The last Charrua Indian; (Uruguay): analysis of the remains of Chief Vaimaca Per". Nature Precedings – via www.academia.edu.

[b16-5] Burford, Tim. Uruguay. Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides, 2011. ISBN 978-1-84162-316-0.

[6] Gibbon, S.; Santos, R.; Sans, Mónica (November 15, 2011). Racial Identities, Genetic Ancestry, and Health in South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay. Springer. ISBN 9781137001702 – via Google Books.

[7] McDermott, Alicia. "The Last of the Charrua: The Honored Warrior Tribe of Uruguay". www.ancient-origins.net.

[8] Jermyn, Leslie (August 18, 1999). Uruguay. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 9780761408734 – via Google Books.

[9] "Uruguay and the memory of the Charrúa tribe – ThePrisma.co.uk".

[10] Da Silva Villarrubia, Santiago Katriel (14 July 2011). "Dra. Sinthia Pagano. Un Estudio Detectó 38% de Sangre Aborigen en la Población Uruguaya - En Uruguay hay 115.118 descendientes de indígenas". Mario Delgado Gérez (in Spanish). LaRed21 Comunidad. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[11] Da Silva Villarrubia, Santiago Katriel (27 August 2011). "Censo 2011. Organizaciones Sociales Llaman a Decir "Sí" Para Reconocer sus Etnias - Censo: afrodescendientes e indígenas hacen campaña". Matías Rotulo (in Spanish). LaRed21 Comunidad. Retrieved 6 February 2013.

[enha_asc-12] "Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay , 2011: Ancestry" (PDF) (in Spanish). National Institute of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-13.

[13] Bonilla, Carolina (2004). "Substantial native American female contribution to the population of Tacuarembó, Uruguay, reveals past episodes of sex-biased gene flow". American Journal of Human Biology. 16 (3): 289–297. doi:10.1002/ajhb.20025. PMID 15101054. S2CID 34341356.

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@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Indigenous peoples in Uruguay''', or '''Native Uruguayans''', are a very small share of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uy.html#People|title=South America :: Uruguay — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov}}</ref>
-Scholars do not agree about the first settlers in what is now [[Uruguay]]; but there is evidence that there was human presence some 10,000 years BCE, the ''Homo catalanensis'' culture. Indigenous Uruguayans disappeared in the 1830s, and with the exception of the [[Guarani people|Guaraní]], little is known about these peoples, and even less about their genetic characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/1054837/The_last_Charr%C3%BAa_Indian_Uruguay_analysis_of_the_remains_of_Chief_Vaimaca_Per%C3%BA|title=The last Charrua Indian; (Uruguay): analysis of the remains of Chief Vaimaca Per.|first1=Monica|last1=Sans|first2=Gonzalo|last2=Figueiro|first3=Carlos|last3=Sanguinetti|first4=Lourdes|last4=Echarte-Rafaelli|first5=Cecilia|last5=Portela|first6=Luis|last6=Taranto|first7=Carlos|last7=Pizzarossa|first8=Roberto|last8=Oliver|first9=Rosana|last9=Manikowski|first10=Isabel|last10=Barreto|first11=Pedro|last11=Hidalgo|first12=Guido|last12=Berro|journal=Nature Precedings|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>
+Scholars do not agree about the first settlers in what is now [[Uruguay]]; but there is evidence that there was human presence some 10,000 years BCE, the ''Homo catalanensis'' culture. Indigenous Uruguayans disappeared in the 1830s, and with the exception of the [[Guarani people|Guaraní]], little is known about these peoples, and even less about their genetic characteristics.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.academia.edu/1054837|title=The last Charrua Indian; (Uruguay): analysis of the remains of Chief Vaimaca Per.|first1=Monica|last1=Sans|first2=Gonzalo|last2=Figueiro|first3=Carlos|last3=Sanguinetti|first4=Lourdes|last4=Echarte-Rafaelli|first5=Cecilia|last5=Portela|first6=Luis|last6=Taranto|first7=Carlos|last7=Pizzarossa|first8=Roberto|last8=Oliver|first9=Rosana|last9=Manikowski|first10=Isabel|last10=Barreto|first11=Pedro|last11=Hidalgo|first12=Guido|last12=Berro|journal=Nature Precedings|via=www.academia.edu}}</ref>
-The [[Charrúa people]]s were perhaps the most-talked-about [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] people of the [[Southern Cone]] in what was known as the [[Banda Oriental]].<ref name="b16">[[Tim Burford|Burford, Tim]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9eZ9-u6OqKwC&lpg=PA16&dq=Charr%C3%BAa%20people%20Uruguay&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Uruguay.''] Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-84162-316-0}}.</ref> During pre-colonial times Uruguayan territory was inhabited by small tribes of nomadic Charrua, Chana, Arachan and Guarani peoples. They were a semi-nomadic people who survived by hunting, fishing and gathering and probably never reached more than 10,000 – 20,000 people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.lv/books?id=nVBdAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT229&dq=1831+massacre+uruguay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1nq2on8zLAhWJC5oKHXR-BJ0Q6AEITDAJ#v=onepage&q=1831+massacre+uruguay&f=true|title=Racial Identities, Genetic Ancestry, and Health in South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay|first1=S.|last1=Gibbon|first2=R.|last2=Santos|first3=Mónica|last3=Sans|date=November 15, 2011|publisher=Springer|via=Google Books}}</ref>
+The [[Charrúa people]]s were perhaps the most-talked-about [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] people of the [[Southern Cone]] in what was known as the [[Banda Oriental]].<ref name="b16">[[Tim Burford|Burford, Tim]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9eZ9-u6OqKwC&lpg=PA16&dq=Charr%C3%BAa%20people%20Uruguay&pg=PA16#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Uruguay.''] Bucks, UK: Bradt Travel Guides, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-84162-316-0}}.</ref> During pre-colonial times Uruguayan territory was inhabited by small tribes of nomadic Charrua, Chana, Arachan and Guarani peoples. They were a semi-nomadic people who survived by hunting, fishing and gathering and probably never reached more than 10,000 – 20,000 people.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVBdAQAAQBAJ&q=1831+massacre+uruguay&pg=PT229|title=Racial Identities, Genetic Ancestry, and Health in South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, and Uruguay|first1=S.|last1=Gibbon|first2=R.|last2=Santos|first3=Mónica|last3=Sans|date=November 15, 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=9781137001702|via=Google Books}}</ref>
 It is estimated that there were about 9,000 Charrúa and 6,000 Chaná and Guaraní at the time of contact with the Spanish in the 1500s. By the time of independence, some 300 years later, there were only about 500 native peoples remaining in Uruguay. The cause of the decline in native populations was disease, as well as intermarriage. With little immunity to these diseases, native peoples and culture were gradually diminished.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancient-origins.net/history-famous-people/last-charrua-honored-warrior-tribe-uruguay-003528|title=The Last of the Charrua: The Honored Warrior Tribe of Uruguay|first=Alicia|last=McDermott|website=www.ancient-origins.net}}</ref>
-Native peoples had almost disappeared by the time of Independence as a result of European diseases and constant warfare. European genocide culminated on April 11, 1831 with the Massacre of Salsipuedes, where most of the Charrua men were killed by the Uruguayan army on the orders of President [[Fructuoso Rivera]], and the remaining 300 Charrua women and children were divided as household slaves and servants among Europeans. By 1840 there were only 18 surviving Charrua in Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.lv/books?id=Eh1fdSd5n-0C&pg=PA24&dq=1831+massacre+uruguay&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1nq2on8zLAhWJC5oKHXR-BJ0Q6AEIJTAC#v=onepage&q=1831+massacre+uruguay&f=false|title=Uruguay|first=Leslie|last=Jermyn|date=August 18, 1999|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|via=Google Books}}</ref>. According to the history professor and journalist Lincoln Maiztegui Casas, “the disappearance of the Charrúa people was a gradual process that took more than 200 years, and the root cause was territorial occupation by Europeans”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theprisma.co.uk/2011/03/28/uruguay-and-the-memory-of-the-charrua/|title=Uruguay and the memory of the Charrúa tribe – ThePrisma.co.uk}}</ref>
+Native peoples had almost disappeared by the time of Independence as a result of European diseases and constant warfare. European genocide culminated on April 11, 1831 with the Massacre of Salsipuedes, where most of the Charrua men were killed by the Uruguayan army on the orders of President [[Fructuoso Rivera]], and the remaining 300 Charrua women and children were divided as household slaves and servants among Europeans. By 1840 there were only 18 surviving Charrua in Uruguay.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eh1fdSd5n-0C&q=1831+massacre+uruguay&pg=PA24|title=Uruguay|first=Leslie|last=Jermyn|date=August 18, 1999|publisher=Marshall Cavendish|isbn=9780761408734|via=Google Books}}</ref>. According to the history professor and journalist Lincoln Maiztegui Casas, “the disappearance of the Charrúa people was a gradual process that took more than 200 years, and the root cause was territorial occupation by Europeans”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theprisma.co.uk/2011/03/28/uruguay-and-the-memory-of-the-charrua/|title=Uruguay and the memory of the Charrúa tribe – ThePrisma.co.uk}}</ref>
 Other significant tribes were the [[Minuane people|Minuane]], [[Yaro people|Yaro]], [[Guenoa people|Güenoa]], [[Chaná people|Chaná]], [[Bohán people|Bohán]], [[Arachán people|Arachán]].
@@ Line 16: / Line 16: @@
 Languages once spoken in the area include [[Charrúa language|Charrúa]], [[Chaná language|Chaná]], [[Güenoa language|Güenoa]], [[Guaraní language|Guaraní]].
-Nowadays a minor percentage of Uruguayans have indigenous descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/462619-en-uruguay-hay-115118-descendientes-de-indigenas|title=Dra. Sinthia Pagano. Un Estudio Detectó 38% de Sangre Aborigen en la Población Uruguaya - En Uruguay hay 115.118 descendientes de indígenas|first=Santiago Katriel|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|work=Mario Delgado Gérez|publisher=LaRed21 Comunidad|date=14 July 2011|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/469146-censo-afrodescendientes-e-indigenas-hacen-campana|title=Censo 2011. Organizaciones Sociales Llaman a Decir "Sí" Para Reconocer sus Etnias - Censo: afrodescendientes e indígenas hacen campaña|first=Santiago Katriel|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|work=Matías Rotulo|publisher=LaRed21 Comunidad|date=27 August 2011|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> According to the 2011 Census, 2.4% of the population reported having indigenous ancestry.<ref name=enha_asc>{{cite web|title=Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay , 2011: Ancestry |language=Spanish |format=PDF |publisher=National Institute of Statistics |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113145817/http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-13 }}</ref> A 2009 DNA study in the American Journal of Human Biology showed a genetic composition of 92% European, 7% African, and 1% Native American in Montevideo.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20025 | volume=16 | title=Substantial native American female contribution to the population of Tacuarembó, Uruguay, reveals past episodes of sex-biased gene flow | year=2004 | journal=American Journal of Human Biology | pages=289–297 | last1 = Bonilla | first1 = Carolina | pmid=15101054}}</ref>
+Nowadays a minor percentage of Uruguayans have indigenous descent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/462619-en-uruguay-hay-115118-descendientes-de-indigenas|title=Dra. Sinthia Pagano. Un Estudio Detectó 38% de Sangre Aborigen en la Población Uruguaya - En Uruguay hay 115.118 descendientes de indígenas|first=Santiago Katriel|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|work=Mario Delgado Gérez|publisher=LaRed21 Comunidad|date=14 July 2011|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lr21.com.uy/comunidad/469146-censo-afrodescendientes-e-indigenas-hacen-campana|title=Censo 2011. Organizaciones Sociales Llaman a Decir "Sí" Para Reconocer sus Etnias - Censo: afrodescendientes e indígenas hacen campaña|first=Santiago Katriel|last=Da Silva Villarrubia|work=Matías Rotulo|publisher=LaRed21 Comunidad|date=27 August 2011|accessdate=6 February 2013|language=Spanish}}</ref> According to the 2011 Census, 2.4% of the population reported having indigenous ancestry.<ref name=enha_asc>{{cite web|title=Atlas Sociodemografico y de la Desigualdad en Uruguay , 2011: Ancestry |language=Spanish |publisher=National Institute of Statistics |url=http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113145817/http://www.ine.gub.uy/biblioteca/Atlas_Sociodemografico/Atlas_fasciculo_2_Afrouruguayos.pdf |archivedate=2014-11-13 }}</ref> A 2009 DNA study in the American Journal of Human Biology showed a genetic composition of 92% European, 7% African, and 1% Native American in Montevideo.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/ajhb.20025 | volume=16 | title=Substantial native American female contribution to the population of Tacuarembó, Uruguay, reveals past episodes of sex-biased gene flow | year=2004 | journal=American Journal of Human Biology | pages=289–297 | last1 = Bonilla | first1 = Carolina | issue=3 | pmid=15101054| s2cid=34341356 }}</ref>
 ==See also==
@@ Line 28: / Line 28: @@
 <ref name=museos>{{cite web|url=http://www.museos.gub.uy/index.php/noticias/item/1644-reconstruccion-3d-de-craneo-prehistorico-del-uruguay |title= Reconstrucción 3D de Cráneo prehistórico del Uruguay  |language=es |work=Portal de Museos del Uruguay |publisher=[[Ministry of Education and Culture (Uruguay)]] |accessdate=20 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120163927/http://www.museos.gub.uy/index.php/noticias/item/1644-reconstruccion-3d-de-craneo-prehistorico-del-uruguay |archivedate=20 January 2019}}</ref>
-<ref name=cícero>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciceromoraes.com.br/doc/pt_br/Moraes/Abuela.html |title=A “Avó” dos Uruguaios |first=Cícero |last=Moraes |language=pt |accessdate=20 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120164057/http://www.ciceromoraes.com.br/doc/pt_br/Moraes/Abuela.html |archivedate=20 January 2019}}</ref>
+<ref name=cícero>{{cite web|url=http://www.ciceromoraes.com.br/doc/pt_br/Moraes/Abuela.html |title=A "Avó" dos Uruguaios |first=Cícero |last=Moraes |language=pt |accessdate=20 January 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120164057/http://www.ciceromoraes.com.br/doc/pt_br/Moraes/Abuela.html |archivedate=20 January 2019}}</ref>
 }}

v t e Indigenous peoples in South America
Sovereign states	Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela
Dependencies and other territories	Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands