Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Seven occupied districts surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh (Numbered).png|thumb|<br />Map of the occupied districts prior to the 2020 conflict |
[[File:Seven occupied districts surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh (Numbered).png|thumb|<br />Map of the occupied districts prior to the 2020 conflict, where the former [[NKAO]] is depicted light red. |
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The former [[NKAO]] is light red<br /> |
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1. [[Kalbajar District]] inside the borders of [[Kalbajar Rayon]]<br /> |
1. [[Kalbajar District]] inside the borders of [[Kalbajar Rayon]]<br /> |
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2. [[Lachin District]]<br /> |
2. [[Lachin District]]<br /> |
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The '''Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh''' or '''Seven occupied districts of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh'''<ref>[http://www.osce.org/mg/76209 Report of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs' Field Assessment Mission to the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan Surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh]<br/>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council Resolution 822 (30 April 1993)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#822|quote=Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and hostile acts with a view to establishing a durable cease-fire, as well as immediate withdrawal of all occupying forces from the Kelbadjar district and other recently occupied areas of Azerbaijan}}<br/>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council Resolution 853 (29 July 1993)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#853|quote=Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and the immediate complete and unconditional withdrawal of the occupying forces involved from the district of Agdam and all other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijan Republic}}<br/>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council Resolution 884 (12 November 1993)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#884|quote=Demands from the parties concerned the immediate cessation of armed hostilities and hostile acts, the unilateral withdrawal of occupying forces from the Zangelan district and the city of Goradiz, and the withdrawal of occupying forces from other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijani Republic}}</ref> are areas [[de jure]] part of [[Azerbaijan]] and situated outside the former [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]], which are since the end of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] controlled by the military forces of the [[List of states with limited recognition|de facto]] [[Republic of Artsakh]] |
The '''Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh''' or '''Seven occupied districts of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh'''<ref>[http://www.osce.org/mg/76209 Report of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs' Field Assessment Mission to the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan Surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh]<br/>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council Resolution 822 (30 April 1993)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#822|quote=Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and hostile acts with a view to establishing a durable cease-fire, as well as immediate withdrawal of all occupying forces from the Kelbadjar district and other recently occupied areas of Azerbaijan}}<br/>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council Resolution 853 (29 July 1993)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#853|quote=Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and the immediate complete and unconditional withdrawal of the occupying forces involved from the district of Agdam and all other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijan Republic}}<br/>{{cite web|title=UN Security Council Resolution 884 (12 November 1993)|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#884|quote=Demands from the parties concerned the immediate cessation of armed hostilities and hostile acts, the unilateral withdrawal of occupying forces from the Zangelan district and the city of Goradiz, and the withdrawal of occupying forces from other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijani Republic}}</ref> are areas [[de jure]] part of [[Azerbaijan]] and situated outside the former [[Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast]] (NKAO), which are since the end of the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]] controlled by the military forces of the [[List of states with limited recognition|intenationally not recognized]] de facto Armenian [[protectorate]] [[Republic of Artsakh]], which was formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and still referred to as NKR.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Around the Bloc: Kazakhstan Bans Child Jihadi Video, Russia Cracks Down on Capital Flight |journal=Transitions Online |date=2014 |issue=12/02 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=228647 |accessdate=24 October 2020 |language=English |issn=1214-1615}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lebanidze |first1=Bidzina |title=Research design |journal=Russia, EU and the Post-Soviet Democratic Failure |date=2020 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.1007/978-3-658-26446-8_4 |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-658-26446-8_4 |publisher=Springer Fachmedien |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Several leaders of Armenia’s far right detained {{!}} Eurasianet |url=https://eurasianet.org/several-leaders-of-armenias-far-right-detained |accessdate=24 October 2020 |work=eurasianet.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>[http://www.polit.ru/analytics/2006/06/02/nkr.html Нужны ли российские миротворцы в Нагорном Карабахе] {{in lang|ru}}<br/>[[Human Rights Watch]]. [http://hrw.org/reports/1995/communal/ Playing the "Communal Card". Communal Violence and Human Rights.] ("By early 1992 full-scale fighting broke out between Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijani authorities.") / ("...Karabakh Armenian forces -often with the support of forces from the Republic of Armenia- conducted large-scale operations...") / ("Because 1993 witnessed unrelenting Karabakh Armenian offensives against the Azerbaijani provinces surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh...") / ("Since late 1993, the conflict has also clearly become internationalized: in addition to Azerbaijani and Karabakh Armenian forces, troops from the Republic of Armenia participate on the Karabakh side in fighting inside Azerbaijan and in Nagorno-Karabakh.")<br/>[[Human Rights Watch]]. [https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-07.htm The former Soviet Union. Human Rights Developments.] ("In 1992 the conflict grew far more lethal as both sides -the Azerbaijani National Army and free-lance militias fighting along with it, and ethnic Armenians and mercenaries fighting in the Popular Liberation Army of Artsakh- began...")<br/>[[United States Institute of Peace]]. [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks25/forewrd25.html Nagorno-Karabakh Searching for a Solution. Foreword.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202233445/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks25/forewrd25.html |date=2 December 2008 }} ("Nagorno-Karabakh’s armed forces have not only fortified their region but have also occupied a large swath of surrounding Azeri territory in the hopes of linking the enclave to Armenia.")<br/>[[United States Institute of Peace]]. [http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks19/chap3_19.html Sovereignty after Empire. Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union. Hopes and Disappointments: Case Studies.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611172201/http://www.usip.org/pubs/peaceworks/pwks19/chap3_19.html |date=11 June 2009 }} ("Meanwhile, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh was gradually transforming into a full-scale war between Azeri and Karabakh irregulars, the latter receiving support from Armenia.") / ("Azerbaijan's objective advantage in terms of human and economic potential has so far been offset by the superior fighting skills and discipline of Nagorno-Karabakh's forces. After a series of offensives, retreats, and counteroffensives, Nagorno-Karabakh now controls a sizable portion of Azerbaijan proper (...), including the Lachin corridor.")</ref> All of these districts are equivalent to the former [[raion]]s of [[Azerbaijan SSR]] except [[Kalbajar District]], which now includes additionally a part of the former NKAO. |
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Unlike [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], population of all the adjacent districts were majority-Azerbaijani until their deportations from the districts during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|90s Karabakh War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=население азербайджана |url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnazerbaijan.html |website=www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru |accessdate=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>РГАЭ, ф. 1562, оп. 336, д. 999, 1244, 1565, 1566-д, 1567, 5925, 7879</ref> |
Unlike [[Nagorno-Karabakh]], population of all the adjacent districts were majority-Azerbaijani until their deportations from the districts during the [[Nagorno-Karabakh War|90s Karabakh War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=население азербайджана |url=http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rnazerbaijan.html |website=www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru |accessdate=12 October 2020}}</ref><ref>РГАЭ, ф. 1562, оп. 336, д. 999, 1244, 1565, 1566-д, 1567, 5925, 7879</ref> |
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Revision as of 22:55, 24 October 2020
 | A request that this article title be changed to Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh is under discussion. Please do not move this article until the discussion is closed. |
.png)
Map of the occupied districts prior to the 2020 conflict, where the former NKAO is depicted light red.
| 1. Kalbajar District inside the borders of Kalbajar Rayon 2. Lachin District 3. Qubadli District 4. Zangilan District | 5. Jabrayil District 6. Fuzuli District 7. Agdam District |
The Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh or Seven occupied districts of Azerbaijan surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh[1] are areas de jure part of Azerbaijan and situated outside the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast (NKAO), which are since the end of the Nagorno-Karabakh War controlled by the military forces of the intenationally not recognized de facto Armenian protectorate Republic of Artsakh, which was formerly known as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic and still referred to as NKR.[2][3][4][5] All of these districts are equivalent to the former raions of Azerbaijan SSR except Kalbajar District, which now includes additionally a part of the former NKAO.
Unlike Nagorno-Karabakh, population of all the adjacent districts were majority-Azerbaijani until their deportations from the districts during the 90s Karabakh War.[6][7]
UN has accepted 4 resolutions demanding all occupying forces of territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh to leave.
Territory and Population
Before 2020 escalation
Based on the administrative and territorial division of Azerbaijan, Armenian forces control the territory of the following districts of Azerbaijan:[8][9]
| # | Raion | Total Area (km2)[10] | Total Area (sq mi) | Area under Armenian control (km2) | Area under Armenian control (sq mi) | % Total Area under Artsakh Defense Army control | Total Population in 1989[11] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Kalbajar | 1,936 km2 | 747 sq mi | 1,935 km2 | 747 sq mi | 100% | 43,713 |
| 2 | Lachin | 1,835 km2 | 708 sq mi | 1,835 km2 | 708 sq mi | 100% | 47,339 |
| 3 | Qubadli | 802 km2 | 310 sq mi | 802 km2 | 310 sq mi | 100% | 28,110 |
| 4 | Zangilan | 707 km2 | 273 sq mi | 707 km2 | 273 sq mi | 100% | 32,698 |
| 5 | Jabrayil | 1,050 km2 | 410 sq mi | 1,050 km2 | 410 sq mi | 100%a | 49,156 |
| Total of 1989's population of territories under current Armenian control of 100% | 201,016 | ||||||
| 6 | Fuzuli | 1,386 km2 | 535 sq mi | 462 km2 | 178 sq mi | 33% | 89,417 |
| 7 | Agdam | 1,094 km2 | 422 sq mi | 842 km2 | 325 sq mi | 77% | 131,293 |
| Total | 8,810 km2 | 3,400 sq mi | 7,633 km2 | 2,947 sq mi | 87% | 421,726 | |
a: excluding village Çocuq Mərcanlı
The outer perimeter of these territories is a line of direct contact between the military forces of the Republic of Artsakh and Azerbaijan.[12]
| Azerbaijanis | Armenians | Lezgins | Russians | Kurds | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kalbajar | 99,5% (40,329) | 0,1% (49) | 0,1%(30) | 0,1% (46) | 0.1 (4) | 40,516 |
| Lachin | 94,5% (44,665) | 0,1% (34) | 0,1% (23) | 0,1% (28) | 5,2% (2,437) | 47,261 |
| Qubadli | 95,5% (26,537) | 0,1% (26) | 0.1% (21) | 1,4% (312) | 0 | 26,673 |
| Jabrayil | 98,5% (42,415) | 0.1% (41) | 0,1% (33) | 1% (434) | 0 | 43,047 |
| Zangilan | 97,6% (28,685) | 0.1% (35) | 0,1% (19) | 2,0% (590) | 0 | 29,377 |
| Total | 97,7% (182,631) | 0,1% (185) | 0,1% (126) | 0,7% (1410) | 1,3% (2441) | 186,874 |
After 2020 escalation
![[icon]](/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg){kind=small} | This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (October 2020) |
History
At the outset of the Karabakh conflict, the majority-Armenian Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast was surrounded by regions with Azerbaijani majorities and had no land border with Armenia.
- 18 May 1992, Armenian forces took Lachin, opening the Lachin corridor for land communications between NKR and Armenia. A strong offensive by Armenian forces occurred in 1993, resulting in the securing of further territory to act as a "security zone".
- 27 March 1993, Armenian forces launched an offensive in Kelbajar and by 5 April had completely captured the area of Kalbajar District, creating a strong link between Nagorno Karabakh and Armenia and removing from the Lachin corridor the threat of attack from the north.
- 23 July 1993, after 40 days of fighting, officially known in Armenia as the "suppression of enemy firing points", Agdam was taken. Then followed an attack in the south:
- 22 August 1993 – Fuzuli was taken.
- 25 August 1993 – Jabrayil was taken.
- 31 August 1993 – Kubatly was taken.
- 1 November 1993 – Zengilan was taken.
Since then, Armenians have been in control of most of the territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast, with Azerbaijan controlling parts of the eastern Martuni and eastern Martakert. In addition, since that time, Armenians have controlled all of the territory between the former NKAO to Iran, as well as all of the territory between the former NKAO and Armenia, and some areas to the east surrounding Aghdam. Nagorno-Karabakh also claims but does not control the region known until 1992 as Shahumian, which although being majority-Armenian before 1992, was not part of the NKAO. Shahumian's Armenian population was driven out during the war, and the Armenian and Azeri forces have been separated on the northern front by the Murovdag mountain chain ever since.[15]
Since 1994, Armenia and Azerbaijan have held talks on the future of the security belt territories. The Armenian side has offered to act in accordance with the "land for status" formula (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for Azerbaijan recognizing the independence of the Nagorno-Karabakh and giving security assurances to the Nagorno-Karabakh and the Lachin corridor),[16] Azerbaijan, on a formula of "land for peace" (returning the territory of the security belt back to Azerbaijan in exchange for security guarantees with Azerbaijan controlling territories of Nagorno-Karabakh). Facilitators have also offered, in particular, another "land for status" option (returning the territory of the security belt to the control of Azerbaijan in exchange for guarantees by Azerbaijan to hold at some point a referendum on the status of Nagorno-Karabakh).[17] The involved parties have failed to reach any agreement.
Legal status
- From the standpoint of the Nagorno-Karabakh, the security belt is territory of Azerbaijan temporarily controlled by the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army until the receipt of security guarantees for the Nagorno-Karabakh and the establishment of control over the whole of the territory declared by the Nagorno-Karabakh, with the exception of the Lachin corridor linking Nagorno-Karabakh with Armenia (which the Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh has stated it does not intend to return because of its strategic importance) [18][19]
- According to international law, the 7 adjacent districts are occupied territories of Azerbaijan.[20]
See Also
References
- ^ Report of the OSCE Minsk Group Co-Chairs' Field Assessment Mission to the Occupied Territories of Azerbaijan Surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh
"UN Security Council Resolution 822 (30 April 1993)".Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and hostile acts with a view to establishing a durable cease-fire, as well as immediate withdrawal of all occupying forces from the Kelbadjar district and other recently occupied areas of Azerbaijan
"UN Security Council Resolution 853 (29 July 1993)".Demands the immediate cessation of all hostilities and the immediate complete and unconditional withdrawal of the occupying forces involved from the district of Agdam and all other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijan Republic
"UN Security Council Resolution 884 (12 November 1993)".Demands from the parties concerned the immediate cessation of armed hostilities and hostile acts, the unilateral withdrawal of occupying forces from the Zangelan district and the city of Goradiz, and the withdrawal of occupying forces from other recently occupied areas of the Azerbaijani Republic
- ^ "Around the Bloc: Kazakhstan Bans Child Jihadi Video, Russia Cracks Down on Capital Flight". Transitions Online (12/02). 2014. ISSN 1214-1615. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ Lebanidze, Bidzina (2020). "Research design". Russia, EU and the Post-Soviet Democratic Failure. Springer Fachmedien: 55–70. doi:10.1007/978-3-658-26446-8_4.
- ^ "Several leaders of Armenia's far right detained | Eurasianet". eurasianet.org. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
- ^ Нужны ли российские миротворцы в Нагорном Карабахе (in Russian)
Human Rights Watch. Playing the "Communal Card". Communal Violence and Human Rights. ("By early 1992 full-scale fighting broke out between Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians and Azerbaijani authorities.") / ("...Karabakh Armenian forces -often with the support of forces from the Republic of Armenia- conducted large-scale operations...") / ("Because 1993 witnessed unrelenting Karabakh Armenian offensives against the Azerbaijani provinces surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh...") / ("Since late 1993, the conflict has also clearly become internationalized: in addition to Azerbaijani and Karabakh Armenian forces, troops from the Republic of Armenia participate on the Karabakh side in fighting inside Azerbaijan and in Nagorno-Karabakh.")
Human Rights Watch. The former Soviet Union. Human Rights Developments. ("In 1992 the conflict grew far more lethal as both sides -the Azerbaijani National Army and free-lance militias fighting along with it, and ethnic Armenians and mercenaries fighting in the Popular Liberation Army of Artsakh- began...")
United States Institute of Peace. Nagorno-Karabakh Searching for a Solution. Foreword. Archived 2 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ("Nagorno-Karabakh’s armed forces have not only fortified their region but have also occupied a large swath of surrounding Azeri territory in the hopes of linking the enclave to Armenia.")
United States Institute of Peace. Sovereignty after Empire. Self-Determination Movements in the Former Soviet Union. Hopes and Disappointments: Case Studies. Archived 11 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ("Meanwhile, the conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh was gradually transforming into a full-scale war between Azeri and Karabakh irregulars, the latter receiving support from Armenia.") / ("Azerbaijan's objective advantage in terms of human and economic potential has so far been offset by the superior fighting skills and discipline of Nagorno-Karabakh's forces. After a series of offensives, retreats, and counteroffensives, Nagorno-Karabakh now controls a sizable portion of Azerbaijan proper (...), including the Lachin corridor.") - ^ "население азербайджана". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ РГАЭ, ф. 1562, оп. 336, д. 999, 1244, 1565, 1566-д, 1567, 5925, 7879
- ^ de Waal, Thomas (15 July 2005). "Приложение". BBC. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ JASON, STRAKES (2009). "Hierarchical Global Structures and Their Influence on Azerbaijani Views of International Politics". The Caucasus & Globalization. 3 (2–3). ISSN 1819-7353. Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ Азербайджанская ССР - Административно-территориальное деление (in Russian). Baku: Azgoisdat (Азгоиздат). 1979.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|chapterurl=(help) - ^ "Демоскоп Weekly - Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей". www.demoscope.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 11 October 2020.
- ^ Вооруженное противостояние на Южном Кавказе (in Russian)
- ^ "население азербайджана". www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
- ^ РГАЭ, ф. 1562, оп. 336, д. 999, 1244, 1565, 1566-д, 1567, 5925, 7879
- ^ Приднестровье и Нагорный Карабах — два состоявшихся самодостаточных государства (in Russian)
- ^ Контролируемые карабахской стороной территории могут быть возвращены Азербайджану лишь в обмен на независимость НКР -дептутат (in Russian)
- ^ Дартмутская конференция (in Russian)
Ереван «сдает» Карабах и спешит в объятия НАТО (in Russian)
Визит действующего председателя ОБСЕ Дмитрия Рупеля Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
Препятствия на пути к урегулированию: взгляд из Азербайджана Archived 11 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
Земля преткновения(in Russian). 25 October 2009.
Переговоры по Карабаху: внимание переключается на президента Алиева (in Russian)
«Сатана» раскрывает «детали», а «они не нужны нам и подавно»: политики Армении и Карабаха о возможности сдачи территорий (in Russian) - ^ Декларация о провозглашении Нагорно-Карабахской Республики (in Russian)
- ^ Конституция Нагорно-Карабахской республики Archived 7 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine (in Russian)
Т. де Ваал. Черный сад. Ни войны, ни мира. Глава 17 (in Russian) - ^ Президент Азербайджана: мы продолжим изоляцию Армении и будем наращивать военную мощь (in Russian)
