78K
General information | |
---|---|
Launched | 1986 |
Discontinued | current |
Common manufacturer |
|
Performance | |
Max. CPU clock rate | 32 kHz to 24 MHz |
Data width | 16/8 |
Address width | 20(24)/16 |
Architecture and classification | |
Application | Embedded |
Instruction set | 78K Family |
Physical specifications | |
Cores |
|
Products, models, variants | |
Variant |
|
History | |
Predecessors | 87AD Family, 17K Family |
Successor | RL78 Family |
78K is the trademark name of 16- and 8-bit microcontroller family[1]: 23-4–23-5 [2]: 78 manufactured by Renesas Electronics, originally developed by NEC[3][4]: 229 started in 1986.[5]: 7, line 2 The basis of 78K Family is an accumulator-based register-bank CISC architecture. 78K is a single-chip microcontroller, which usually integrates; program ROM, data RAM, serial interfaces, timers, I/O ports, an A/D converter, an interrupt controller, and a CPU core, on one die.[6][7]: 412
Its application area is mainly simple mechanical system controls and man-machine interfaces.[8][9][10]
Regarding software development tools, C compilers and macro-assemblers are available.[11]: 99 As for development tool hardware, full probing-pod type and debug port type in-circuit emulators,[12][13] and flash ROM programmers[14]: 22–24 are available.
Historically, the family has 11 series with 9 instruction set architectures. As of 2018, 3 instruction set architectures, those are 8-bit 78K0, 8-bit 78K0S, and 16-/8-bit 78K0R, are still promoted for customers' new designs.[14] But in most of cases, migration to RL78 Family,[15] which is a successor of 78K0R and almost binary level compatible with 78K0R,[16]: 20 is recommended.[17]
Variants
[edit]78K0 Series
[edit]78K0 Series (also known as 78K/0) is a long-running 8-bit single chip microcontroller,[18] which is the basis of 78K0S and 78K0R Series. It contains 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. For 16-bit calculating instructions, it performs ALU operation twice. Each instructions are performed serially without instruction pipelining. It has 16-bit 64K Byte address space.[19] Some variants of 78K0 have affordable and compact type 8-bit R-2R D/A converter, which does not have monotonicity because it is not trimmed for adjustment nor followed by operational amplifier.
In its earlier stage, the Program Memory was one-time PROM (OTP), UV-EPROM, or mask ROM.[20] But with the times, it became flash memory.[21][22]
78K0S Series
[edit]78K0S Series (also known as 78K/0S) is a low-end version of 78K0.[23][24][25] It has 8× 8-bit registers, but without any banks. In addition, some instructions, such as multiplication and division, are removed from 78K0 instruction set architecture.[26]
78K0R Series
[edit]78K0R Series is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 3-stage instruction pipelining.[27] Its instruction set is similar to 78K0 and covers 16- and 8-bit operations. It has 20-bit 1M Byte address space.[28] 75 instructions out of 80 are identical with that of RL78 Family; its successor.[16]: 20 [15][29]
178K0 Series
[edit]178K0 Series (also known as 178K/0) is a successor of NEC's 17K Family 4-bit microcontroller for DTS (Digital Tuning Systems) and remote controls.[30] It integrates 17K family's peripheral functions with the 78K0 8-bit CPU core on a chip.[31]
178K0S Series
[edit]178K0S Series (also known as 178K/0S) is also a successor of 17K Family with the 78K0S CPU core.[32]
78K4 Series
[edit]78K4 Series (also known as 78K/4) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8-bit operations.[33][34][35][36] It has 16× 8-bit registers ×4 banks, which can be also used for 8× 16-bit registers ×4 banks. Some of these registers can be also used as 24-bit extension for addressing modes.[37] It has 24-bit 16M Byte address space. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions.[38]: §23.8, 560–593
78K7 Series
[edit]78K7 Series (also known as 78K/7) is a 32-bit single-chip microcontroller with 32, 16 and 8 bit operations. It has 8× 32-bit registers ×16 banks, which can be also used for 16× 16-bit registers ×16 banks and 16× 8-bit registers ×16 banks. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions. It has 24-bit 16M Byte linear address space. It is used for some Quantum Fireball products,[39]: Photo 2 but shortly replaced with V850 Family 32-bit RISC microcontrollers.
78K6 Series
[edit]78K6 Series (also known as 78K/6) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller. Its life-time was short, and less variants.
78K1 Series
[edit]78K1 Series (also known as 78K/1) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. 78K1 series is targeted for servo controls of videocassette recorders. μPD78148 sub-series integrates 2 operational amplifiers.[40]
78K3 Series
[edit]78K3 Series (also known as 78K/3) is a 16-bit single-chip microcontroller with 16 and 8 bit operations. It has 16× 8-bit ×8 banks, which can be also used for 8× 16-bit registers ×8 banks. Its address space is 16-bit 64K Byte. It is developed as high-end series of 78K Family. It has microcode-based operations named Macro Service with interrupt functions.[41]: §13.4, 261–280
This series is used for hard disk drives, especially Quantum Fireball Series.[42] μPD78364 sub-series is used for inverter compressor controls.[43] It is also used for traction control systems of some cars.
78K2 Series
[edit]78K2 Series (also known as 78K/2) is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. It is developed as general purpose series of 78K Family.[44]
Predecessors
[edit]87AD Family
[edit]87AD Family[4]: 229 is an 8-bit single-chip microcontroller. It has 8× 8-bit registers ×4 banks. Its instruction set architecture became the basis of 78K.[45]
17K Family
[edit]17K Family[4]: 229 is a 4-bit single-chip microcontroller, especially dedicated for DTS (Digital Tuning Systems) and remote controls. It has 2 plane of 128× 4-bit register files, and sophisticated fully orthogonal instruction set. This instruction set is completely different from that of 78K Family.[30]
Table list of 78K Family
[edit]Series | ALU | Registers | Instructions | Pipeline | Remark | Documents |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
RL78-S3 | 16-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 81 (75+6) | 3-stage | Successor of 78K0R | [29]: 8 |
RL78-S2 | 16-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 75 | 3-stage | ||
RL78-S1 | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit (no bank) | 74 (75-1) | 3-stage | ||
78K0R | 16-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 80 (75+5) | 3-stage | Extended 78K/0 | [28]: 18 |
78K0S | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit (no bank) | 47 | none | Simplified 78K/0 | [25] |
78K0 | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 48 | none | Basic 78K/0 core | [19] |
178K0S | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit | 47 | none | 78K/0S for DTS; Digital Tuning System |
[25][32] |
178K0 | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 48 | none | 78K/0 for DTS | [19][31] |
78K4 | 16-bit | 16× 8-bit ×4 banks | 113 | none | Macro service available | [37]: 24, 128 |
78K7 | 32-bit | 16× 16-bit ×16 banks | none | Macro service available | [46] | |
78K6 | 16-bit | Macro service available | ||||
78K1 | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 64 | none | For VCR servo controls | [40]: 3, 39 |
78K3 | 16-bit | 16× 8-bit ×8 banks | 113–115 | none | Macro service available | [47]: 3–28, 45 |
78K2 | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit ×4 banks | 65 | none | General purpose | [44]: 16, 50 |
87AD | 8-bit | 8× 8-bit ×2 banks | CMOS: 159 NMOS: 158 |
none | Predecessor of 78K | [45]: 21, 39 |
(17K) | 4-bit | 128× 4-bit ×2 banks | 47 | none | Predecessor of 178K | [30] |
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Oklobdzija, Vojin G. (2001). The Computer Engineering Handbook. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849308857.
- ^
Edwards, Lewin A. R. W. (2006). So, You Wanna be an Embedded Engineer: The Guide to Embedded Engineering, from Consultancy to the Corporate Ladder. Newnes. p. 78. ISBN 9780750679534.
NEC 78K.
- ^ "78k | The CPU Shack Museum". www.cpushack.com.
- ^ a b c Parai, Manas Kumar; Das, Banasree; Das, Gautam (January 2013). "An Overview of Microcontroller Unit: From Proper Selection to Specific Application". International Journal of Soft Computing and Engineering (IJSCE). 2 (6): 228–231. ISSN 2231-2307. S2CID 11529467.
- ^ NECエレクトロニクス 8ビットマイコンのあゆみ [History of 8-bit microcontrollers of NEC Electronics] (PDF) (in Japanese). Sunhayato Corp.
- ^ "microcontroller". The Free Dictionary.
- ^ Oklobdzija, Vojin G. (2017). Digital Systems and Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 9781351838108.
- ^ "NEC Electronics Introduces 12 New 16-bit All Flash Microcontrollers with LCD Controller/Driver Circuit". Business Wire. 2009-01-16.
- ^ Garcia, Pedro Castillo; Lozano, Rogelio; Dzul, Alejandro Enrique (2006). Modelling and Control of Mini-Flying Machines. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9781846281792.
- ^ Archived: "MPU & MCU | Renesas Electronics". 7 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-10-07.
- ^ Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (2014). Embedded Systems Design for High-Speed Data Acquisition and Control. Springer. ISBN 9783319068657.
- ^ Electronic Specifier (2009-04-19). "NEC Electronics' new 78K Primer Kit". www.electronicspecifier.com.
- ^ Bender, Klaus; Jack, Peter; Koç, Ali; Péter, Istvan; Megyeri, Gergely (2001). Qualitätssicherung eingebetteter Software : Methoden und Best-Practices : [FUSIM] (in German). München: Herbert Utz Verlag. ISBN 9783831600243.
- ^ a b Renesas official: Renesas MPUs & MCUs 78K MCU Selection Guide. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ a b Dean, Alexander G.; Conrad, James M. (2012). Creating Fast, Responsive and Energy-Efficient Embedded Systems using the Renesas RL78 Microcontroller (PDF). Weston, FL: Micrium Press. ISBN 9781935772989.
- ^ a b Renesas official: Porting guide from 78K0R/FC3 to RL78/F14. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ "Renesas Electronics Introduces the New RL78 Microcontroller Family to Deliver Solutions for Next-Generation 8-/16-bit Embedded Applications". Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Hausmann, G.; Gebing, E. (1997). "The realisation of specific automotive applications with "Full" CAN functionality at "Basic" CAN cost on highly integrated 8-Bit microcontroller of NEC's 78K/0 family" (PDF). 4th International CAN Conference, ICC. 97: 4-02–11.
- ^ a b c Renesas official: 78K/0 Series for Instructions. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Renesas official: UPD78054,78054Y Subseries User's Manual. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ "NEC launches 14 new 8-bit MCUs for automotive dashboard applications | EE Times". EETimes.
- ^ Renesas official: 78K0/Dx2 User's Manual: Hardware. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Suzuki, Tetsuya (2007-06-22). Google Translate - Introduction site of: Cコンパイラで遊ぶ78K0Sマイコン [Play with the C compiler 78K0S microcomputer] (in Japanese). Tokyo, Japan: Socym Co,.Ltd. ISBN 9784883375394.
- ^ Skorobogatov, Sergei (17 August 2010). "Flash Memory 'Bumping' Attacks". Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, CHES 2010 (PDF). Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 6225. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. pp. 158–172. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15031-9_11. ISBN 9783642150319.
- ^ a b c Renesas official: 78K/0S Series for Instructions. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Renesas official: "Difference on 78K0 and 78K0S in 8-bit All Flash microcontrollers". Renesas Electronics - Knowledgebase. 28 June 2016.
- ^ Kim, Dahoo; Hida, Itaru; Fukuda, Eric S.; Asai, Tetsuya; Motomura, Masato (November 2014). A Study of Transparent On-chip Instruction Cache for NV Microcontrollers. The Seventh International Conference on Advances in Circuits, Electronics and Micro-electronics. pp. 26–29. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.676.6935. ISBN 978-1-61208-379-7. ISSN 2308-426X.
- ^ a b Renesas official: 78K0R Microcontrollers User's Manual: Instructions. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ a b Renesas official: RL78 family User's Manual: Software. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ a b c 17K 4-bit Microcontroller Data Book (1992). NEC.
- ^ a b Renesas official: UPD178024 Subseries User's Manual. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ a b Renesas official: UPD179327 Subseries User's Manual. Renesas Electronics.
- ^
JPRS Report: Science & technology. Japan. Foreign Broadcast Information Service. 1994. p. 25.
The 78K/IV has upward compatibility regarding the instruction sets of the existing 78K/0, 78K/II and 78K/III. Major features of the 78K/IV are: 1) linear addressing of 16 M bytes, 2) wide operative voltage = 2.7-6.0 V, 3) efficient power management, 4) instruction sets for C compiler. NEC has developed the 1st product "puPD784026 subseries" that has upward-compatible peripheral functions of the 78K/II series. - ^ Ohuchi, Mitsurou; Kawata, Kazuhide; Akiyama, Shin-ichiro; Imamura, Hirohisa; Fukushima, Kiyoshi; Ishizaki, Norihiko; Imamizu, Jun-ichi; Mori, Takehiko; Ono, Hirohihiko; Nakata, Shigeru (1994). "16ビットシングルチップマイクロコンピュ-タ78K/4シリ-ズ (半導体デバイス)" [16-Bit Single Chip Microcomputer 78K/IV Series.]. NEC Technical Journal. 47 (3): 122–127.
- ^ "NEC: News Release 96/10/30-01". www.nec.co.jp.
- ^ "Micro Controller (Data Part)". www.cpe.ku.ac.th.
- ^ a b Renesas official: 78K/IV Series Instructions. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Renesas official: UPD784908 Subseries Hardware (Preliminary). Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Lui, Dr. Gough (16 August 2013). "Salvage: Quantum Fireball 1280Mb AT Hard Drive". Gough's Tech Zone. Phto 2.
- ^ a b Renesas official: UPD78148 User's Manual. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ Renesas official: UPD78334 User's Manual. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ "Software repair of hard disks HDD (Google Translate)". www.phantom.sannata.ru (in Russian). 4X_Pro.
- ^ Renesas official: UPD78366A Hardware. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ a b Renesas official: UPD78234 Sub-Series Hardware. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ a b Renesas official: 87AD Series UPD78C18 User's Manual. Renesas Electronics.
- ^ 787012 User's Manual Hardware Edition (1994). NEC.
- ^ Renesas official: UPD78356 Instructions. Renesas Electrnics.
External links
[edit]- Technical documents
- Web sites