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Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen

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Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen
Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen (2009)
Born(1929-07-09)9 July 1929
Died3 June 2016(2016-06-03) (aged 86)
Alma materLeiden University
Scientific career
FieldsMalacology

Adolph Cornelis 'Dolf' van Bruggen (9 July 1929 – 3 June 2016)[1][2] was a Dutch malacologist, entomologist, and botanist. His interest in the tropics and tropical Africa has dominated his broad scientific interest for more than 50 years now.[1] He was an expert especially in the land snail families Streptaxidae, Achatinidae and Maizaniidae.[1] As of 2008, he had authored some 655 scientific publications.[1]

Early years

Adolph Cornelis van Bruggen was born on 9 July 1929, the eldest son of A.C. van Bruggen, Sr. and A.C.G. van Bruggen-van Eyk Bijleveld. He spent his youth in The Hague.[1] Natural history and particularly animals always caught his attention.[1] His father was a high-ranked civil servant at the Ministry of Education, Culture and Science. The Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie was administered by that ministry at the time, and when he graduated from the Gymnasium Haganum in The Hague in 1949, his father introduced him to Dr. Carel Octavius van Regteren Altena (1907–1976), curator of Mollusca at the museum, who stimulated his interest in malacology.

At Leiden University Dolf studied systematic botany, animal ecology and systematic zoology. In 1956 he graduated, after three years as an assistant to Prof. Dr. Hilbrand Boschma (1893–1976), the director of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, who taught Systematic Zoology at Leiden University.[1]

The start of van Bruggen's malacological career can be dated back to 1948, when he became a member of the Dutch Malacological Society (NMV). His first malacological publication, in Dutch, appeared in 1948 in the Dutch journal De Levende Natuur; a short note reporting a find of the marine bivalve Anomia ephippium, an uncommon species in the Netherlands. His very first publication had appeared earlier in the same year in the same journal; it reported a sighting of seals and a horse mackerel on a Dutch beach.[1]

It was also in Leiden that van Bruggen met his wife, Wenda van Bruggen-Gorter. She became painfully aware of his malacological interests when one day on their honeymoon in Switzerland, they were returning home late in the evening and Dolf found a beautiful specimen of the slug Limax cinereoniger that he wanted for his collection. However, not having any glass vials with him (plastic bags were unknown in those days) he asked to use Wenda's evening bag to bring the animal home.[1]

Originally intending to depart to the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) after his studies, this became impossible when the former Dutch colony declared independence on 27 December 1949. Since Dolf had a firm interest in the tropics, the van Bruggens decided to move to Africa instead.[1]

In Africa (1957–1966)

They sailed to South Africa, stopping on their way at the remote Atlantic island of St Helena, in May 1957. Dolf had to make breakneck manoeuvres to reach the shore with a ‘klepdoos’ (a sweeping separator), thought by fellow-travellers to be a Geiger counter. In South Africa, Dolf had accepted a job at the Ministry of Agriculture in Pretoria. There he was charged with the study of insects and the problems they caused in warehouses. After three years he accepted the position of Marine Biologist and Curator at the newly erected Oceanarium in Port Elizabeth. Since it was the first institute of its kind in Africa, there were many start-up problems. When, shortly afterwards, the Natal Museum in Pietermaritzburg offered him a position as curator of malacology, it was an offer he could not refuse. Both he and Wenda worked at the museum from 1962 to 1966; she as a librarian and his personal assistant in the field. They frequently went out for fieldwork, taking the opportunity whenever the museum's Land Rover was available to make collection trips as far north as Malawi and Zambia. Dolf always took notes in his fieldbooks, which became more elaborate over the years. His Africana Biologica now contains 1550 pages, in eight parts.

During his African years he not only worked on insects and his favourite snails, but also paid attention to the two other groups that had his firm interest: mammals and birds. He made many contacts with managers and rangers of National Parks, and became actively involved in nature conservation. His stay amidst the African wildlife also further stimulated his interest in zoos. In 1963, at the 125th anniversary of Artis Zoo in Amsterdam, Dolf sent a number of rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) off by plane, as a gift from Dutch biologists working in South Africa.[1]

‘Dear Dolf, it is time to return to Holland and to educate the students here with the many insights you have learnt in Africa.’ That was essentially the message that Prof. Dr Van der Vecht, chairing Systematic Zoology at Leiden University, sent to Dolf in the beginning of 1966. Some months later the van Bruggens sailed back to The Netherlands. Their cat travelled by plane and was hosted in Diergaarde Blijdorp until they arrived.[1]

In the Netherlands

In Leiden, Dolf was charged with the education of undergraduates in Systematic Zoology. In 1969 he received his Ph.D. with the thesis '‘Studies on the land molluscs of Zululand with notes on the distribution of land molluscs in Southern Africa’'. His supervisor was Prof. Dr Leo Brongersma, director of the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie.[1]

Dolf arrived at the rise of The Roaring Sixties at the university, with students claiming more say and quickly becoming on familiar terms with their teachers. However, for most students he remained ‘Dr van Bruggen’ until they had finished their Ph.D. and were found to be at the same level. Nonetheless, his lectures were highly appreciated and much to his own surprise he was once voted "most popular teacher". Students received his almost yearly excursions to Antwerp Zoo with much enthusiasm.[1]

Although officially employed by the University, his actual place of work was a few minutes away at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie. This enabled him to consult the extensive library and to work with the collection of the museum. Each year he and Wenda travelled to London, to visit the Natural History Museum and meet colleagues and friends.[1]

Besides his work he devoted much time to organisations which he felt needed his support. The Dutch Malacological Society (Nederlandse Malacologische Vereniging, NMV) benefitted most from his energy, where he served as Secretary (1953–1956), interim President (1970–1972) and Treasurer (1983–1986) on the Board. Incidentally, Wenda served also as Treasurer of the NMV during several years. Dolf was editor of the Correspondentieblad (1951–1953) and, after a short interruption, again from 1954 to 1956. Moreover, he acted for more than 40 years as editor and editor-in-chief of Basteria, scientific journal of the Dutch Malacological Society (from 1968 to present). He was elected Honorary Member of the Society in 1999.[1]

Furthermore, he was President of the successful 7th International Malacological Congress in Amsterdam (1977), organized on behalf of Unitas Malacologica, the international organisation of malacologists. From 1989 to 1999, Dolf was chairman of the Netherlands Commission for International Nature Conservation, also serving as editor of its communications. Furthermore, he devoted energy to the Netherlands Zoological Society, the (former) Netherlands Foundation for Biological Research and the Dutch/Belgian Mammal Society. His interest in zoos is also demonstrated by his huge collection of zoo guides, for which he built a network of contacts all over the world.[1]

He retired in 1994, with a lecture entitled Semper aliquid novi ex Africam adferre, which may be translated as "there is always something new from Africa", and which may be regarded as Dolf's personal motto. Afterwards he continued his studies as an associate of the Leiden museum, spending most of his days in the building at the Raamsteeg and later at the Darwinweg in Leiden, where he continues to study and publish on Mollusca and other topics.[1]

In 1973, Dolf and Wenda were asked by a relative to guide a safari to Kenya and Tanzania. This became the start of an annual event that would last until 1990. The trips were soon organized by a travel agency and a group of regularly participating people, some of whom have become intimate friends of the guiding couple. Each trip was carefully prepared, with a bibliography sent to the participants. Afterwards a list of all the observed mammals and birds was distributed additionally.[1]

After 1990, Dolf and Wenda made several private trips to southern Africa, visiting friends and relatives on their way. When Dai Herbert during their 2008 trip asked if Dolf would cooperate in revising some material collected in Drakensberg Mountains, he wholeheartedly accepted the opportunity to continue with his great love: land snails of South Africa.[1]

He died 3 June 2016.[2]

Bibliography

Dolf van Bruggen's wide interest in systematic biology and related fields are reflected in his numerous publications, which cover topics as diverse as marine and non-marine Mollusca, mammals, amphibians, reptiles, birds, insects, as well as zoo biology, museum collections, nature conservation, bibliographical matters, and historical accounts, apart from numerous book reviews and obituaries, to name only the fields on which he wrote more than a single contribution. The complete listing of his publication include 655 records up till 2008.[1]

The flow of publications over the years since 1948 continues to the present and has never been interrupted. Fluctuations in his production have been relatively small. On average, 11 papers appeared annually. There has never been a year with less than four papers and that happened only once. Dolf's most productive years (in number of papers) are 1960–1966, when he resided in South Africa; 1961 has been his most productive year with 23 papers.[1]

His most important scientific contributions concern the fields of malacology, entomology and botany. His botanical publications are restricted to the year 1958, when he published two systematic papers on Sapotaceae from Borneo with the description of a new genus and two new species.[1]

His entomological production lasted longer, from 1954 to 1963. In this period, he published 18 papers, mainly on Ephemeroptera from Southeast Asia and New Guinea, and on Diptera from southern Africa, thereby introducing 14 new species and two new genera.[1]

The vast majority of his scientific papers dealt with the systematics and biogeography of the Mollusca. In the early period of his career he published on both marine and non-marine taxa, but the former more or less stopped after 1963, possibly related to his move from a marine institute at Port Elizabeth to the Natal Museum at Pietermaritzburg.[1]

Most of Dolf's scientific work has been devoted to land snails, especially those from subsaharan Africa and the islands surrounding this continent. Although there are few families on which he has not published, there are three families that may be considered his particular area of expertise and fascination: the pulmonate families Streptaxidae and Achatinidae and the operculate (caenogastropod) family Maizaniidae.[1]

The interest in the carnivorous family Streptaxidae was undoubtedly raised by Dolf's prolonged stay in South Africa, quite possibly inspired by Matthew William Kemble Connolly’s (1939)[3] impressive monograph on the South African non-marine Mollusca, in which a picture of an extremely diverse and aesthetically appealing streptaxid radiation was painted. In all, he described three new genera and 60 new species and subspecies of Streptaxidae, all but four from Africa.[1]

Achatinidae are a family of rather large land snails, and, in spite of their size, one that poses tremendous taxonomic problems, and Dolf is one of the few people who knows his way in the chaotic taxonomy of this group. He devoted various papers partly or wholly to the family and introduced six new species and subspecies. He was a friend of the recently deceased American Achatinidae specialist Albert Raymond Mead (1915–2009). They regularly exchanged opinions, but did not publish jointly.[1]

A third group that apparently has his special interest are the terrestrial operculates, formerly known as ‘Prosobranchia’, a heterogeneous assemblage of gastropods with an operculum and separate males and females (in contrast to the hermaphrodite pulmonate land snails). Operculate gastropods appear to be particularly poorly represented in subsaharan Africa in comparison to other continents, especially tropical Asia. Since the early 1980s Dolf has taken it on him to revise the African representatives of this group, especially the families Maizaniidae and Cyclophoridae. This study resulted in the description of three new subgenera and ten new species (thereby doubling the number of African taxa known), and a series of papers with careful descriptions, keys and biogeographic analyses of the ‘prosobranch’ fauna in Africa and beyond.[1]

The standard author abbreviation A.Bruggen is used to indicate this person as the author when citing a botanical name.[4]

Taxa described

New taxa described by Dolf van Bruggen include (with type locality listed):

Gastropods

Streptaxidae

Gulella streptostelopsis

Achatinidae

Maizaniidae

Other land gastropods

Marine gastropods

Bivalves

Insects

Plants

Taxa named in honour

The following taxa have been named in honour (eponyms) of Dolf van Bruggen:

Arachnida
Diplopoda
Insecta
Gastropoda
three views of the shell of Chloritis vanbruggeni
  • Chloritis vanbruggeni Maassen, 2009[154] Type locality: Indonesia, Central Sulawesi, Pulau [Island] Peleng, Gunung [Mount] Tatarandang (Camaenidae).
  • Gulella bruggeni Cole & Herbert, 2009[155] Type locality: South Africa, E. Cape, Transkei, Hluleka Nature Reserve (Streptaxidae).
  • Gulella mkuu Rowson, Seddon & Tattersfield, 2009[156] Type locality: Kenya, Rift Valley Province, Samburu District, Ndoto Mountains (Streptaxidae). Dedication in the reference include: "From Swahili noun or adjective mkuu, meaning great, principal, elder, chief, etc. As a noun in apposition, with reference to the size of the shell, but also to Dr A.C. van Bruggen, a distinguished and esteemed contributor to African malacology."[156]
  • Inchoatia megdova bruggeni Gittenberger & Uit de Weerd, 2009[157] Type locality: Greece, Thessalia, Trikala, 7.5 km WNW of Pyli (= Pili), 8.5 km S of Elati along road to Agh. Prokopios (Clausiliidae).
  • Mitrella bruggeni van Aartsen, Menkhorst & Gittenberger, 1984[158] New name for Mitrella broderipi auct. not Sowerby, 1844 (Columbellidae).
  • Parennea vanbruggeni de Winter, 2008[159] Type locality: Cameroon, Sud Province, Meka’a-II, W of Nyangong (Streptaxidae).
  • Plekocheilus (Eurytus) bruggeni Breure, 1978[160] Type locality: Peru, Dept. Pasco, Huancabamba (Orthalicidae).
Bivalvia

References

This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from the reference.[1]

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