Arsanilic acid
| Arsanilic acid | |
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4-aminophenylarsonic acid |
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Other names
4-Aminobenzenearsonic acid, 4-Aminophenylarsonic acid, 4-Arsanilic acid, Atoxyl |
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| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 98-50-0  |
| PubChem | 6432805 |
| ChemSpider | 7111  |
| DrugBank | DB03006 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:49477 |
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL351769 |
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | C6H8AsNO3 |
| Molar mass | 217.054 g/mol |
| Appearance | white solid |
| Density | 1.957 g/cm3 |
| Melting point |
232 °C |
| Solubility in water | modest |
| Hazards | |
| R-phrases | R23-R25,R50-R53 23/25-50/53 |
| S-phrases | S20S21S28S45S60-S61 |
| Main hazards | Toxic |
| NFPA 704 |
 0
2
0
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| Related compounds | |
| Related compounds | phenylarsonic acid |
 (verify) (what is:  / ?)Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) |
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| Infobox references | |
Arsanilic acid, also known as aminophenyl arsenic acid or aminophenyl arsonic acid, is an organoarsenic compound, an amino derivative of phenylarsonic acid whose amine group is in the 4-position. A crystalline powder introduced medically in the late 19th century as Atoxyl, its sodium salt was used by injection in the early 20th century as the first organic arsenical drug for human patients, but was soon found prohibitively toxic.[1] Eventually it became, and is still used as, a veterinary feed additive to promote growth and prevent or treat dysentery in poultry and swine.[2][3][4] Arsanilic acid is one of four arsenical animal drugs approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in poultry and/or swine, along with roxarsone, nitarsone, and carbarsone.[5]
Contents |
Chemistry [edit]
The original synthesis reacts aniline with arsenic acid:[6]
- C6H5NH2 + H3AsO4 → H2O3AsC6H4NH2 + H2O
Arsanilic acid occurs as a zwitterion, H3N+C6H4AsO3H−,[7] yet is typically represented with the non-zwitterionic formula H2NC6H4AsO3H2.
History [edit]
Since at least 2000 BC, arsenic and inorganic arsenical compounds were both medicine and poison.[8][9] In the 19th century, inorganic arsenicals became the preeminent medicines, for instance Fowler's solution, against diverse diseases.[8]
In 1859, in France, while developing aniline dyes,[10] Antoine Béchamp synthesized a chemical that he identified, if incorrectly, as arsenic acid anilide.[11] Also biologist, physician, and pharmacist, Béchamp reported it 40 to 50 times less toxic as a drug than arsenic acid, and named it Atoxyl,[11] the first organic arsenical drug.[1]
In 1905, in Britain, H W Thomas and A Breinl reported successful treatment of trypanosomiasis in animals by Atoxyl, and recommended high doses, given continuously, for human trypanomiasis (sleeping sickness).[10] By 1907, more successful and less toxic than inorganic arsenicals, Atoxyl was expected to greatly aid expansion of British colonization of Africa and stem loss of cattle in Africa and India.[10] (So valuable was the interest, in 1922 Bayer offered to reveal the formula of Bayer 205—developed in 1917 and showing success on sleeping sickness in British and Belgian Africa—to British government for return of German colonies lost via World War I.)[11][12]
Soon, however, Robert Koch found through an Atoxyl trial in German East Africa that some 2% of patients were blinded via atrophy of the optic nerve.[11] In Germany, Paul Ehrlich inferred Béchamp's report of Atoxyl's structure incorrect, and Ehrlich with his chief organic chemist Alfred Bertheim found its correct structure,[10] aminophenyl arsenic acid[13] or aminophenyl arsonic acid,[11] which suggested possible derivatives.[11][13] Ehrlich asked Bertheim to synthesize two types of Atoxyl derivatives: arsenoxides and arsenobenzenes.[11]
Synthesized in 1907, arsphenamine—their 606th arsenobenzene—was ineffective against trypanosomes, but found in 1909 by Ehrlich and bacteriologist Sahachiro Hata effective against the microorganism involved in syphilis, a disease roughly equivalent then to today's AIDS.[13] The company Farbwerke Hoechst marketed arsphenamine as the drug Salvarsan, "the arsenic that saves".[11] Its specificity of action fit Ehrlich's silver bullet or magic bullet paradigm of treatment,[8] and Ehrlich won international fame while Salvarsan's success—the first particularly effective syphilis treatment—established the chemotherapy enterprise.[13][14]
In the late 1940s, Salvarsan was replaced in most regions by penicillin, yet organic arsenicals remained in use for trypanosomiasis.[8] At about the same time, arsanilic acid gained use as a feed additive for poultry and swine to promote growth and prevent or treat dysentery.[2][3][4]
Citations [edit]
- ^ a b Burke ET (1925). "The arseno-therapy of syphilis; stovarsol, and tryparsamide". British Journal of Venereal Diseases. 1 (4): 321–38. PMC 1046841. PMID 21772505.
- ^ a b Levander OA, ed. (1977). "Biological effects of arsenic on plants and animals: Domestic animals: Phenylarsonic feed additives". Arsenic: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants. Washington DC: National Academies Press. pp. 149–51. ISBN 978-0-309-02604-8.
- ^ a b Hanson LE, Carpenter LE, Aunan WJ & Ferrin EF (1955). "The use of arsanilic acid in the production of market pigs". Journal of Animal Science. 14 (2): 513–24.
- ^ a b "Arsanilic acid—MIB #4". Canadian Food Inspection Agency. Sep 2006. Retrieved 3 Aug 2012.
- ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration (June 8, 2011). "Questions and Answers Regarding 3-Nitro (Roxarsone)".
- ^ Lewis WL & Cheetham HC (1941), "Arsanilic acid", Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol. 1: 70
- ^ Nuttall RH & Hunter WN (1996). "P-arsanilic acid, a redetermination". Acta Crystallographica Section C Crystal Structure Communications. 52 (7): 1681–3. doi:10.1107/S010827019501657X.
- ^ a b c d Jolliffe DM (1993). "A history of the use of arsenicals in man". Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 86 (5): 287–9. PMC 1294007. PMID 8505753.
- ^ Gibaud, Stéphane; Jaouen, Gérard (2010). "Arsenic - based drugs: from Fowler’s solution to modern anticancer chemotherapy". Topics in Organometallic Chemistry 32: 1–20. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13185-1_1.
- ^ a b c d Boyce R (1907). "The treatment of sleeping sickness and other trypanosomiases by the Atoxyl and mercury method". BMJ. 2 (2437): 624–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2437.624. PMC 2358391. PMID 20763444.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Steverding D (2010). "The development of drugs for treatment of sleeping sickness: A historical review". Parasites & Vectors. 3: 15. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-3-15. PMC 2848007. PMID 20219092.
- ^ Pope WJ (1924). "Synthetic therapeutic agents". BMJ. 1 (3297): 413–4. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3297.413. PMC 2303898. PMID 20771495.
- ^ a b c d Bosch F & Rosich L (2008). "The contributions of Paul Ehrlich to pharmacology: A tribute on the occasion of the centenary of his Nobel Prize". Pharmacology. 82 (3): 171–9. doi:10.1159/000149583. PMC 2790789. PMID 18679046.
- ^ "Paul Ehrlich, the Rockefeller Institute, and the first targeted chemotherapy". Rockefeller University. Retrieved 3 Aug 2012.
