Big Star (band)

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Big Star

Big Star on stage at Hyde Park, London, UK in 2009
Background information
Origin Memphis, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Genre(s) Rock
Power pop
Hard rock
Years active 1971–1974, 1993–present
Website bigstarband.com
Members
Jon Auer
Alex Chilton
Jody Stephens
Ken Stringfellow
Former members
Chris Bell
Andy Hummel
John Lightman

Big Star is an American rock band that created, in its original era 1971–74, a "seminal body of work that never stopped inspiring succeeding generations",[1] earning it recognition decades later as "the quintessential American power pop band" and "one of the most mythic and influential cult acts in all of rock & roll".[2] Formed by Alex Chilton, Chris Bell, Jody Stephens and Andy Hummel, Big Star received critical acclaim but fell victim to a combination of poor marketing and record company quarrels which all but eliminated sales. The band's musical style, influenced by British Invasion groups including The Beatles and The Kinks, as well as The Byrds, The Beach Boys and other U.S. acts, incorporated darker, nihilistic themes, foreshadowing the alternative rock of the 1980s and 1990s. Earlier, between 1967 and 1970, Chilton had enjoyed commercial success as lead singer with The Box Tops, delivering, at sixteen, the lead vocal for the #1 hit The Letter.

On its release in June 1972, Big Star's first album, #1 Record, met with enthusiastic reviews but its handling by Stax Records stymied commercial success; fans tried to buy it, but few stores could supply it. The frustration took its toll on band relations and by the time of the second album's release in January 1974, both Bell and Hummel had left. Like #1 Record, Radio City received excellent reviews, but record company problems again precluded success, now seeing Columbia Records, embroiled in a dispute with Stax, block sales of the Stax catalog. When the two remaining Big Star members, Chilton and Stephens, completed a third album, it was deemed too uncommercial for release and shelved, untitled. Four years later, in 1978, the first two albums were released together as a double album, followed soon after by the now titled third album, Third/Sister Lovers, with some commercial success. Shortly afterwards, Bell was killed in a car accident.

Although Big Star disbanded in 1974, only reforming in 1993, attention was drawn to the early material in the 1980s when R.E.M. and other popular bands acknowledged its influence. In 1992, further interest was stimulated by Rykodisk's new releases of Big Star and Bell albums.[3] In 1993, recruiting Jon Auer and Ken Stringfellow, Chilton and Stephens reformed Big Star, giving a concert at the University of Missouri.[4] The band has remained active since, performing tours in Europe and Japan,[5] and released a new studio album, In Space, in 2005.

Contents

[edit] First era: 1971 to 1974

[edit] #1 Record

After performing as lead singer for the Box Tops from 1967 to 1970, achieving a #1 hit at the age of sixteen with the Memphis pop group's hit The Letter, Alex Chilton completed a solo studio album.[6] He was offered, but turned down as "too commercial", the role of lead vocalist for Blood, Sweat & Tears. [7] Chilton had known Chris Bell for some time: both lived in Memphis, each had spent time recording music at Ardent Studios,[8] and each, when aged thirteen, had been struck by the music of The Beatles when the band first came to the U.S. in 1964.[9] A song Chilton wrote nearly six years after first seeing The Beatles, "Thirteen", made reference to the event with the line, "Rock 'n' roll is here to stay".[10] Chilton asked Bell to work with him as a duo modeled on Simon & Garfunkel; Bell declined, but invited Chilton to a performance by his own band, Icewater[6] (or Ice Water[11]), comprising Bell, drummer Jody Stephens and bassist Andy Hummel. Attracted by Icewater's music, Chilton showed them his new song "Watch The Sunrise", and was asked to join the band.[6] Both "Watch the Sunrise" and "Thirteen" were subsequently included on Big Star's first album, #1 Record. The resulting four-piece band eventually chose a name when one of their number was given the idea from a grocery store they often visited to purchase snacks during recording sessions.[12] One of many Big Star Markets outlets in the Memphis region at the time, it had a logo consisting of a five-pointed star enclosing the words "Big Star"; the band adopted a similar logo, deleting the word "Star" to avoid infringing copyright.[12]

Although all four members contributed to songwriting and vocals as the band worked in Ardent Studios recording their first album, Chilton and Bell dominated, as a team intentionally modeled on John Lennon and Paul McCartney's collaborative style.[13][14] The album was recorded by Ardent founder John Fry, with Terry Manning contributing occasional backing vocals and keyboards. Although Fry—at the band's insistence—was credited as "executive producer", publically he insisted that "the band themselves really produced these records".[15]
"The Ballad of el Goodo"
A "luminous, melancholy ballad" from #1 Record
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

#1 Record was released in June 1972, and quickly received strong reviews: Rolling Stone judged it "exceptionally good", and other reviewers wrote that "every cut could be a single" from this "important record that should go to the top".[16] However, the band's Ardent Records label encountered problems with Stax Records who proved unable to either promote or distribute the record with any degree of success, and even when the band's own efforts to get airplay generated interest, fans were unable to buy it as Stax could not make it available in many stores.[17] Stax, in an effort to improve their catalog's availability, signed a deal with Columbia Records, already successful distributors in the U.S., making Columbia responsible for the entire Stax catalog. But Columbia had no interest in dealing with the independent distributors previously used by Stax and removed even the existing copies of #1 Record from the stores again.[18]

[edit] Radio City

The frustration at #1 Record's obstructed sales contributed to tension within the band. There was physical fighting between members:[19] Bell, after being punched in the face by Hummel, retaliated by smashing Hummel's new bass guitar to pieces against the wall.[19] Hummel took revenge on a later date: finding Bell's acoustic guitar in the latter's unattended car, he repeatedly punched it with a screwdriver.[19] In November 1972, Bell quit the band. When work continued on songs for a second album, Bell rejoined, but further conflict soon erupted. A master tape of the new songs inexplicably went missing, and Bell, whose heavy drug use was affecting his judgement, attacked Fry's parked car.[19] In late 1972, struggling with severe depression, Bell quit for good,[19] and by the end of the year Big Star disbanded.[19]
"September Gurls"
A "glorious, glittering jewel" of power pop from Radio City
Problems listening to this file? See media help.

After a few months Chilton, Stephens and Hummel decided to reform Big Star, and the three resumed work on the second album.[20] Although uncredited, Bell contributed to the writing of some of the album's songs, including "O My Soul" and "Back of a Car," according to Fry (quoted by Clark, 1992) and Hummel (quoted by Jovanovic, 2004). Shortly before the album's release, Hummel too quit for good; judging that the band would not last, and in his final year at college, he elected to concentrate on his studies and live a more normal life.[21] Radio City was released in January 1974. Like #1 Record it received excellent reviews, with critics noting that "the sound is stimulating, the musicianship superb" on what was "a collection of excellent material" and affirming that Alex Chilton had "now emerged as a major talent".[22] But just as had happened with #1 Record, sales of Radio City were prevented: Columbia, now in complete control of the Stax catalog, refused to process it following a disagreement with Stax.[22]

[edit] Third/Sister Lovers

In September 1974, eight months after the release of Radio City, the two remaining members of Big Star returned to Ardent Studios to begin work on a third album. [23] Chilton and Stephens were assisted by producer Jim Dickinson and an assortment of guest musicians including drummer Richard Rosebrough.[23] Lesa Aldridge, Chilton's girlfriend, contributed as a vocalist.[23] The recording sessions and mixing were completed in early 1975,[24] and 250 copies of the album were pressed with plain labels for promotional use.[25]
"Holocaust"
A slower, darker song from Third/Sister Lovers; "Alex Chilton at his haunting best"
"Thank You Friends"
A "left-field gem", from the slower, darker Third/Sister Lovers yet having "the undeniable hooks of the earlier albums"
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Fry and Dickenson flew to New York with the promotional copies and met contacts from a number of record labels, but could generate no interest in the album.[25] When a similar promotion attempt failed in California, the album was shelved, deemed not commercial enough for release.[25] Fry recalled, "We'd go in and play it and these guys would look at us like we were crazy".[25] Before the third album was even named, the band broke up in late 1974, bringing Big Star's first era to its end.[25]

Since quitting the band in 1972, Bell had spent time in several different countries attempting to develop his solo career.[25] In 1978, when he was back in Memphis, the first two Big Star albums were released together in the UK as a double album, drawing enthusiastic reviews and interest from fans.[26] Big Star's recognition grew further soon afterwards when the third album too was released as Third/Sister Lovers, four years after its completion, in both the U.S. and the UK.[26] (The phrase "sister lovers" was a reference to the fact that during the album's recording sessions Chilton and Stephens were dating twin sisters, Lesa and Holliday Aldridge.[27][28])

On 27 December 1978, not long after the release of Third/Sister Lovers, Bell was killed in a car accident.[29] He apparently lost control of his car while driving alone and was killed when the car struck a lamp post after hitting the kerb a hundred feet before.[29] A blood test found that he had not been drunk at the time, and no drugs were found on him other than a bottle of vitamins.[29] Bell is believed to have fallen asleep at the wheel or been distracted.[29]

[edit] Posthumous popularity, critical favour, and influence

Although inactive from 1974, Big Star acquired a cult following in the 1980s, as contemporary bands began to cite them as an influence.[30] R.E.M.'s Peter Buck admitted,

“ We've sort of flirted with greatness, but we've yet to make a record as good as Revolver or Highway 61 Revisited or Exile on Main Street or Big Star's Third. I don't know what it'll take to push us on to that level, but I think we've got it in us.[31] ”

In 1992, Rykodisk re-released a number of their albums on CD, including Third/Sister Lovers and a new compilation of Bell's solo material, I Am The Cosmos, regenerating interest in the band.[3] Critics now acknowledge Big Star's first three albums as having had a profound, widespread and lasting influence on subsequent musicians; Rolling Stone stated that Big Star "created a seminal body of work that never stopped inspiring succeeding generations of rockers, from the power-pop revivalists of the late 1970s to alternative rockers at the end of the century to the indie rock nation in the new millennium".[1] Jason Ankeny, music critic for Allmusic, said that Big Star are "one of the most mythic and influential cult acts in all of rock & roll", whose "impact on subsequent generations of indie bands on both sides of the Atlantic is surpassed only by that of the Velvet Underground".[2] Ankeny described Big Star's second album, Radio City, as "their masterpiece—ragged and raw guitar-pop infused with remarkable intensity and spontaneity".[2]

In his 2007 book Shake Some Action: The Ultimate Power Pop Guide, John Borack wrote,

“ "September Gurls" was and is the sine qua non of power pop, a glorious, glittering jewel with every facet cut and shined to absolute perfection. [...] a peerless, aching distillation of love and longing. "September Gurls" may not actually be the greatest song ever recorded, but for the duration of its 2:47 running time, you can be forgiven for believing it is.[3] ”

In the same book, Borack listed the #1 Record/Radio City double album at #2 in his "200 Greatest Power Pop Albums".[32]

The first three Big Star albums are included in Rolling Stone magazine’s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[33][34][35] Many artists, including R.E.M.,[36] Teenage Fanclub,[1][37][38] The Replacements,[39] Primal Scream,[40] the Posies,[5] and Bill Lloyd and the dB's,[41] have cited Big Star as a major influence. Big Star's influence on acts such as Game Theory, Matthew Sweet and Velvet Crush is widely acknowledged.[42]

[edit] Second era: 1993 to present

Alex Chilton in 2009 during a Big Star performance at Hyde Park

Big Star reformed in 1993, with Chilton and Stephens joined by Jon Auer and Ken Stringfellow of The Posies. Initially, this was for a concert at the spring music festival of the University of Missouri, Columbia campus.[4] The Big Star performance was financed by Zoo Records, who recorded it for a CD release, which they subsequently issued as Columbia: Live at Missouri University.[5] The Columbia concert was followed by tours of Europe and Japan,[5] as well as an appearance on The Tonight Show.[1] Looking back on the preparation for the Columbia concert, Stringfellow recalled, "We were working out the set list and we went to this little cafe. Little did I know we'd be playing that set for the next ten years".[5]

In 1998, Big Star was introduced to a new generation of fans when "In the Street" was used as the theme song for the sitcom That '70s Show,[10] and in 1999, Cheap Trick recorded a new version of the song, renamed "That '70s Song," for the show.[10][43] "That '70s Song" and the original Big Star version of "September Gurls" were included on the 1999 album That '70s Album (Rockin') which was released by the television program's producers.[44]

On 27 September 2005, Big Star released a new album, In Space. The album was released on Rykodisc records and featured songs cowritten by Chilton, Stephens, Auer, and Stringfellow. They played a rare live show on 20 October 2007 at San Francisco's Fillmore Auditorium. San Francisco-based band Oranger, which includes Matt Harris of The Posies, performed as opening act.[45]

On 16 June 2009, the #1 Record/Radio City double album was reissued in remastered form.[46] The same month, it was announced that a film of Big Star's history, based on Rob Jovanovic's book Big Star: The Story of Rock's Forgotten Band, is in pre-production.[47] Also announced in June 2009 was a four-CD box set, "Keep An Eye On The Sky", containing 98 early recordings made between 1968 and 1975. The box set, which will include previously unreleased live and demo versions of Big Star songs, solo work, and material from Bell's earlier bands Rock City and Icewater, is scheduled for release on 15 September 2009.[47]

On 1 July 2009, Big Star performed at a concert in Hyde Park, London, UK.[48]

[edit] Musical style and influences

While much of their inspiration first came from The Beatles and other British Invasion bands, Big Star added darker, nihilistic themes to the rock, power pop and jangle pop of the 1960s.[49][50] The resulting musical style was in the 1970s a precursor to the alternative rock of the 1980s and 1990s,[51] at the same time yielding recorded material today considered an outstanding example of power pop itself.[3][32] Commenting on #1 Record in their All Music Guide to Rock, Bogdanov et al. perceive in "The Ballad of El Goodo" a "luminous, melancholy ballad",[14] whereas John Borack's Ultimate Power Pop Guide singles out Radio City's "September Gurls" as a "glorious, glittering jewel" of power pop.[32] Borack notes that Third/Sister Lovers is "slower, darker and a good deal weirder" than the first two albums, identifying "Holocaust" as "Alex Chilton at his haunting best", while admitting that "Thank You Friends" exemplifies "left-field gems" also present in which "the hooks are every bit as undeniable" as before.[52] Most songs on the first three albums are credited to either Bell/Chilton or Chilton, but some credit Hummel, Stephens and others as writer or co-writer. At the only seven live performances in the original era, the last of which took place before the second album was released, all four members contributed vocally.[53] When recording what Peter Buckley in his Rough Guide to Rock terms the "snarling guitar rock"[54] of the first album's "Don't Lie To Me", the band, deeming conventional instruments inadequate for the task, wheeled two Norton Commando motorcycles into the studio and gunned the engines to intensify the song's bridge.[55] Bogdanov et al. reserve "snarl" for another #1 Record song, "Mod Lang",[14] where, Buckley in turn says, "the power of the performance and the erratic mix gave a sense of chaos which only added to the thrill".[40]

Jody Stephens in 2009 during a Big Star performance at Hyde Park

Bell took up guitar when twelve or thirteen, but only on hearing the first Beatles records was he motivated to play the instrument regularly.[56] He became involved with a sequence of bands performing songs by The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, The Kinks, The Zombies and The Animals, as lead and rhythm guitarist and as vocalist.[56] Chilton's first awareness of music came at the age of six when his brother repeatedly played a record by The Coasters.[57] His father's liking for jazz then exposed him over the next few years to the music of Glenn Miller, Ray Charles and Dave Brubeck.[57] At age thirteen, however, when he first heard Beatles records, Chilton's enthusiasm for music was fired; he recalled having known of 1950s rock and roll but "by 1959 Elvis was syrup and Jerry Lee was pretty much gone, and the rockabilly thing was sort of over so I didn't get really caught up in the rock scene until the Beatles came along".[58] Chilton took up electric guitar at thirteen, playing along with Beatles songs, later saying, "I really loved the mid-sixties British pop music, [...] all two and a half minutes or three minutes long, really appealing songs. So I've always aspired to that same format, that's what I like. Not to mention the rhythm and blues and the Stax stuff, too".[59] Chilton abandoned his guitar-playing when with The Box Tops, then took up the instrument again, spending time with Roger McGuinn, guitarist for The Byrds, and developing particular interest in electric guitar and acoustic folk.[60] Stephens enjoyed the music of Otis Redding, The Isley Brothers, The Who, The Kinks and, in particular, The Beatles.[56] He first played drums at home with his brother, and then with various bands in the years before before Big Star formed.[56] Likewise, Hummel was in a number of bands during his early musical years, and he too was most strongly influenced by The Beatles and other British Invasion bands, owning a large collection of their records.[56] Acting as bassist when performing with bands, he also played acoustic guitar for his own enjoyment, following the styles of Simon & Garfunkel and Joni Mitchell and using finger-picking techniques to play folk and bluegrass.[56]

[edit] Covers and references

Chilton's ballad "Thirteen" has been covered by a number of artists. Garbage's take on the song appears on the Japanese edition of Version 2.0,[61] and Magnapop's (listed as "13") on their eponymous 1992 debut Magnapop.[62] The track was covered on the Japanese import version of Wilco's 1996 album Being There, and on Kind of Like Spitting's album The Thrill of the Hunt.[63] A version by Elliott Smith appeared on his posthumously released album New Moon, and Håkan Hellström made a Swedish-language cover (listed as "13").[64]

A number of other Big Star songs have also been covered by one or more artists. "Holocaust" was covered by Placebo on their special edition version of Sleeping with Ghosts,[65] by Son Volt on their A Retrospective: 1995–2000 CD,[66] and by This Mortal Coil on their album It'll End in Tears;[67] on the same album, This Mortal Coil also covered "Kanga-Roo",[67] and "Kanga-Roo" in turn was also covered by Jeff Buckley and released on the posthumously packaged set The Grace EPs.[68] "Jesus Christ" was covered by R.E.M. on their official 2002 Christmas fan club single,[69] while "September Gurls" was covered by The Bangles on their 1985 album Different Light,[70] and "Blue Moon" by His Name is Alive on the 1993 album Mouth by Mouth.[71] "Back of a Car" was covered by The Loud Family on their 1993 EP, Slouching Towards Liverpool,[72] and "Nightime" by Matt Brown of Uncle Green and 3 lb. Thrill in an Atlanta solo set released in 1995 as Solo - Volume I.[73] "In The Street" was covered by You Am I, who released it as the B-side of their Cathy's Clown single[74] (also titling an album #4 Record[75]), while "Take Care" was covered by Yo La Tengo on their album Summer Sun,[76] and "O, Dana" by Okkervil River on their Australian Tour EP Overboard and Down.[77]

The song "I'm In Love With A Girl" was featured in the soundtrack to the 2009 film "Adventureland".[78] The 2006 tribute album Big Star, Small World included Big Star covers by The Posies, Teenage Fanclub, Gin Blossoms, Wilco, Afghan Whigs, Whiskeytown and others.[79] The 1987 tribute song "Alex Chilton", co-written by three members of The Replacements, was released as a single from their album "Pleased to Meet Me" and included the lyric "I never travel far without a little Big Star".[80]

[edit] Personnel

[edit] Discography

[edit] Big Star albums

  • #1 Record (Ardent/Stax, 1972)
  • Radio City (Ardent/Stax, 1974)
  • Third/Sister Lovers (PVC, 1978)
  • Live (Rykodisc, 1992)
  • Nobody Can Dance (Norton, 1999)
  • Columbia: Live at Missouri University (Zoo/Volcano, 1993)
  • Big Star Story (Rykodisc, 2003) - compilation
  • In Space (Rykodisc, 2005)

[edit] Tribute albums

  • Not the Singer but the Songs (Munster Records, 1991)
  • A Tribute to Big Star (Lunasea, 2001)
  • Big Star, Small World (Koch, 2006)

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c d Big Star Biography. Rolling Stone. Accessed June 11, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c Ankeny
  3. ^ a b c d Borack, 13
  4. ^ a b Jovanovic, 253
  5. ^ a b c d e Jovanovic, 253–260
  6. ^ a b c Jovanovic, 76–86
  7. ^ Jovanovic, 82
  8. ^ Creswell, Toby. 1001 Songs: The Great Songs of All Time and the Artists, Stories and Secrets Behind Them. Da Capo Press, 2006. 277. ISBN 978-1560259152
  9. ^ Jovanovic, 6–13, 27–30
  10. ^ a b c Jovanovic, 92
  11. ^ Larkin, Colin. The Guinness Encyclopedia of Popular Music. New England Publishing Associates, 1992. 243. ISBN 978-1882267019
  12. ^ a b Jovanovic, 94, 101
  13. ^ Jovanovic, 100
  14. ^ a b c Bogdanov et al., 98
  15. ^ Jovanovic, 99–100
  16. ^ Jovanovic, 107
  17. ^ Simmonds, Jeremy. The Encyclopedia of Dead Rock Stars. Chicago Review Press, 2008. 115. ISBN 978-1556527548
  18. ^ Segalstad, Eric. The 27s: The Greatest Myth of Rock & Roll. Samadhi Creations, 2009. 186. ISBN 978-0615189642
  19. ^ a b c d e f Jovanovic, 114–118
  20. ^ Jovanovic, 126
  21. ^ Jovanovic, 138
  22. ^ a b Jovanovic, 140
  23. ^ a b c Jovanovic, 150–160
  24. ^ Strong, Martin. The Great Rock Discography. Canongate U.S., 2004. 185. ISBN 978-1841956152
  25. ^ a b c d e f Jovanovic, 161-165
  26. ^ a b Jovanovic, 205–207
  27. ^ Jovanovic, 148
  28. ^ Gordon, 234
  29. ^ a b c d Jovanovic, 211
  30. ^ Shuker, Roy. Popular Music: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2005. 208. ISBN 978-0415347693
  31. ^ Jovanovic, 247
  32. ^ a b c Borack, 38
  33. ^ Radio City in Rolling Stone magazine’s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rollingstone.com. Accessed July 5, 2009.
  34. ^ #1 Record in Rolling Stone magazine’s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rollingstone.com. Accessed July 5, 2009.
  35. ^ Third/Sister Lovers in Rolling Stone magazine’s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time Rollingstone.com. Accessed July 5, 2009.
  36. ^ Fletcher, Tony. Remarks Remade: The Story of R.E.M.. Omnibus Press, 2003. 115. ISBN 978-0711991132
  37. ^ Ritchie, Paul. "Alex Chilton: Live in Glasgow." Ready Steady Go!, 1996. Accessed July 14, 2009
  38. ^ Ritchie, Paul. "Teenage Fanclub." Ready Steady Go!, 1998. Accessed July 14, 2009
  39. ^ Jovanovic, 240
  40. ^ a b Buckley, 101
  41. ^ Jovanovic, 240, 248
  42. ^ Harrington, Joe S. Sonic Cool: The Life and Death of Rock 'n' Roll. Hal Leonard (2002), 337–38. ISBN 0-634-02861-8.
  43. ^ Rosen, Craig. "Cheap Trick Does Big Star For 'That '70s Show.'" Cheap Trick News on Yahoo! Music, August 16, 1999. Accessed July 14, 2009
  44. ^ Boldman, Gina. "That '70s Show Presents That '70s Album: Rockin' review." Allmusic.com. Accessed July 14, 2009
  45. ^ Big Star + Oranger. last.fm. Accessed June 11, 2009.
  46. ^ #1 Record/Radio City remasters. Amazon.com. Accessed 8 July 2009.
  47. ^ a b Big Star Reaches For 'Sky' With Box Set. Billboard. Accessed June 11, 2009.
  48. ^ Big Star perform at Hyde Park, July 2009. Accessed 8 July 2009.
  49. ^ Jovanovic, xvi, 155, 160
  50. ^ Derogatis, Jim. Milk It: Collected Musings on the Alternative Music Explosion of the '90s. Da Capo Press, 2003. 215. ISBN 978-0306812712
  51. ^ Bogdanov et al., 97
  52. ^ Borack, 191
  53. ^ Jovanovic, xvi
  54. ^ Buckley, 100
  55. ^ Jovanovic, 93
  56. ^ a b c d e f Jovanovic, 13-20
  57. ^ a b Jovanovic, 28
  58. ^ Gordon, 156
  59. ^ Jovanovic, 30
  60. ^ Jovanovic, 78–86
  61. ^ Version 2.0 Jap CD2 Garbage-Discography.co.uk. Accessed July 5, 2009.
  62. ^ Discography page on Magnapop official site Magnapop.com. Accessed July 5, 2009.
  63. ^ Kind of Like Spitting, The Thrill of the Hunt track listing. Rhapsody.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  64. ^ Håkan Hellström's official website Hakanhellstrom.com. Accessed July 5, 2009.
  65. ^ Placebo, "Holocaust". lastfm.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  66. ^ Son Volt Sparks Retrospective. March 30, 2005. Rhino.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  67. ^ a b Mason, Stewart. "This Mortal Coil, It'll End in Tears". Allmusic.com. Accessed July 5, 2009
  68. ^ Jeff Buckley, Grace. Rhapsody.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  69. ^ R.E.M. 2002 Holiday Single. Secondhandsongs.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  70. ^ The Bangles, Different Light. lastfm.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  71. ^ His Name Is Alive, Mouth By Mouth. Discogs.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  72. ^ Loud Family, Slouching Towards Liverpool. emusic.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  73. ^ 3 lb. Thrill. tripatlas.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  74. ^ You Am I, Cathy's Clown. Discogs.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  75. ^ You Am I, #4 Record. youami.net. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  76. ^ Yo La Tengo, Summer Sun. stylusmagazine.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  77. ^ Okkervil River, Overboard and Down. inertia-music.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  78. ^ Adventureland Soundtrack. movie-moron.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  79. ^ Big Star Small World. allmusic.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.
  80. ^ The Replacements, Alex Chilton. Rhapsody.com. Accessed July 6, 2009.

[edit] References

  • Ankeny, Jason. Big Star Biography. Allmusic.com. Accessed June 29, 2009.
  • Bogdanov, Vladimir, Woodstra, Chris, Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. All Music Guide to Rock: The Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul. Backbeat Books, 2002. ISBN 978-0879306533.
  • Borack, John M. Shake Some Action: The Ultimate Power Pop Guide. Shake Some Action - PowerPop, 2007. ISBN 9780979771408.
  • Buckley, Peter. The Rough Guide to Rock. Rough Guides, 2003. ISBN 978-1843531050.
  • Clark, Rick. Big Star: #1 Record/Radio City double CD liner notes. Memphis: Ardent Records, 1992.
  • Gordon, Robert. It Came From Memphis. New York: Pocket Books, 1995. ISBN 0-7434-1045-9.
  • Jovanovic, Rob. Big Star: The Story of Rock's Forgotten Band. London: Fourth Estate, 2004. ISBN 0-00-714908-5.

[edit] External links

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