Cult following
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A cult following is a group of fans devoted to a specific area of pop culture. These dedicated followings are usually relatively small, however they can also be quite large as evidenced by the movie The Rocky Horror Picture Show and often pertain to items that don't have broad mainstream appeal. Cult followings are prevalent in pop culture.
Cult followings most often develop around television shows, films, and books. However, comic books, video games, musician, fictional genres and writers also gain cult followings. Non-media items may also have what could be considered cult followings, for example the soft drink Tab.
Cult followings establish their own canons and cherish the notion of cult classics, which are individual items with cult followings. Cult fans can be found in both pop culture and high culture. Those with large cult followings include writers such as Yukio Mishima, H. P. Lovecraft, J.D. Salinger, Simone de Beauvoir and perhaps most famously, J. K. Rowling and J.R.R. Tolkien; composers like Erik Satie or Edgard Varèse; and performers, like Maria Callas, Ferenc Fricsay, Wilhelm Furtwängler or Magda Olivero.
Cult followings are often dedicated enough that many people of similar interest are familiar with one another due to convention gatherings, concerts, message boards, Internet chat rooms, word of mouth, or shops featuring related items.
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[edit] Cult band
A cult band is a term often used to describe a rock and roll band with a dedicated base of fans whose appreciation of the band goes beyond merely enjoying their music. The Grateful Dead are the perhaps epitome of a cult band; their fans are called Deadheads.Hip Hop acts like Insane Clown Posse are also some what of a cult band; their fans called Juggalos/Juggalettes. Progressive metal bands tend to have cult followings; prog metal bands such as Dream Theater and Tool have a very devout and very obsessive fanbase.
Cult bands often have a unique conception or musical style which has led to their cult status. It is this uniqueness which sets the band apart from others and which fans find attractive. This also has prevented some cult bands from achieving wider success, as some cult bands are known for experimentation or musical styles outside of mainstream tastes. Often, cult bands are no longer performing and recording, but continue to have a following. Indeed, a band such as the Ramones show the following today can be larger than when the band was still together. Also, some rap groups can be considered cult bands, such as the Wu Tang Clan, who consistently perform songs from decades earlier and have a devoted fan base outside of the mainstream.
Specific musical styles may also have a cult following of the entire subgenre, including art rock, ambient music, comedy rock, experimental music, industrial music, intelligent dance music, hardcore punk, heavy metal,extreme metal, jam rock, japanoise, math rock, nintendocore, noise music, noise rock, nu metal, outsider music, power pop, progressive rock, progressive metal, psychedelic music, nerdcore hip hop, ska, wizard rock, surf music and theme music.
[edit] Cult fiction
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Cult fiction is a term used to denote literature that has attracted a cult following.
Literature that tends to attract a cult following include banned books, transgressive fiction, controversial books, erotic literature and genre fiction.
There are three main categories of cult fiction.
- Books that attract a cult following after being published in a different medium (for example, television or film); for example, The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.
- Books that expand or "spin off" from another medium. Examples include the Doctor Who novels and toys.
- Books that attract a cult following in their own right.
Certain writers may attract a cult following. Examples include Kurt Vonnegut, Douglas Adams, Jane Austen, Tom Robbins, Stephen King, Darren Shan and Ayn Rand.
[edit] Cult figure
A cult figure or cult icon is a person who attracts the attention of a small band of aficionados. Some cult figures are well-known to the general public (Sean Connery, Charles Manson, Christopher Walken, Chuck Norris, Morgan Freeman, Samuel L. Jackson,Billy Mays, Edward Norton, John Bunnell, Joan Crawford) while others are mostly obscure outside of a subculture (Bruce Campbell, Ed Wood Jr., Vincent Price, Matt Pike, Mitch Hedberg, Robert Cohen, Valérie Allain[1], Vanessa Duriès, Kiki & Herb). The notoriety of cult figures may be contrasted with that of pop icons.
In most of the cases, the work of a cult figure is unusual or exists outside current trends in his or her field. Thus, his or her appeal is limited to only a small group.
Although most cult figures are artists and entertainers who are genuinely recognized for their talent, others gain a following mostly for strange behavior (musician Wesley Willis, kook Francis E. Dec, actress Ellen Feiss) or particularly memorable 15 minutes of fame (William Hung, Clara Peller, Darva Conger, Pia Zadora).
[edit] Who is a cult figure?
The term cult figure is difficult to define and different people may or may not qualify as cult figures by different standards.
The term usually refers to someone who is admired by a small group of fans and not by the general public or at least not for the same reasons he or she is admired by the general public. For example, Christopher Walken and Crispin Glover are both known for their acting abilities to the general public, but to their cult followings Walken is better known for his recognizable mannerisms and Glover for his strange behavior and distinctive poetry. Actor Bruce Campbell, best known for his starring roles in the Evil Dead movies, a notable cult film series, has become a major cult figure, especially in sci-fi circles.
The term usually does not refer to a person who is both a widely celebrated figure in culture at large and the object of the acute interest of many dedicated fans, such as Neil Young, Richey James Edwards, Morrissey, Blink-182, Buckethead, Johnny Cash, Syd Barrett, Glenn Gould, Bam Margera, Marilyn Manson,Jeffree Star, Dani Filth, Gary Glitter, Marilyn Monroe, GG Allin or George Lucas. The term also usually does not refer to a widely significant figure who is particularly important to a subculture, such as Judy Garland, Maria Callas, Cher, George Michael, Boy George, and Madonna and Clay Aiken in gay culture or John Lennon, Phish, Bob Marley in hippie and neo-hippie culture, Che Guevara in rebellious or radical cultures
In some cases, a cult following is so large or so infamous that the figure becomes a household name. Examples include 1960s band The Doors (in the UK at least, unlike in their homeland), progressive metal band Tool,[citation needed] Bruce Lee, and Elvira. Still these people are usually considered cult figures because a relatively small group of fans are responsible for their fame.
[edit] Cult film
Cult film is a colloquial term for a film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. Often, cult movies have not achieved fame outside of this small group (however, there are a few exceptions.) Some cult movies have gone on to transcend their original cult status and have become recognized as classics, others are of the "so bad it's good" variety, and are destined to remain in obscurity. Some examples are horror films such as Freaks, Little Shop of Horrors, Carnival of Souls, The Rocky Horror Picture Show, The Toxic Avenger, The Thing, and Evil Dead. Other cult film examples include El Topo, Shaun of the Dead, The Crow, Trainspotting, A Clockwork Orange, Point Break, Blade Runner, Donnie Darko, Soylent Green, Boondock Saints, The Big Lebowski, Office Space, Fight Club, Clerks, Spaceballs, Kung Fu Hustle, The Ninth Gate, The Blair Witch Project, Blue Velvet, The Nightmare Before Christmas and Titan A.E..
[edit] Cult television
Cult television, like cult figures, cult film and cult radio, attracts a band of aficionados or appreciators, known as a cult following, devoted to a specific television series or fictional universe.
Although some cult TV series are longer-lasting science fiction, fantasy, comedy or horror shows such as 24,Charmed, Farscape, Doctor Who, Animaniacs, Xena: Warrior Princess, Star Trek, Mystery Science Theater 3000, Stargate SG-1, Blake's 7, Dragonball Z, Lost, Heroes, Supernatural, The Venture Bros., Aqua Teen Hunger Force, The Boondocks , Robot Chicken, Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Roswell, The Outer Limits,The Twilight Zone, Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Futurama, Code Monkeys, The 4400, seaQuest DSV, The X-Files, Red Dwarf, Scrubs, Angel, Full Metal Alchemist, Code Geass, Bleach, InuYasha, Naruto, The Simpsons, Teen Titans and Primeval, many pilots, short-lived shows and limited series such as Freakazoid!, Megas XLR, Carnivàle, Veronica Mars, American Gothic, Count Duckula, Stella, My So-Called Life, Square Pegs, Samurai Jack, Arrested Development, Fawlty Towers, The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, The Paul Daniels Magic Show, Invader Zim, Fastlane, Firefly, Lookwell, Twin Peaks, FLCL, Twitch City, Dark Skies, Millennium, Spaced, TV Funhouse, Strangers with Candy, Pushing Daisies, Weeds, The Crow: Stairway to Heaven, Mr. Show with Bob and David, Freaks and Geeks, Invasion, Clerks, Jericho, The Mighty Boosh, Greg The Bunny, Mission Hill, Cowboy Bebop, Neon Genesis Evangelion, Death Note, ReBoot, Home Movies, Rocko's Modern Life and Cardcaptors have also developed strong followings. A "cult" show can also be from the genres of drama, action adventure, animation, comedy, and children's series.
Some cult shows are considered "underground" such as the hard to find show The Sleep of Reason[2] which has only a web presence as a guide or "Wolf Lake" which runs sporadically on the Sci-Fi Channel
What exactly makes something a "cult" is widely debated. Some popular and strongly interconnected definitions are:
- A genre, covering all series that play with widely held beliefs and perceptions. This covers most shows in genres like science fiction, fantasy fiction, horror fiction and some forms of sitcom (especially most forms of British comedy). Most adult animation series (like much anime) are included.
- Any series that has a strong loyal audience that thinks a lot about the show, especially the world in which it is set. Such shows generally have a much higher than average level of intensity. Most such programmes are of the "cult" genre. This interest and support by fans is seen by some as being similar to religions and cults, hence the term. An example of this is Monty Python's Flying Circus. This may also include quoting the show in question as an inside joke amongst its followers.
- Any fictional series made for television that encourages its viewers to do more than just sit and watch it. This can be in the form of interacting, debating and partying with other fans, either via conventions or online communities, or through activities such as writing series-related fiction, costume creation, replica prop and model building, or creating their own audio or video productions based around the formats and characters. This is the definition of choice of Cult TV[3], a group of appreciators who are also the owners of the Registered Trademark "Cult TV" in the UK.
- Any series that has achieved a moderate level of popularity, but not a large one. This is what is usually meant when a series is said to have "achieved cult status". Even if a group of people agree on this definition of "cult status", arguments on a show's status within this type are common as the "moderate" band has two highly subjective borders. Arrested Development or Quigley's Village, are an example of this.
- Any unpopular or obscure series. This definition encompasses the fourth one, but also includes shows with only a small level of popularity, but are usually critically acclaimed and have devoted following. This definition is also used by those conferring "cult status". It is easier to reach consensus on this definition than the other because only one subjective boundary is involved. Examples include Firefly, Mission Hill, The Oblongs, and The Prisoner, though Firefly's development of a substantial fanbase subsequent to its cancellation (and the feature film release that followed) suggests it is no longer unpopular or obscure.
Many series that some people found strongly compelling were not hits in their original runs, and quite a few well-loved shows had only a season (or less) worth of material.
[edit] Recent developments
Since the late 1990s, cult shows have increasingly been available on DVD (Such as Invader ZIM), leading to many formerly niche series (such as Futurama, Metalocalypse, Family Guy and Freaks and Geeks) becoming popular as new people discover them. Cartoon Network's adult oriented "Adult Swim" programming block in the USA shows cult television quite often. Before the DVD and internet file sharing, cult shows were often much harder to obtain and spread. Success in syndication and DVD sales even influenced Fox to bring back Family Guy, and then later Futurama, a rare phenomenon in television. The DVD success of the short-lived series Firefly led to the show being followed-up with the feature film Serenity. Other creators refuse to release DVDs into the mainstream as it may be a threat to the cult status of a show (such as The Bronx Bunny Show).
The internet has also been instrumental in growing TV series cults through inter-fan communication. Previously, a cult required enough people to support local clubs, conventions and book publishing to raise fan communications beyond the monthly newsletter level. Now many fans communicate daily with others about the series they are fans of. They can access vast stores of information on websites, even if there are only a few dozen people worldwide interested in a show.
The internet is also increasingly a platform for publishing cult shows. Programs like Happy Tree Friends and Queer Duck both went from online hobbies to broadcast cult TV. Others like Homestar Runner are immensely popular without any traditional TV presence.
As it has become easier to make, distribute and promote TV shows, there has been a correlated increase in material of very modest support. This correlation is partially explained by the Long Tail theory. According to the theory, if these shows become yet easier to create and access, we will see yet more niche programming produced, and mainstream material will eventually make up a substantially lower proportion of all viewership.
[edit] Obsessive fans as cult following
"Cult following" is also used to describe the more obsessive fans of established mainstream performers.
For example, many people have been interested in Michael Jackson's music or in Disney films. But some fans have a more than casual interest in mainstream performers, such as knowing each song rather than only single, or hoarding vast amounts of collectibles and rarities.
Some such "cult fans" occasionally veer into obsessive-compulsive behaviors or stalking; however, cult followings do not necessitate that individuals partake in such activities.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ http://radioanyway.org/pastshows/show46.html Internet Radio program on Allain dated 11-19-05, entitled Cults
- ^ http://www.thesleepofreason.com
- ^ www.Cult.TV - The Official Cult TV Magazine
