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Black Europeans

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For all Africans in Europe, i.e. including non-black Africans, see Africans in Europe.

Black Europeans
Total population
~8,000,000–9,000,000
(2019 est.; 1.07–1.21% of the total population of Europe)[a]
Religion
Christianity, Islam[2]
Related ethnic groups
African diaspora

Black Europeans of African ancestry, or Afro-Europeans, refers to people in Europe who trace full or partial ancestry to Sub-Saharan Africa.

European Union

Summer Carnival in Rotterdam

In the European Union (EU) as of 2019, there is a record of approximately 9.6 million people of Sub-Saharan African or Afro-Caribbean descent, comprising around 2% of the total population, with over 50% located in France. The countries with the largest African population in the EU are:

Country Population % of country's population[b] Year Comments / source
Austria Austria 40,000[4] 0.5% 2020 Estimate making use of current Sub-Saharan born population (68,843), Caribbean born (21,730) for total foreign born black population (90,573) and approximate progeny born and their descendants based on historical migration and birth statistics. A multiple of 1.4x is used as migration has shorter time background. See here for access to country of birth data. This is a precise estimate.
Belgium Belgium 410,000[5] 3.6% 2019 Estimate making use of current sub-Saharan born population (240,069) and approximate progeny born and their descendants based on historical migration and birth statistics. Most have roots in the former Belgian colonies of the Congo, Rwanda, and Burundi as well as other French-speaking African countries. This is an estimate, likely a slight overestimate (error: ± 25,000).
Denmark Denmark 52,795[6] 0.9% 2019 Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage are counted. Irregular migrants are counted in this due to the use of the Schengen Information System markers - as overstays are counted as "present" in one given country - and thus the European estimate evens out). This is a precise census number.
Finland Finland At least 53,296[7] 1.0% 2022 I.e., according to Statistics Finland, people in Finland:
 • whose both parents are Sub-Saharan African-born (SSA; i.e., all other African countries but Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Sudan and Tunisia),
 • or whose only known parent was born in SSA,
 • or who were born in SSA and whose parents' countries of birth are unknown.
Thus, for example, people with one Finnish parent and one SSA parent or people with more distant SSA ancestry are not included in this country-based non-ethnic figure. Because the figure is country-based, it may include some Sub-Saharan white Africans. Also, SSA-born adoptees' backgrounds are determined by their adoptive parents, not by their biological parents.[8] They are mainly from Somalia, Nigeria, DR Congo, Ethiopia, and Ghana. This is a census number.
France France 3,000,000–5,000,000[9][10] 4.7–7.8% 2009
Germany Germany 529,000[11] 0.8% 2020 The German census does not use race as a category.[12] The number of persons "having an extended migrant background" (mit Migrationshintergrund im weiteren Sinn, meaning having at least one grandparent born outside Germany), is given as 529,000. The Initiative Schwarzer Deutscher ("Black German Initiative") estimates the total of Black Germans to be about 1,000,000 persons.[13]
Republic of Ireland Ireland 64,639[14] 1.4% 2016 Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage are counted. 2016 Census is used. This is a precise census number.
Italy Italy 463,425[15] 0.8% 2020
Luxembourg Luxembourg 30,000[4] 4.9% 2019 Estimate making use of current Sub-Saharan born population (18,253) and approximate progeny born and their descendants based on historical migration and birth statistics.
Netherlands Netherlands 731,444[16] 4.2% 2021 First or second generation migration background from Africa. No classification according to skin colour given.
Portugal Portugal ~230,000[17] 2.2% 2023 Extrapolated using statistics on ethnicity of Portuguese people aged 18–74 for the entire population of 10.3 million.
Sweden Sweden ~200,490[18] 1.9% 2020 Sub-Saharan Africans and their descendants, alongside any by racial or mixed race of African heritage are counted. Consists mostly of recent immigrants, refugees, and asylum seekers. Most of them are from Somalia, Eritrea and countries around. Some French and British nationals of African descent can be found in Malmö and Stockholm, as well as many African-Americans in the country playing diverse sports like Basketball that stand in the country for all life. This is a precise census number.

The remaining (excluding Spain that is not listed above) 14 states of the European Union have fewer than 100,000 individuals of Sub-Saharan African descent all together.[19] As countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania, Bulgaria and Greece have received little to no immigration from Sub-Saharan Africa or interaction that would have caused the formation of black or mixed race communities. Black populations, inclusive of descendants, mixed race people, and temporary students, number fewer than 10,000 in each of these states.[19]

Other European countries

The United Kingdom has approximately 2.5 million black people, inclusive of mixed race, according to the 2011 Census. Black people from the EU who have settled in the UK are also included such as the Black Anglo-Deutsch. Switzerland and Norway have 114,000[19] and 115,000 people of Sub-Saharan African descent, respectively; primarily composed of refugees and their descendants, but this is only the numbers for first generation migrants and second generation migrants with two parents from a different country. There are no official numbers in Norway regarding Afro-Norwegians, as Norway does not have census regarding race or ethnicity. However, Norway collects data on migrants up to the second generation, which can be used to accurately estimate the effective Black population.[20]

According to state-owned Anadolu Agency, government data suggests that there are 1.5 million Africans living all across Turkey as of 2017, with 25% of them in Istanbul.[4][21] Other studies state the majority of Africans in Turkey lives in Istanbul and report Tarlabaşı, Dolapdere, Kumkapı, Yenikapı and Kurtuluş as having a strong African presence.[4] Estimates of the number of Africans living in Istanbul varies between 50,000 and 200,000.[22] Ankara also has a sizeable Somali community.[23] In addition to this African migrant population, there are 20,000 Afro-Turks.

More than 1,000,000 sub-Saharan Africans had settled in Europe between 2010 and 2017.[24]

Racism and social status

Discrimination and stigmatisation of Black Europeans based on physical characteristics or visibility, regardless of nationality or immigration status, is a common experience.[25]

Discrimination in the workplace is widespread, and barriers are constructed at every stage to prevent black individuals from obtaining jobs that match their talents and expertise. Black individuals are also more vulnerable to police violence, racial profiling, and racist violence and abuse from other members of the community. Racism against black students in schools includes racist bullying as well as biased instructional materials and practices. This has important ramifications for Black people's educational attainment and life opportunities. Other forms of discrimination include the withholding of health care to Black Europeans and prejudice displayed by health care workers; considerable discrimination in the private renting market; and stereotypical representations in the media.[25]

There is currently no EU or national policy aimed specifically at combating racism and prejudice against Black Europeans. Despite EU and state legislation offering legal remedies for discrimination, anti-Black racism in the EU persists. [25]

In 2020, President von der Leyen launched a new EU anti-racism Action Plan, outlining a number of initiatives for 2020-2025. The Commission will ensure that Member States fully implement relevant EU law and, where necessary, strengthen the legal framework. This could happen, particularly in areas not yet covered by anti-discrimination legislation, such as law enforcement. The Action Plan brings together players at all levels to better effectively combat racism in Europe, including the implementation of national anti-racism policies.[26] EU member states were called upon to adopt national action plans against racism (NAPARs) by the end of 2022. As of March 2023, in Germany, Spain and Sweden, a comprehensive publicly-available National Action Plan Against Racism (NAPAR) has been adopted by the government and parliament.[27]

According to a survey conducted by the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, which asked over 16.000 immigrants, including over 6.700 people born in sub-Saharan Africa, the highest rate of reported discrimination in the last years, was in German-Speaking Europe, particularly Germany with 54% reporting having experienced racist harassment, well above the EU average of 30%.[28]

List of subgroups

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Europe's total population was 746,189,645 in 2019.[1]
  2. ^ Countries' total populations:
    Austria: 8.9 million in 2020 according to UN DESA.
    Belgium: 11.4 million in 2019 according to the World Bank.
    Denmark: 5.8 million in 2019.
    Finland: 5,563,970 in 2022.[3]
    France: 64.4 million in 2009 according to the World Bank.
    Germany: 83 million in 2020 according to UN DESA.
    Ireland: 4.76 million people according to the April 2016 census.
    Italy: 60.3 million in 2020 according to UN DESA.
    Luxembourg: 613,894 in 2019.
    Netherlands: 17.5 million in 2021 according to the World Bank.
    Portugal: 10,247,605 in 2023 according to Worldometer.
    Spain: 47.3 million in 2020 according to UN DESA.
    Sweden: 10.4 million in 2020 according to UN DESA.

References

  1. ^ "World Population Prospects – Population Division – United Nations". Population Division – United Nations. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
  2. ^ Small, Stephen (15 June 2018). "The African Diaspora in Europe Today". AAIHS. Retrieved 22 September 2020. For example, in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Italy, the majority of Black people arrived only since the 1990s, they did not speak the national language, they arrived as refugees, and are primarily Muslims. In the UK, France, Netherlands, as well as in Belgium and Portugal, large numbers of Black people arrived in the 1950s–1970s, speaking the national language, as citizens and mainly Christians.
  3. ^ "11rb -- Population and change in population size by sex, 1750-2022". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d "Eurostat".
  5. ^ "Bevolking naar woonplaats, nationaliteit, burgerlijke staat, leeftijd en geslacht | Statbel". statbel.fgov.be. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  6. ^ "StatBank Denmark". www.statbank.dk. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  7. ^ "11rv -- Origin and background country by sex, by municipality, 1990-2022". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 25 January 2024.
  8. ^ "Origin and background country". Statistics Finland. Retrieved 25 January 2024. Origin and background country ... All such persons who have at least one parent who was born in Finland are also considered to be persons with Finnish background. ... Persons whose both parents or the only known parent have been born abroad are considered to be persons with foreign background. ... If either parent's country of birth is unknown, the background country for persons born abroad is their own country of birth. ... For children adopted from abroad, the adoptive parents are regarded as the biological parents.
  9. ^ Crumley, Bruce (24 March 2009), "Should France Count Its Minority Population?", Time, retrieved 11 October 2014
  10. ^ "The African diaspora in France". France Diplomacy - Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs. February 2019. Retrieved 2021-04-27.
  11. ^ "Bevölkerung in Privathaushalten 2019 nach Migrationshintergrund".
  12. ^ Mazon, Patricia (2005). Not So Plain as Black and White: Afro-German Culture and History, 1890–2000. Rochester: University of Rochester Press. p. 3. ISBN 1-58046-183-2.
  13. ^ "Zu Besuch in Neger und Mohrenkirch: Können Ortsnamen rassistisch sein?". 2020-12-30. Rund eine Million schwarzer Menschen leben laut ISD hierzulande.
  14. ^ "Population by Race and Ethnicity Ireland" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-04-14.
  15. ^ "Tuttitalia".
  16. ^ "CBS Statline". opendata.cbs.nl (in Dutch). Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  17. ^ "Inquérito às Condições Origens e Trajetórias da População Residente em Portugal". Instituto Nacional de Estatística (in Portuguese). 22 December 2023.
  18. ^ "PxWeb - välj tabell". www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  19. ^ a b c "Migration and migrant population statistics". Archived from the original on 2018-04-11.
  20. ^ "2020-03-09". ssb.no. Retrieved 2020-06-20.
  21. ^ "Africans in Turkey leave lasting impression on locals". 11 December 2017.
  22. ^ Külsoy, Ahmet (11 June 2019). "Stuck in Istanbul, African migrants suffer mistreatment". Ahval. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  23. ^ "Başkentteki Somalililerin kültürel izlerini taşıyan dükkanları şehre hareketlilik katıyor". www.aa.com.tr. Retrieved 2021-08-22.
  24. ^ "At Least a Million Sub-Saharan Africans Moved to Europe Since 2010". Pew Research Center. 22 March 2018. Archived from the original on 1 March 2019. Retrieved 10 June 2018.
  25. ^ a b c "Afrophobia". European Network Against Racism. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  26. ^ "State of the Union: A new Action Plan to turn the tide in the fight against racism". European Commission - European Commission. 18 September 2020. Retrieved 2024-03-27. This article incorporates text from this source, which is available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
  27. ^ Avsec, Klara (2024-02-06). "Anti-Racism Map: Mapping National Anti-Racism Plans Across the EU". European Network Against Racism. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  28. ^ "Anti-Black racism is rising in EU countries, led by Germany, study finds". 2023-10-25. Retrieved 2024-05-16.

Sources

  • Claudy Siar délégué interministériel à l'égalité des chances, Baptême médiatique difficile pour le nouveau délégué interministériel, François-Xavier Guillerm (agence de presse GHM), 1er avril 2011. » [archive], sur Blog France-Antille de François-Xavier Guillerm [archive]
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