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Georgetown Car Barn

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Coordinates: 38°54′19″N 77°4′12″W / 38.90528°N 77.07000°W / 38.90528; -77.07000
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Not to be confused with Capital Traction Company Car Barn or Washington and Georgetown Railroad Car House.

Georgetown Car Barn
Photo of the Car Barn from street level
M Street elevation in December 2018
Map
Former namesUnion Station
General information
Architectural styleRomanesque Revival
LocationGeorgetown, Washington, D.C., United States
Address3600 M Street, N.W.
Coordinates38°54′19″N 77°4′12″W / 38.90528°N 77.07000°W / 38.90528; -77.07000
Current tenantsGeorgetown University
Construction started1895 (1895)
OpenedMay 27, 1897
Height
Architectural140 feet (43 m)
Technical details
Floor count4
Floor area81,765 square feet (7,596 m2)
Design and construction
Architect(s)Waddy Butler Wood
Civil engineerD.S. Carll
Capital Traction Company Union Station
Part ofGeorgetown Historic District (ID67000025)
MPSStreetcar and Bus Resources of Washington, DC MPS
NRHP reference No.100004248
Significant dates
Added to NRHPAugust 9, 2019[2]
Designated NHLDCPMay 28, 1967
Designated DCIHSJanuary 24, 2019[1]

The Georgetown Car Barn, historically known as the Capital Traction Company Union Station, is a building in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C., in the United States. Designed by the architect Waddy Butler Wood, it was built between 1895 and 1897 by the Capital Traction Company as a union terminal for several Washington and Virginia streetcar lines. The adjacent Exorcist steps, later named after their appearance in William Friedkin's 1973 horror film The Exorcist, were built during the initial construction to connect M Street with Prospect Street.

Intended for dual use as a passenger station and as a storage house for the streetcars, the Car Barn began Washington's only cable car system. Almost immediately after the building opened, the system was electrified, and the Car Barn was converted to accommodate electric streetcars. Throughout its history as a terminal and storage facility, the Car Barn was never utilized to the extent anticipated by its construction.

The building has undergone several renovations, the most extensive in 1911, when the original Romanesque Revival façade was significantly modified, and the interior was almost completely gutted. Not long after its opening, the building fell into disrepair. Changing ownership over time, it maintained its original function of housing streetcars until 1950, when it was redeveloped as office space. Among its occupants was the International Police Academy, an arm of the Central Intelligence Agency, which operated out of the Car Barn in the 1960s and 1970s. Today, it is used as an academic building by Georgetown University. In 2019, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

History

Further information: Streetcars in Washington, D.C. and Streetcars in Washington, D.C., and Maryland

Early history

In 1761, a tobacco warehouse was constructed at the Car Barn's site.[3] During the Civil War, the site became home to some of the city's horse-drawn streetcars.[4] On August 23, 1894, after the city's streetcars had begun to switch to electric power, Congress authorized an extension of the Washington and Georgetown Railroad to the intersection of 36th and M Streets, directly north of the north end of the Aqueduct Bridge.[5][6] The legislation required that the railroad erect at the site a union passenger station in order to accommodate the street railway traffic expected to converge at or near the bridge. The legislation limited the station's use to street railways only.[5]

Construction and design

Construction on the building then known as Union Station began in early 1895 under the architectural direction of Waddy Butler Wood.[7] The superintendent and chief engineer of the Capital Traction Company, D.S. Carll, was in charge of the construction.[8] Before the Car Barn's construction began, a steep hillside that 36th Street climbed stood between M and Prospect Streets.[6][9] Large amounts of earth were excavated—80,000 cubic yards (61,000 m3) in total—resulting in the sharp cliff that exists today. Adjacent to the Car Barn are a set of stairs commonly known as the "Exorcist steps" and a large retaining wall, which were built at the time the Car Barn was constructed, to connect M and Prospect Streets.[10] The steps are so named as they provided the location for the scene in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist where the priest is thrown down the stairs to his death.[11]

The next-door resident of the Prospect House, who furnished affidavits by prominent architects, opposed the building's construction by stating that blasting from the construction was damaging her house. This led to court-ordered supervision of the blasting in 1894.[12] After the Car Barn's construction, the large edifice obstructed the view of the Potomac River and Virginia from homes on Prospect Street, including the well-known cottage of E. D. E. N. Southworth.[a] For this reason, some considered it a "desecration" of the local scenery.[13]

Photo of excavation during construction of the Car Barn
Photo from the bottom of the Exorcist steps looking up
Significant excavation during construction led to the creation of the "Exorcist steps".

The three-story, 180-by-242-foot (55 by 74 m) building was opened on May 27, 1897, containing offices for the several tenant trolley companies and waiting rooms that were decorated with red oak wainscot panelling, ornate iron stair railings, and stuccoed ceilings. The exterior was designed in the Romanesque Revival style.[14] The building's tower reached a height of 140 feet (43 m) and contained an elevator that shuttled passengers between the terminals.[7] Many of the building's decorations reflect its original function, including the pediment that faces M Street. The pediment, which contains the words "Capital Traction Company", displays three decorative flywheels of the type that pull cables.[15]

The M Street-facing first floor served the Washington and Georgetown Railroad. The Metropolitan Railroad used the roof, which had a covered walkway for passengers to travel between the street and the elevator.[7] Because of the lay of the land in the building's vicinity, other streetcars, including those serving the city's suburbs, would reach the building's second and third floors from steel trestles.[16]

Capital Traction expected trolleys to cross the Potomac River from Rosslyn on the nearby Aqueduct Bridge. At the time, those trolleys were traveling or would soon travel between downtown Washington, Arlington County (then named Alexandria County), Falls Church and the City of Alexandria.[15][17] Other trolleys were later expected to enter the building after traveling along the projected route of the Great Falls and Old Dominion Railroad.[15][18] The station operated as Washington's only cable car trolley terminal for less than a year.[7] Almost immediately after the building opened, Capital Traction converted it to enable the company to operate the new electric streetcars.[15] The Virginia lines never made use of the terminal. The Metropolitan Railroad originally intended to place storage tracks on the roof of the building, but never did.[7]

Extensive re-design

Black and white photograph of the Car Barn before its re-design in 1911
Black and white photograph of the interior of the Car Barn during re-construction
The original façade (left) and interior (right) were extensively modified in 1911.

Although regarded as well-designed before 1900, the Car Barn began a period of deterioration and neglect lasting for 50 years.[7] The first stage of the transition from a trolley station to an office building was carried out between 1906 and 1908 when portions of the second floor were converted into office space. The electrification of streetcars necessitated a large-scale re-design of the Barn, which began in 1910. The entrances to the building were extended to accommodate the larger cars, and a new elevator was installed to lift streetcars to the roof.[19] This transition required a near-complete reconstruction of the building.[20]

The steel support beams were replaced, and the hipped roofs were replaced so the entire façade could be extended toward M Street and heightened to allow more office space.[20] The central tower, which ones rose prominent above the building's lower roofline on M street, became less prominent.[21] These modifications were complete in 1911.[20]

Further conversions of track space to office space occurred between 1921 and 1922. Extensive remodeling occurred again in 1933 with the designation of the Car Barn as the headquarters of the new Capital Transit Company, as a result of the merger between the Capital Traction Company and the Washington Railway and Electric Company, which increased the number of office workers at the building. These changes involved removing the roof in the center of the building, creating a lightwell on the third floor, converting the third floor into office space, and removing the covered passageway on the roof.[20]

Post-streetcar era

The last streetcar operations at the Car Barn ended with the closure of the Rosslyn–Benning Line on April 30, 1949. The building continued to store streetcars until May 1950. Toward the end of 1952, the first floor was converted into office space.[20]

When the Capital Transit Company merged with its competitors, the building came under the ownership of its new corporate successor, the DC Transit System, in 1956. By then, the building had fallen into such a state of disrepair that the company deliberated over whether to demolish it entirely. Seeking to preserve the historic structure, it elected to redevelop it.[7] The building underwent considerable interior renovations between 1957 and 1960, intended to turn the structure entirely into an office building.[20] Sometime before 1966, a clock was added to the exterior of the tower.[21] This involved lowering the ceilings, which were previously designed to accommodate the height of the streetcars.[20] The building was included in the Historic American Buildings Survey in 1967.[22]

Beginning in late 1963,[23] the Car Barn was home to the International Police Academy, operated by the Central Intelligence Agency (though officially part of the Agency for International Development) that trained Latin American police forces. Members of these forces met at the Car Barn until the program was shut down in 1975.[24] In 1986, the building underwent renovations, overseen by Arthur Cotton Moore/Associates.[25] In 1992, the owner of the DC Transit System, O. Roy Chalk, was subject to foreclosure, and the building came under the ownership of the Lutheran Brotherhood.[26] The Car Barn was purchased in 1997 by Douglas Development Corporation—which continues to own the building—and it was renovated the following year. RTKL Associates oversaw additional renovations in 1999.[25]

Today, the primary tenant is Georgetown University,[27] which first began leasing space in the 1950s.[28] The university initially used the building's first floor as garage space. In 2017, the university completed a renovation of the building's first floor to provide space for the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences and the Georgetown University Press. A new lounge located in the southwest corner of the building featured floor-to-ceiling glass windows that increased window space by partly or completely replacing garage doors.[29] The project also renovated the floor's more easterly M Street windows and entry doors (see images below).

The building today has four floors and has a floor area of 81,765 square feet (7,596 m2).[27] Remnants of streetcar tracks and their central electrical conduit remain visible outside of the garage's east door on M Street.[30]

Historic designations

The Car Barn is considered a contributing property of the Georgetown Historic District,[31] which was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on May 28, 1967.[32]

On January 24, 2019, the Car Barn was listed on the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites.[1] In recommending that the District of Columbia Historic Preservation Review Board designate a historic landmark on the Car Barn as a D.C. Inventory of Historic Sites, the D.C. Historic Preservation Office described the Car Barn as "the most significant extant example of a terminal or depot" in Washington, D.C.[33]

The National Park Service added the building to the National Register of Historic Places as part of a multiple property submission named "Streetcar and Bus Resources of Washington, DC" on August 9, 2019.[2]

  • Prospect Street entrance in 1966
    Prospect Street entrance in 1966
  • Prospect Street entrance in 2022
    Prospect Street entrance in 2022
  • Streetcar tracks and conduit outside the garage's west door (1966)
    Streetcar tracks and conduit outside the garage's west door (1966)
  • View of Car Barn from the southwest between 1980 and 2006
    View of Car Barn from the southwest between 1980 and 2006
  • Renovations had replaced the garage's westernmost M Street door with architectural glazing by December 2018.
    Renovations had replaced the garage's westernmost M Street door with architectural glazing by December 2018.
  • View of Car Barn from the southeast between 1980 and 2006
    View of Car Barn from the southeast between 1980 and 2006
  • Renovations had replaced the garage's east door with a new door by December 2018.
    Renovations had replaced the garage's east door with a new door by December 2018.
  • Streetcar tracks and conduit outside the garage's new east door (December 2018)
    Streetcar tracks and conduit outside the garage's new east door (December 2018)
The Car Barn seen from the nearby Key Bridge in April 2019. The towers of Georgetown University's Healy Hall (left) rise behind the Barn. The Whitehurst Freeway is in the foreground.

Notes

  1. ^ The Southworth home was known as the Prospect Cottage and became a tourist attraction after E. D. E. N. Southworth's death. It was demolished in 1942, and The Exorcist House was built in its place.[13]

See also

  • Wychwood Barns, a former streetcar barn and maintenance facility in Toronto converted into a community space

References

  1. ^ a b "HPRB Actions: January 24 and 31, 2019" (PDF). D.C. Historic Preservation Review Board. February 4, 2019. Retrieved October 30, 2019.
  2. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places Program: Weekly List 20190906". National Park Service. September 6, 2019. Archived from the original on September 9, 2019. Retrieved September 10, 2019.
  3. ^ "The old Georgetown Car Barn, Washington, D.C." Library of Congress. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  4. ^ "DAVIS Leads Construction on Design-Build Project at Georgetown Car Barn". Washington Building Congress. July 17, 2014. Archived from the original on January 3, 2019. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  5. ^ a b United States; District of Columbia. Board of Commissioners (1896). "AN ACT to amend an act entitled "An act to incorporate the Washington and Great Falls Electric Railway (August 23, 1894)". Laws relating to street-railway franchises in the District of Columbia: (Including street-railway laws enacted during the First session of the Fifty-fourth Congress). Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 198–199. OCLC 569582480. Retrieved July 15, 2021 – via HathiTrust Digital Library.
  6. ^ a b Thorn, C. W.; Baily, Thomas C. J., Jr., Civil Engineers. "Topographical map of Washington, D.C.: 1899-1900". Washington, D.C.: Globe Map & Atlas Company. LCCN 87694383. OCLC 16868694. Retrieved July 22, 2021 – via Library of Congress.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ a b c d e f g "Our Projects: The Historic Car Barn". Douglas Development Corporation. Archived from the original on February 21, 2008. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  8. ^ Commission of Fine Arts & Historical American Buildings Survey 1967, p. 22
  9. ^ Emmerson 2018, sec. 8, p. 10
  10. ^ Emmerson 2018, sec. 8, p. 9
  11. ^ "Spirits in Our Midst: In Georgetown, We Are Haunted by History". The Georgetowner. October 25, 2017. Archived from the original on October 11, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  12. ^ Emmerson 2018, sec. 8, p. 12
  13. ^ a b "Why Do the Exorcist Steps Exist in the First Place?". The Georgetown Metropolitan. October 30, 2015. Archived from the original on September 28, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  14. ^ MBA Student Handbook Of Guidelines and Requirements. Georgetown University McDonough School of Business. 2001. p. 47. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.202.51.
  15. ^ a b c d "One Last Remnant of Washington's Cable Cars Lives on in Georgetown". The Georgetown Metropolitan. September 16, 2011. Archived from the original on August 31, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  16. ^ Historical American Buildings Survey, 1967, pp. 21–22.]
  17. ^ "Washington and Vicinity" (map). Washington, D.C.: United States Department of the Interior: United States Geological Survey. 1898. Retrieved July 24, 2020 – via University of Alabama Map Library.
  18. ^ Noetzel, Gregor (1907). "Map of Alexandria County, Virginia: formerly part of the District of Columbia" (map). Washington, D.C.: G.G. Boteler. LCCN 89692766. OCLC 20854717. Retrieved October 8, 2019 – via Library of Congress website.
  19. ^ Commission of Fine Arts & Historical American Buildings Survey 1967, p. 23
  20. ^ a b c d e f g Commission of Fine Arts & Historical American Buildings Survey 1967, p. 24
  21. ^ a b "Car Barn Design Has Changed Quite a Bit Over the Years". The Georgetown Metropolitan. November 9, 2015. Archived from the original on March 10, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  22. ^ Commission of Fine Arts & Historical American Buildings Survey 1967, p. 19
  23. ^ "Forgotten History of the Car Barn". Walsh School of Foreign Service. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  24. ^ Anderson, Jack (July 12, 1978). "Washington Merry-Go-Round: CIA trains Amin's henchmen". The Benton Courier. p. 14. Archived from the original on January 29, 2019. Retrieved January 29, 2019.
  25. ^ a b Moeller 2012, p. 181
  26. ^ Fruehling, Douglas. "Jemal to Buy Georgetown's Car Barn". Douglas Development Corporation. Archived from the original on May 13, 2008. Retrieved January 2, 2019.
  27. ^ a b "The Car Barn". Douglas Development Corporation. Archived from the original on January 26, 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  28. ^ "Preserving the '60s – the 1760s – with Integrity". Davis Construction. Archived from the original on December 24, 2017. Retrieved January 3, 2019.
  29. ^ Wallender, Andrew (January 31, 2017). "University Completes Two-Year Renovation of Car Barn First Floor". The Hoya. Archived from the original on February 1, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2018.
  30. ^ (1) "D.C. Transit". D.C. Streetcar Track and Structures. BelowTheCapital.org. Archived from the original on March 24, 2011. Tracks can be seen in the concrete under the door.
    (2) "Georgetown Car Barn door". D.C. Transit. BelowTheCapital.org. April 2, 2008. Archived from the original on June 21, 2017. {{cite web}}: |archive-date= / |archive-url= timestamp mismatch; March 24, 2011 suggested (help) Close-up photograph showing tracks and electrical conduit.
  31. ^ Capital Traction Company Union Station, Historic Landmark Case No. 19-01 2019, p. 2
  32. ^ "Georgetown Historic District". NPGallery Digital Asset Management System. National Park Service. Archived from the original on January 28, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2022.
  33. ^ Capital Traction Company Union Station, Historic Landmark Case No. 19-01 2019, p. 1

Sources

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