History of Georgetown University

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Stained glass image of the Georgetown seal used from 1844-1977

The history of Georgetown University spans over four hundred years, and is closely tied to that of America.[1] Georgetown University has grown with Washington, D.C. and the United States, each of which date their founding to the period from 1788 to 1790.[2] Georgetown's origins are in the establishment of the Maryland colony in the seventeenth-century. John Carroll established the school at it present location, and the Society of Jesus oversaw the expansion of educational opportunities on campus, around the city, and abroad.

Contents

[edit] Founding

An arched stone doorway with five carved seals above it.
Above the door of White-Gravenor Hall are the two dates. Further up are the five seals, which mark the three prior incarnations of Jesuit schools in Maryland, the year John Carrol attended the Bohemia Manor school, and the present school at Georgetown Heights

The history of Georgetown University begins on two main dates, 1634 and 1789. Until 1851, the school used 1788, the start of construction on the Old South building, as its founding date. In that year a copy-edit in the college catalogue began mis-labeling the construction as beginning in 1789. This was discovered in preparation for the centennial celebration in 1889, at which point rather than correct the annual, the date of Georgetown's foundation was fixed to the date January 23, 1789.[3]

[edit] First Establishments

On November 22, 1633 Jesuits Andrew White, John Altham Gravenor, and Thomas Gervase set sail on The Ark for America under the leadership and financing of the Lord Baltimore, Leonard Calvert.[2] Their landing on March 25, 1634 on St. Clement's Island marks the birth of the Maryland colony, this anniversary now celebrated as Maryland Day. These Jesuits were joined in 1637 by Thomas Copley and Ferdinand Poulton, together establishing near St. Mary's City some means of Christian education for the native Yaocomico tribe.[1] Inquiring about patronage for their school, Poulton wrote to superiors in Rome, who on September 15, 1640 approved the institution of a school in principle. That year they moved to a permanent building at Calverton Manor on in the Wicomico River. This early establishment was burnt in 1645 as part of the English Civil War, and the remaining Jesuits were brought to trial in England. The new protestant administration had their school outlawed, though it was functioning by 1648, when Thomas Copley managed to return there.

Newtown Manor, also known as "Bretton's Neck", near modern-day Leonardtown, Maryland, become available to the Jesuits in 1677. This house served as the Jesuit schoolhouse until 1704 when its existence was alerted to British authorities. The school afterwards conducted itself periodically and in secrecy at the new Jesuit colony of Bohemia Manor. John Carroll attended this school in 1745 for one year at the age of twelve.[4] Carroll left for studies in Europe, but was forced to return to Maryland in 1774, after Pope Clement XIV ordered the suppression of the Jesuit order.[5] This put Carroll in the right place at the right time, when the American Revolution pushed out the English administration, opening up new possibilities for scholastic expansion.

[edit] Georgetown Heights

A painting of an elderly, balding, priest wearing a gray robe and a large cross necklace sits, facing left, in front of a brown curtain and bookshelf.
John Carroll is considered the founder of Georgetown University

After returning in 1774 to live on the Rock Creek in Maryland, Carroll established Saint John the Evangelist Church, in Silver Spring, Maryland. In 1776, his cousin, Charles Carroll, a signer of the Declaration of Independence invited John to join him, Samuel Chase, and Benjamin Franklin in traveling to Quebec and attempt to persuade the French Canadian population to join the revolution. The mission was unsuccessful, but John Carroll's association with Benjamin Franklin proved useful. In 1784, Franklin, as ambassador to France, recommended Carroll to the papal nuncio in Paris as the head of the Catholic Church in American, and on June 9, 1784 Carroll was anointed Superior of Missions in the United States of North America. On November 6, 1789 Carroll's authority was confirmed after being elected by the clergy as the first Bishop of Baltimore.[6]

Beginning in 1783, Carroll convened meetings of area clergy, mostly ex-Jesuits, in White Marsh, Maryland and this body resolved on on November 13, 1786, that "a school be erected for the education of youth."[7] By March 1787, they formed a fund raising committee, and Carroll solicited formal proposals for an "academy, at George-town, Patowmack-River, Maryland."[8] In April 1788, construction on Georgetown's first building, later called "Old South", began, leading Carroll to write "We shall begin the building of our Academy this summer. On this Academy are built all my hopes of permanency and success of our holy religion in the United States."[9] On January 23, 1789, John Carroll, Robert Molyneux and John Ashton completed the purchase for "seventy five pounds current money" of the acre and a half on which construction had already started.[8] This land became the core of Georgetown's campus. As a result, the University celebrates this date as its founding.[10] The first student, William Gaston, was admitted in 1791, and classes commenced on November 22, 1791.[11][12]

[edit] Early growth

Carroll had difficulty filling the position of president of the university, with many candidates declining the job before Robert Plunkett first took the office in 1791, though he only served 18 months. He oversaw the division of the academy into "college", "preparatory", and "elementary", with the youngest starting at age eight. Georgetown's second building, Old North, which survives to this day, began construction in 1794. At three times the size of Old South, it greatly increased the number of classrooms and sleeping space on campus.[13] Upon the building's completion, George Washington visited and spoke from the porch, a position since reserved for U.S. Presidents.

A painting a priest with thin brown hair facing right in front of a a parted curtain that reveals a series of buildings in the background.
Archbishop Leonard Neale overlooking Georgetown College in 1798

In its early years, Georgetown suffered from considerable financial strain, relying on private sources of funding and the limited profits from local Jesuit-owned lands.[14] By September 1792, tuition had to be increased for the first time.[8] In 1796, Louis William Valentine Dubourg arrived and became president. Dubourg brought with him a collection of books from his own collection and others from St. Mary's Seminary, the Baltimore Society of Saint-Sulpice, and these books formed the nucleus of Georgetown's library.[15] On January 1, 1798, Dubourg released the first prospectus to advertise the college abroad, but also drove the school into debt by hiring numerous new faculty, including fencing teachers, and by buying silver and a school piano.[16] The first board of directors organized in 1797, and quickly became antagonized with Dubourg because of his spending and preference for French faculty, and forced him to resign in December 1798.[17]

Beginning in 1798, Leonard Neale and his brother Francis Neale oversaw the growth of the university as presidents for a combined eleven years. Leonard Neale acted in the dual capacity of president and tutor for several years and under his guidance the institution was developed from an academy into a college in 1801. Carroll applied to Rome to name Neale as his coadjutor, and Neale was appointed coadjutor in 1800. In 1799 Neale invited three sisters of the Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary to open a convent at Georgetown. On June 24, 1799, the young Visitation Convent under Mother Teresa Lalor began a Saturday school for young women.[18] This developed into an academy, now Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School, in 1802. Leonard Neale remained as president of Georgetown until 1806 when he was succeeded by Robert Molyneux, who died in 1808. Leonard Neale's brother, Francis Neale, then became president of Georgetown College in 1809.[19]

The suppression of the Jesuits in Maryland ended in 1805. In 1806 the school commenced a novitiate for Jesuit recruits moving from Russia, which had harbored the Society during the suppression.[20] John Carroll didn't seek civil recognition for Georgetown until after the suppression of the full Society ended in 1814. Instead of seeking a state charter, he went to the federal government, then in charge of the District of Columbia. Now Congressman William Gaston sponsored the legislation, and Georgetown received the first federal charter on March 1, 1815.[21] Founder John Carroll died December 3, 1815, and in his will he left Georgetown four-hundred pounds sterling, which marked the beginning of Georgetown's endowment.[15]

A black and white drawing of two colonial style buildings, one two stories, the other three, perched on a hill.
The college as it appeared in 1828

The new charter allowed Georgetown to grant academic degrees for the first time. The college's first two official graduates, a pair of brothers from New York named Charles and George Dinnies, were awarded the degree of bachelor of arts in 1817.[21] Other Jesuit school would confer degrees under Georgetown's charter for many years afterwards.[22] Graduate degrees were awarded for the first time in 1821.[8] In 1833, the Holy See empowered Georgetown to confer degrees in philosophy and theology. On June 10, 1844, the school was incorporated by Congress under the name The President and Directors of Georgetown College. Georgetown's Observatory, completed in 1844, was used in 1846 to determine the latitude and longitude of Washington, D.C., which was the first such calculation for the nation's capital.[23]

In 1830, construction of an infirmary in the new Gervase Building brought the first hospital beds to Georgetown. In 1849, four Catholic doctors frustrated with discriminatory practices at neighboring Columbia University (later renamed George Washington University) petitioned Georgetown President James Ryder to found a medical program.[24] A building for this purpose was purchased at 12th and F Streets, and the School of Medicine was founded in 1850, holding its first classes the following year.[25]

[edit] Early student life

From its beginning, Georgetown was not intended to be exclusively Catholic, and over its first ten years, nearly one-fifth of students were Protestant. A fifth of students were also from the Caribbean. By 1830, Jewish students were known to be attending. European immigrants and Napoleonic War refugees also made up significant parts of the early student body.[26] School rules were harshly enforced. Leonard Neale, a strict moralist, regulated students' movements such that founder John Carrol accused him of running Georgetown "on the principles of a convent."[16] There were three student organized rebellions against the Georgetown administration in the antebellum period. The most notable of these occurred in January 1850, against the administration of James A. Ryder over the school food. Students damaged the dormitories and took charge of a local hotel.[27]

The first student society, the Sodality was founded in 1810 as a religious devotional group.[28] A revision of rules in 1829 forbade personal conversations or particular associations.[16] Despite this the Philodemic Society was founded in 1830 as the schools debating society, the oldest of its kind in America and the oldest secular group at Georgetown. Other debating societies were founded in its model, or in opposition to it in later years, such as the short lived Phileleutherian Society and the Philonomosian Society, which lasted from 1839 until 1935.[15][29] The Dramatic Association of Georgetown College, renamed the Mask and Bauble Dramatic Society after World War I, was founded in 1852, and is itself the oldest continuous dramatic society in America.

[edit] The Civil War

A black and white photo of eleven soldiers lining the shore of a river. On the opposite bank, connected by a bridge, are short buildings along the river and on top of a hill.
Union soldiers across the Potomac River from Georgetown University in 1861

The Civil War was an important and tragic time for the University. Beginning on December 11, 1859 the Philodemic Society debated whether or not the southern states should secede. The debate lasted weeks, and after the Society affirmed secession, a brawl ensued, and debates were canceled for the rest of 1860.[30] Fist fights on campus between northern and southern students soon became common. Beginning in 1861, many students left their studies to join the war. 925 students ultimately enlisted with the Confederate Army and 216 with the Union Army; between them 106 died in the war. New enrollment dropped from 313 students in 1859 to only 17 in 1861.[26] By 1862, Georgetown only had 120 total students, about ten percent of what it was just a few years earlier.[31] Only seven students graduated in 1869, down from over 300 a decade prior.

Responding to lack of adequate hospital beds and housing for soldiers needed to protect the District, the north sequestered University buildings, and by the time of President Abraham Lincoln's May 1861 visit to campus, 1,400 Union Army troops were stationed in temporary quarters there.[32] 1,300 of them were from the 69th Infantry Regiment, which established itself in Maguire Hall from May 4, 1841 to June when the unit was replaced by the 79th New York Volunteer Infantry. The occupation ended in July when the unit left to fight in the First Battle of Bull Run, but the university remained home to soldiers as an infirmary for the remainder of the war.[30]

A black and white photo of a young man looking sour and facing right. He is dressed in a jacket, bow tie, and wide-brimmed hat, and his shirt is partially unbuttoned.
Student David Herold at the Washington Navy Yard after his arrest

Georgetown would later be connected to the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. While John Wilkes Booth was not a student, he was active in the school's dramatic society, and familiar with many students, like David Herold, who accompanied him in his escape, and Samuel Arnold, who conspired with Booth to kidnap Lincoln. Dr. Samuel Mudd, a Georgetown alumnus, set Booth's broken ankle, and Charles Lieberman, one of the founders of the medical school, treated Lincoln.

The war drastically changed Georgetown, making it both more northern and more Catholic.[26] Increasingly larger percentages of the student body came from northern cities, more populated with Catholic immigrants, while the student body had been primarily southern in before the war.[8] This dynamic is expressed in Georgetown's official school colors. In 1876, Georgetown College Boat Club, the school's rowing team, adopted blue, color of the northern army, and gray, color of the southern army, as their colors in order to signify the peaceful unity between students from the North and those from the South. Students at Georgetown Visitation wove the first blue and gray uniforms for the team.[33] Georgetown's motto Utraque Unum, "both into one," though used before the war, helped capture the unity spirit.[34]

[edit] Expansion

A dark-brown stone sign propped between two cement pillars reading Law Department, with the words Georgetown University along an arch.
The Law School sign, preserved from the E Street building

In 1874, Patrick Francis Healy became president of Georgetown University. Healy's influence on Georgetown was so far-reaching that he is often referred to as the school's "second founder." He modernized the curriculum by requiring courses in the sciences, particularly chemistry and physics. Healy and his successors sought to bind the professional schools into a university, and concentrate on higher education.[26] The most visible result of Healy's presidency was the construction of a large building begun in 1877 and first used in 1881, later named Healy Hall in his honor.

The school of law was approved in March 1870, and graduated its first students in 1872. In 1884 they moved the school to 6th and F Streets, not far from the Medical School, and then again in 1891 to 506 E Street. In 1870, Georgetown raised the raise the minimum age of enrollment at Georgetown Preparatory School from eight to twelve. This was raised again in 1894 to thirteen. As part of the focus on higher education, Georgetown Preparatory School relocated from campus in 1919 and fully separated from the University in 1927.[35] Georgetown Visitation Preparatory School has remained attached to the University campus.

Numerous new schools were founded during twentieth-century. The School of Foreign Service (SFS) was founded in 1919 by Edmund A. Walsh to prepare students for leadership in foreign commerce and diplomacy.[26] The School of Languages and Linguistics was organized in 1949 and the School of Business was created out of the SFS in 1955. New developments also came to School of Medicine. In 1898, Georgetown University Hospital was first established on campus. Georgetown obtained the Washington Dental College in 1901, and integrated it with the medical school.[26] In 1903, Georgetown University began an undergraduate medical program with the School of Nursing. A new Medical-Dental Building on Reservoir Road was completed in 1930 and classes then moved to the main campus. In 1951 the School of Dentistry separated from the School of Medicine as an independent unit of Georgetown University.[36]

On October 4, 1966, Congress passed a bill that recognized the school's name as "Georgetown University" for the first time.[8] The 1844 bill still in effect had referred only to "Georgetown College", which at that point was known as the College of Arts and Sciences and was just one branch of the university. The 1960s saw major changes in administration as well as in the student body.[37] The School of Nursing has admitted female students since its founding, and most of the university was made available to women on a limited basis by 1952.[38] However it wasn't until College of Arts and Sciences welcomed its first female students in the 1969–1970 academic year that Georgetown became fully coeducational.[39] In 1970 Lauinger Library was also completed, bringing space for a rapidly growing library collection.[15] In 1971, following the completion of the Bernard P. McDonough Hall, the law school moved to its present location at 1st and F Streets at 600 New Jersey Avenue.

[edit] Present position

A blue jersey with gray trim with Georgetown and the number 33 printed on it hangs in a glass case with other memorabilia.
Patrick Ewing's 1985 Georgetown Hoyas men's basketball jersey on display at the Basketball Hall of Fame

The 1980s produced many changes on campus.[40] The 1984 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament championship by Georgetown's men's basketball team helped make Georgetown University a household name with stars such as Patrick Ewing and Dikembe Mutombo under Coach John Thompson. Georgetown ended its bicentennial year of 1989 by electing Leo J. O'Donovan as president. He subsequently launched the Third Century Campaign to build the school's endowment.[41] In December 2003, Georgetown completed the campaign, joining only a handful of universities worldwide to raise at least $1 billion for financial aid, academic chair endowment, and new capital projects.[42]

In 1987, the University decided to close the School of Dentistry following the class of 1990 for financial reasons, as the number of dental students dropped nationwide.[43] Supplies and equipment from the school were sent to Pontifical Xavierian University in Bogotá, Colombia.[44] In 1994, the School of Languages and Linguistics was folded into the College, and is now the Faculty of Languages and Linguistics. On October 7, 1998, the School of Business was renamed the McDonough School of Business in honor of alumnus Robert Emmett McDonough.[45] In 1999 the School of Nursing added three other health related majors in 1999 and appended its name to become the School of Nursing and Health Studies.[46]

John J. DeGioia, Georgetown's first non-Jesuit president, has led the school since 2001. DeGioia has continued its financial modernization and has sought to "expand opportunities for intercultural and interreligious dialogue."[47] Georgetown University began studying the feasibility of opening a campus of the Edmund A. Walsh School of Foreign Service in Qatar in October 2002, when the non-profit Qatar Foundation first proposed the idea. In 2005 the School of Foreign Service in Qatar opened along with four other U.S. universities in the Education City development. All costs for the campus are paid for by the Qatar Foundation.

[edit] Georgetown in fiction

A long steep staircase with a stone wall on the left and a painted red brick wall on the right.
The "Exorcist Steps", featured in William Peter Blatty's film The Exorcist, are located close to campus.

Georgetown, as a major world university, has been featured in many media over the years. The most prominent example is the 1971 horror novel, The Exorcist, written by William Peter Blatty, who received an English degree from Georgetown in 1950. The novel is loosely based on a series of 1949 exorcisms conducted on a fourteen-year-old boy at Georgetown University Hospital, nearby Maryland, and in St. Louis, Missouri. In 1973, Blatty's bestselling novel was made into a film, also titled The Exorcist. Like the novel, the film was set at Georgetown and filmed on campus during the fall semester in 1972.[48] The climatic scene uses a steep staircase between Prospect Street and Canal Road, previously know popularly as the "Hitchcock Steps" for their spooky appeal. However, since the movie's release they have been called the "Exorcist Steps."[49]

The 1985 "Brat Pack" movie St. Elmo's Fire also revolved around a group of students who had just graduated from Georgetown. The bar that much of the film takes place in is based on The Tombs, a bar and restaurant known for its large student clientele and rowing decòr, located one block from Georgetown's front gates in a historic university owned house.[50] Georgetown denied the producers the rights to film on campus, so parts of the film were shot at the nearby University of Maryland, College Park.[51] Additionally, Georgetown University has been a destination for characters in films such as Above the Rim, Save the Last Dance, Election, and The Girl Next Door, as well as television shows such as The Sopranos and The West Wing, which also filmed scenes on campus.[52] The film Memento was written by a Georgetown alumnus, and the main character's nemesis, John G., is said to be named after John Glavin, a professor of creative writing at Georgetown.[53]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

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  46. ^ Spindle, Lindsey (July 30, 2003). "Georgetown University School of Nursing and Health Studies Appoints New Director of Development". Office of Communications (Georgetown University). http://explore.georgetown.edu/news/?ID=2938. Retrieved 2007-04-26. 
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  49. ^ McCarthy, Ellen (January 25, 2008). "Exorcist Steps". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/profile/exorcist-steps,1146528/critic-review.html. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 
  50. ^ Hartigan, Erin (2009). "The Tombs". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/gog/restaurants/the-tombs,792063/critic-review.html. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 
  51. ^ "MAC to Millennium". University of Maryland Archives. November 24, 2008. http://www.lib.umd.edu/univarchives/macmil/letm.html. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 
  52. ^ Chen, Vivian (March 13, 2008). "That’s so not Georgetown: College Road Trip". The Georgetown Voice. http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2008/03/13/thats-so-not-georgetown-college-road-trip/. Retrieved October 16, 2009. 
  53. ^ Matthews, J. Scott (February 7, 2002). "Memento writer visits campus". The Georgetown Voice. http://www.georgetownvoice.com/2002/02/07/i-memento-i-writer-visits-campus/. 
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