Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)

	Haplogroup M
Time of origin	10,000-30,000 years BP
Place of origin	Southeast Asia - Oceania
Ancestor	K
Defining mutations	P256

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In human genetics, Haplogroup M (P256) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M1 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

[edit] Origins

It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup K, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 10,000 years ago.

[edit] Distribution

[edit] Subgroups

[edit] M-M4

Typical of Papuan peoples.

[edit] M-M104

Typical of populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island^[1]

[edit] M-M353

Found at a low frequency in the Solomon Islands and Fiji.

[edit] M-P34

Found in Papua New Guinea and Indonesia^[2].

[edit] M-P117

Found in Melanesia.

[edit] Subclades

[edit] Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree^[3] and subsequent published research.

M
- M-P256 (P256)
  - M-M4 (M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35)
    - M-P34 (P34)
      - M-P51 (P51)
      - M-P94 (P94)
    - M-P87 (P87)
      - M-P22 (P22/M104)
        
        M-M16 (M16)
        
        M-M83 (M83)
  - M-M353 (M353, M387)
    - M-SRY9138 (SRY9138/M177)
  - M-P117 (P117, P118)

[edit] References

^ Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641
^ Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders, Tatiana M. Karafet, J. S. Lansing, Alan J. Redd, Joseph C. Watkins, S. P. K. Surata, W. A. Arthawiguna, Laura Mayer, Michael Bamshad, Lynn B. Jorde, and Michael F. Hammer, Human Biology (Feb. 2005)
^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008