Ii Naomasa

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In this Japanese name, the surname is Ii.
Ii Naomasa
井伊 直政
Head of Ii clan
In office
1582–1602
Preceded byIi Naotora
Succeeded byIi Naokatsu
Daimyō of Takasaki
In office
1590–1600
Succeeded bySakai Ietsugu
Daimyō of Sawayama
In office
1600–1600
Preceded byIshida Mitsunari
Daimyō of Hikone
In office
1600–1602
Preceded byIi Naotora
Succeeded byIi Naokatsu
Personal details
BornMarch 4, 1561
Tōtōmi Province, Japan
DiedMarch 24, 1602(1602-03-24) (aged 41)
Edo, Japan
SpouseTobai-in
Parent
Relatives
Military service
Allegiance Tokugawa clan
Eastern Army
Tokugawa shogunate
Unit Ii clan
Battles/warsSiege of Takatenjin
Tensho Migo War
Battle of Komaki and Nagakute
Siege of Kanie Castle
Siege of Ueda castle (1585)
Siege of Tanaka castle
Siege of Odawara
Battle of Gifu Castle
Battle of Sekigahara

Ii Naomasa (井伊 直政, March 4, 1561 – March 24, 1602) was a general under the Sengoku period daimyō, and later shōgun, Tokugawa Ieyasu.[1] He led the clan after the death of Ii Naotora. He married Tobai-in, Matsudaira Yasuchika's daughter and adopted daughter of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Ii Naomasa joined the ranks of the Tokugawa clan in the mid-1570s, rising swiftly through the ranks and became particularly famous after the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, as he is recognized as one of the Four Guardians of the Tokugawa along with Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Sakai Tadatsugu.

Ii Naomasa then eventually become the master of a sizable holding in Ōmi Province, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600.[1] His court title was Hyōbu-dayū.

Biography[edit]

Ii Naomasa was born in Hōda Village of Tōtōmi Province. His childhood name was Toramatsu (虎松),[citation needed] later Manchiyo (万千代).[2] His family, like the Tokugawa, had originally been retainers of the Imagawa clan, but following the death of the clan's leader, Imagawa Yoshimoto, in the Battle of Okehazama (1560), confusion and general chaos ensued. Naomasa's father, Ii Naochika, was falsely convicted of treason by Yoshimoto's paranoid successor, Imagawa Ujizane, and was subsequently killed.[citation needed]

Naomasa, then a very small child, escaped his danger. After many difficulties, Ii Naotora succeeded the Ii clan and become the guardian of Naomasa.[1] According to "Ii family biography, In 1574 Naomasa came to Ryutanji Temple for the 13th year anniversary of Naochika's death. Then Naotora and Ryutanji Temple Chief Priest Nankei Zuimon, who also happen to be Naomasa's great uncle, consulted and tried to make Naomasa serve Tokugawa Ieyasu. First, in order to prevent Toramatsu from returning to Horai-ji Temple, Hiyo married Kiyokage Matsushita, a vassal of the Tokugawa clan, and adopted Toramatsu into the Matsushita clan.[3]

In 1575, Toramatsu was discovered by Ieyasu and allowed to return to the Ii clan, and changed his name to Machiyo. Furthermore, he was granted possession of Iinoya in Shizuoka, former territory of Ii clan, and was appointed as a page of Tokugawa Ieyasu after visiting him in Hamamatsu Castle.[3][1]

Service under Ieyasu[edit]

At the age of 19, Naomasa gained first attention for his notable performance in battle.[4] Later, at the age of 22, Naomasa perform another distinguishing military service against the Takeda clan, at Siege of Takatenjin in 1581.[5]

In 1582 March of the same year, according to the Meishō genkō-roku record, after the destruction of the Takeda clan in the Battle of Tenmokuzan, Ieyasu organized a kishōmon(blood oath) with many samurai clans that formerly were vassals of the Takeda clan assigned under the command of Tokugawa clan retainers.[6] Ieyasu Tokugawa planned to subduct the largest portions of former Takeda samurai under Naomasa's command, having consulted and reached agreement with Sakai Tadatsugu, a senior Tokugawa clan vassal. However, Ieyasu's decision garnered protest from Sakakibara Yasumasa, who went so far as to threaten Naomasa. Tadatsugu immediately defended the decision of Ieyasu in response and warned Yasumasa that if he did any harm to Naomasa, Tadatsugu would personally slaughter the Sakakibara clan; thus, Yasumasa heeded Tadatsugu and did not protest further.[7] Then Tokugawa decided assigned 70 members of former Takeda samurais from Tsuchiya clan under the command of Ii Naomasa.[8][9]

Later in June, after the Honnoji Incident, Naomasa accompanied Ieyasu on an arduous journey to escape the enemies of Nobunaga in Sakai and return to Mikawa. However, their journey was very dangerous due to the existence of "Ochimusha-gari" groups across the route.[10][10] [a] During this journey, Naomasa and other senior Ieyasu retainers such as Sakai Tadatsugu and Honda Tadakatsu fought their way through raids and harassment from Ochimusha-gari (Samurai hunter) outlaws during their march escorting Ieyasu, and sometimes advancing by usage of gold and silver bribes given to some of the more amenable Ochimusha-gari groups.[13] As they reached Kada, an area between Kameyama town and Iga,[14] the attacks from Ochimusha-gari finally ended as they reached the territory of Kōka ikki samurai who are friendly to the Tokugawa clan. The Koka ikki samurai then escorting them until they reached Iga Province, where they were further protected by samurai clans from Iga ikki which accompanied the Ieyasu group until they safely reached Mikawa.[10] The Ietada nikki journal records that the escorts of Ieyasu killed some 200 outlaws during their journey from Osaka.[15][16]

After Ieyasu returned to Mikawa, he began to leading an army of 8,000 soldiers entering Kai Province (currently Gunma Prefecture), Shinano Province, and Ueno, to annex it. However, the Hōjō clan in the Kantō region also led an army of 55,000 men and crossed the Usui Pass to invade Shinano Province. Then the Tensho Migo War occured in June-October 29th between Ieyasu against Hōjō Ujinao where the two sides clashed in Wakamiko area of Kai province. Ii Naomasa were recorded has participate in this war.[17] Aside from military service, Naomasa played diplomatic role during this conflict as he received around 41 letters from many former Takeda clan's vassals to submit to Ieyasu.[18] As this war reached stalemate, the Hōjō agreed to enter negotiation for truce, and the Hōjō sent Hōjō Ujinobu as representative, while the Tokugawa sent Naomasa as representative.[19][20]

Rise to fame 1584-1591[edit]

In 1584 on April 9th, during the Battle of Nagakute 1584, commanding around 3,000 soldiers where he placed on the left wing of Tokugawa forces formation.[21][22] On the opposing side, Ikeda Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi commands 3,000 and 2,000 soldiers respectively.[22] At around 10 a.m., Naomasa clashed against the troops of Tsuneoki. The battle lasted over two hours, as Naomasa units repeatedly foiled attempted charges towards his position by Tsuneoki and Mori Nagayoshi troops with musket rifle barrages.[21][22], until but Nagayoshi, who was fighting on the front lines, was shot and killed in action, causing the entire Tokugawa forces gained the upper hand amid chaos. Tsuneoki also killed by Nagai Naokatsu's spear and died in battle. Motosuke Ikeda was also killed by Naotsugu Ando, and Terumasa Ikeda was persuaded by his vassals that his father and older brother had already left the battlefield, so he left the battlefield. Eventually, the Tsuneoki and Mori forces were crushed, and the battle ended in victory for the Tokugawa force.[23][22] In this battle, Naomasa fought so valiantly that it elicited praise from Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who was on the opposing side.

After the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute, the front line in northern Owari reached stalemate. Ieyasu and Oda Nobukatsu led 20,000 soldiers and besieged three castles: Kanie Castle, Maeda Castle, and Shimoichiba Castle.[24] The Kanie castle were defended by Maeda Nagatane and Takigawa Kazumasu. Tadatsugu, Okanabe Mori, and Yamaguchi Shigemasa spearheading the attack towards Shimoichiba castle.[25][26] On June 22, Nobukatsu and Ieyasu launch an all-out attack on Kanie Castle. The soldiers led by Tadatsugu, While Naomasa, Ishikawa Kazumasa, Honda Tadakatsu, Sakakibara Yasumasa, and Matsudaira Ietada deployed in reserve before entering the battle with Ieyasu himself.[27] On June 23, Ieyasu entered the castle with Sakakibara Yasumasa, thus the castle were subdued. [24]

Following the peace negotiation between Ieyasu and Hideyoshi, Hideyoshi's mother was sent to stay with Naomasa in gentle captivity, cementing an alliance between the Tokugawa and the Toyotomi.[citation needed]

Osuga Yasutaka, senior Tokugawa general

In 1585, during the Tokugawa clan first siege of Ueda Castle against Sanada Masayuki, Ii Naomasa led a 5,000 soldiers reinforcement along with Osuga Yasutaka and Matsudaira Yasushige led reinforcement forces to cover the retreat of Tokugawa forces after they failed to pacify the castle due to hostile movements from Uesugi Kagekatsu.[28][29][30] In 1586, according to "Sakakibara clan historical records", Ieyasu sent Naomasa, Honda Tadakatsu, and Sakakibara Yasumasa as representatives to Kyoto, where three of them being regarded as "Tokugawa Sanketsu"(Three great nobles of Tokugawa).[31] Then in following month, the three of them joined by Sakai Tadatsugu to accompany Ieyasu in his personal trip to Kyoto, where the four of them "became famous".[31]

Later in 1587, during the campaign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi against the Ikkō-ikki rebel armies, the Tokugawa clan involved in the battle of Tanaka castle.[32]

During the Siege of Odawara in 1590, Naomasa participated in the Tokugawa troops. As result of his meritorious service during this campaign, Naomasa were awarded with increase of domain stipends to 120,000 Koku.[33] Later, as Minowa Castle surrendered without a fight, it was awarded to Ii Naomasa as castellan. Naomasa significantly expanded the castle and dug deep and wide dry moats and replaced earthen ramparts with stone walls along the main route into the castle. In 1598, he built Takasaki Castle and relocated his seat there. Minowa Castle was abandoned and allowed to fall into ruin.[34]

In 1591, Naomasa participated in the suppression of Kunohe rebellion.[35] During the military council, Naomasa suggested to the other generals who participated in this campaign to besiege the Kunohe's castle until they surrender, which met with agreement from others.[36] He became part of army who besieged Kunohe castle, where he and Asano Nagamasa deployed on the east side across the Nekobuchi River.[37] On 4 September, the rebels executed the prisoners inside the castle and comitting mass suicide after setting fire which burned the castle for three days and three nights and killed all within.[38]

Battle of Sekigahara & its aftermath[edit]

In 1600, on the eve of Sekigahara battle, Ii Naomasa troops were reinforced with a detachment of Kugai Masatoshi, vassal of Tokugawa Hidetada who at that moment still busy in the Siege of Ueda castle.[39][40]

at the Battle of Sekigahara, Naomasa give a notable performance where his unit outpaced those of other generals such as Fukushima Masanori, drawing the "first blood", where Naomasa led 30 spearmens from center of formation charging the ranks of western army, followed by Masanori units who started clashing against Ukita Hideie units.[41] As the battle entered the final phase, Naomasa turned his attention towards Shimazu troops.[42] However, Naomasa was shot and wounded by a stray bullet during his attempt to chase In his pursuit against Shimazu Yoshihiro. In the end, Naomasa lost his trails from the fleeing Yoshihiro, although in the process his troops also manage to kill Yoshihiro nephew named Shimazu Toyohisa.[43][44] According to legend, Naomasa was feared so much by his own men, that when he was critically wounded at Sekigahara, not a single one of them committed ritual seppuku, the act of honor killing to prevent a samurai from falling into enemy hands, out of fear of retaliation. As such, Naomasa was able to regain his composure and escape with his life.[citation needed]

After the Sekigahara battle, Naomasa asking to seek pardon towards Ieyasu for Sanada Masayuki and Sanada Yukimura at the behest of Sanada Nobuyuki.[45] Naomasa also has his fief also increased from 60,000 koku into 180,000 koku.[46] Naomasa complained this to Nagai Naokatsu, as he consider it small compared to Ikeda Terumasa who received 520,000 Koku.[47] It is recorded by Arthur Lindsay Sadler that Naomasa and Honda Tadakatsu expressed dissatisfaction of their rewards to Ieyasu.[47]

Hikone castle which under control of Ii clan since Ii Naomasa

Later, Naomasa appointed to take control to Sawayama Castle in Ōmi Province, the former territory of Ishida Mitsunari,[48][3][49] However, as the castle were viewed as unstrategic in location, Naomasa ordered the castle building along with its structures dismantled, while transferring its materials instead to Kohei castle, another castle which controlled by Naomasa.[50] However, modern era Japanese castle archaeologist Yoshimasa Miike theorized that the reason why Naomasa relocate the building of Sawayama castle was due to his concern that he could not secure the loyalty of the former Mitsunari vassals which reside in there.[51]

Several months after the battle in Sekigahara, Naomasa sent military reinforcements to assist Yamauchi Kazutoyo pacifying rebellion in Tosa Domain against vassals of Chōsokabe clan.[52] The wound which suffered by Naomasa in Sekigahara also prevented his personal involvement in quelling the last vestiges of the anti-Tokugawa faction in the aftermath of Sekigahara engagement.[1] Naomasa sent his vassal, Suzuki Hyōe, with force as strong as 8 ships to help Kazutoyo, which finally pacified the area in 5 weeks, after killing about 273 enemies.[53] The 273 dead rebels heads were decapitated and sent to Ii Naomasa.[54]

Death[edit]

Ii Naomasa's premature death in 1602 has been widely blamed on the wound he received at Sekigahara. Naomasa was highly regarded by Tokugawa Ieyasu, so it is no surprise that his sons Naotsugu and Naotaka succeeded him in his service and title. However, Naotsugu managed to anger Ieyasu by refusing to take part in his campaign to reduce the Toyotomi clan stronghold at Osaka.

Personal Information[edit]

Based on the elegy Confucian scholar Oze Hoan [ja] (1564–1640), in his biographical work Taikōki, Ii Naomasa is implied has beautiful face(Bishōnen).[55]

Ii Naomasa Armor at Hikone Castle

The units Naomasa commanded on the battlefield were notable for being outfitted almost completely in blood-red armour for psychological impact, a tactic he adopted from Yamagata Masakage, one of Takeda Shingen's generals.[1] As such, his unit became known as the "Red Demons of Ii". The adaption of the lacquer based armor of the Japanese Samurai army has allowed the introduction of various color theme for their armor. such as Naomasa and Masakage red-clad armor units.[56] One source stated that Naomasa received the command of 70 former Takeda clan samurais in 1582,[8] while another source mention total of 120 former Takeda clan samurais instead.[3]

It has also been rumored, although never confirmed, that Naomasa would sometimes wear a "monkey mask" into battle, including at Sekigahara.[citation needed]

Naomasa were known as brutal disciplinarian, as he possess violent temper and easily punishes his subordinates for slightest mistakes, earning him the nickname of Hitokiri Hyōbu(Hyōbu the Manslayer/mass-murdering minister).[57] Naomasa personality even caused senior retainer like Morikatsu Kimata asked Ieyasu to be transferred into another units. while others like Hideyo Kondo and Yasumasa Ihara escape from service under Ii without Ieyasu permission, and only return during the reign of Tokugawa Hidetada[58]

Naomasa also known for his political astuteness, which enable him to command respect when he was tasked to lead the garrison of Minowa Castle.[59]

An anecdote from Sakakibara clan historical records has stated that among Ieyasu generals, Honda Tadakatsu excelled in bravery and Sakakibara Yasumasa excelled in leadership, while Ii Naomasa possessed both qualities.[60]

Family[edit]

Legacy[edit]

In theater and other contemporary works, Naomasa is often characterized as the opposite of Ieyasu's other great general, Honda Tadakatsu. While both were fierce warriors of the Tokugawa, Tadakatsu survived countless battles without ever suffering an injury, while Naomasa is often depicted as enduring many battle wounds, but fighting through them.

Naomasa's sets of armour are all preserved within Hikone Castle and are accessible for viewing.

Appendix[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ According to Imatani Akira, professor of Tsuru University, and Ishikawa Tadashi, assistant professor University of Central Florida, during Sengoku period there are emergence of particularly dangerous groups called "Ochimusha-gari" or "fallen warrior hunt" groups. these groups were decentralized peasant or Rōnin self-defense forces who operates outside the law, while in actuality they often resorted to hunt Samurais or soldiers who has been defeated in wars.[11][12][10]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f 井伊直政 -Hatabo's Homepage Archived 2003-09-08 at archive.today
  2. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 107)
  3. ^ a b c d 山本博文監修 (2007). 江戸時代人物控1000. 小学館. p. 23. ISBN 978-4-09-626607-6. Cite error: The named reference "hikae" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  4. ^ Arthur Lindsay Sadler (2014, p. 107)
  5. ^ 戦国武将100列伝 (in Japanese). 展望社. 2020. p. 121. ISBN 978-4885463730.
  6. ^ 小宮山敏和「戦国大名家臣の徳川家臣化について　戦国大名武田家家臣を事例として」『論集きんせい』26号、2004年
  7. ^ 岡谷繁実 (1944). 名将言行録. 岩波文庫. Vol. 6巻. 岩波書店. pp. 200–91. ISBN 9784003317365.
  8. ^ a b 丸島, 和洋 (2015). "土屋昌恒". In 柴辻, 俊六; 平山, 優; 黒田, 基樹; 丸島, 和洋 (eds.). 武田氏家臣団人名辞典. 東京堂出版. p. 505. ISBN 9784490108606.
  9. ^ 柴辻俊六「武田家臣団の解体と徳川政権」『戦国大名領の研究』名著出版、1981年
  10. ^ a b c d Akira Imatani (1993). 天皇と天下人. 新人物往来社. pp. 152–153, 157–158, ､167. ISBN 4404020732. Akira Imatani"Practice of attacking fallen warriors"; 2000; p.153 chapter 4
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  12. ^ Kirino Sakuto (2001). 真説本能寺 (学研M文庫 R き 2-2) (in Japanese). 学研プラス. pp. 218–9. ISBN 4059010421. Tadashi Ishikawa quote
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  56. ^ Constantine Nomikos Vaporis Ph.D. (2019, p. 22)
  57. ^ Shinji Kawamura (2014). 徳川四天王 家康に天下を取らせた男たち (in Japanese). PHP研究所. p. 286. ISBN 9784569761930. Retrieved 2 May 2024.
  58. ^ 小宮山敏和「井伊直政家臣団の形成と徳川家中での地位」（初出:『学習院史学』40号（2002年）/所収:小宮山『譜代大名の創出と幕藩体制』（吉川弘文館、2015年） ISBN 978-4-642-03468-5）
  59. ^ なかむら, p. 126.
  60. ^ 中川昌久. 武備神木抄. 内閣文庫和書和書(多聞櫓文書を除く）. Retrieved 5 May 2024. Acceptable: CC0 (CC0 1.0 Worldwide Public domain provided)

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Preceded by
none
 Daimyō of Takasaki
1590–1600 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Daimyō of Hikone
1600–1602 		Succeeded by
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