Humanists International

International Humanist and Ethical Union

Abbreviation	IHEU
Formation	1952
Founded at	Amsterdam
Type	International non-governmental organisation (NGO)
Headquarters	39 Moreland Street, London EC1V 8BB, United Kingdom
Region served	Worldwide
President	Andrew Copson
Chief Executive	Carl Blackburn
Board of directors	Andrew Copson, Anne-France Ketelaer, Roar Johnsen, Kato Mukasa, Uttam Niraula, Susan Sackett, Ron Solomon, and Rein Zunderdorp
Website	www.iheu.org

The International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) is an umbrella organisation of humanist, atheist, rationalist, secular, skeptic, freethought and Ethical Culture organisations worldwide. The philosopher and biologist Julian Huxley (also the first director of UNESCO) presided over the founding Congress of the IHEU in Amsterdam, 1952.

The IHEU works "to build and represent the global Humanist movement that defends human rights and promotes Humanist values world-wide."

In 2002, the IHEU General Assembly unanimously adopted the Amsterdam Declaration 2002, which presents as the "official defining statement of World Humanism". The Happy Human is the official symbol of the IHEU.

IHEU holds a World Humanist Congress every three years, hosted by one of its Member Organisations. The next is to be held in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2017.

Humanism as a life stance

In 2002 at the IHEU's 50th anniversary World Humanist Congress, delegates unanimously passed a resolution known as the Amsterdam Declaration 2002, an update of the original Amsterdam Declaration (1952).

The Amsterdam Declaration defines Humanism as a "lifestance" that is "ethical", "rational", supportive of "democracy and human rights", insisting "that personal liberty must be combined with social responsibility"; it is "an alternative to dogmatic religion"; it values "artistic creativity and imagination" and is aimed at living lives of "fulfillment" through the powers of "free inquiry", "science" and "creative imagination".

In addition to the Amsterdam Declaration's "official statement of World Humanism", the IHEU provides a "Minimum Statement on Humanism":

Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality.

Member Organisations of the IHEU are required according to IHEU's membership regulations to have objects that are "consistent" with this understanding of Humanism.

Other major resolutions

In 2010, in an "unprecedented alliance" of the IHEU, the European Humanist Federation and Catholics for Choice, launched the Brussels Declaration, a secular response to a proposed Berlin Declaration, under which the amended EU Constitution would have made references to "God" and the "Christian roots of Europe".

At World Humanist Congress 2011, in Norway, the IHEU General Assembly adopted The Oslo Declaration on Peace, which concludes: "We urge each of our member organizations and Humanists globally to work for a more peaceful culture in their own nations and urge all governments to prefer the peaceful settlement of conflicts over the alternative of violence and war."

At World Humanist Congress 2014, in the United Kingdom, the IHEU General Assembly adopted The Oxford Declaration on Freedom of Thought and Expression, which asserts: "Freedom of thought implies the right to develop, hold, examine and manifest our beliefs without coercion, and to express opinions and a worldview whether religious or non-religious, without fear of coercion. It includes the right to change our views or to reject beliefs previously held, or previously ascribed. Pressure to conform to ideologies of the state or to doctrines of religion is a tyranny."

Organisation

Founding in 1952

Five Humanist organisations, the American Ethical Union, American Humanist Association, British Ethical Union (now the British Humanist Association), Vienna Ethical Society and the Dutch Humanist league hosted the founding congress of the IHEU in Amsterdam, 22–27 August 1952. On the last day of the congress five resolutions were passed, which included a statement of the fundamentals of "modern, ethical Humanism", a resolution which would come to be known as the Amsterdam Declaration (1952).

Current structure

In 2016 the IHEU listed its membership as 125 Member Organisations from 47 countries from a variety of non-religious traditions.

The IHEU is a democratic organisation, the Board of which is elected by representatives of the Member Organisations at annual General Assemblies. The President as of 2015 is Andrew Copson (who is also the Chief Executive of the British Humanist Association (BHA) as of 2010). The IHEU headquarters is based in London, sharing an office with the BHA.

A staff of four is headed by the current Chief Executive, Carl Blackburn, and the IHEU maintains delegations to the United Nations Human Rights Council in Geneva, the United Nations in New York, and the Council of Europe in Strasbourg.

The IHEU is an international NGO with Special Consultative Status with the United Nations, General Consultative Status at the Council of Europe, Observer Status with the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, and maintains operational relations with UNESCO.

IHEYO logo.

IHEU has a wing for people aged up to 35 called the International Humanist and Ethical Youth Organisation (IHEYO).

Strategy and activities

The aim of the IHEU is to "build, support and represent the global humanist movement, defending human rights, particularly those of non-religious people, and promoting humanist values world-wide". As a campaigning NGO the IHEU aims "to influence international policy through representation and information, to build the humanist network, and let the world know about the worldview of Humanism."

The Freedom of Thought Report

In 2012 the IHEU began publishing an annual report on "discrimination against humanists, atheists and the non-religious" called The Freedom of Thought Report.

Findings of the Freedom of Thought Report

The report's ratings system tests each country against a list of 55 boundary conditions. The boundary conditions are classed under five levels of overall severity, and each country's final status is applied based on the most severe boundary condition applied.

The numbers of countries awarded each "Freedom of Thought" status in the 2015 edition of the Freedom of Thought Report

(Severity level) and status	Number of countries to which status applies	Example countries assigned this status	Example boundary conditions which may determine this status
(1) Free and Equal	8	Estonia, Netherlands, Taiwan	"The state is secular, with separation of religious and political authorities, not discriminating against any religion or belief"; "No fundamental restrictions on freedom of expression or advocacy of humanist values"
(2) Mostly Satisfactory	17	France, Japan, United States	"Anomalous discrimination by local or provincial authorities, or overseas territories"; "State-funded schools offer religious instruction with no secular or humanist alternative, but it is optional"
(3) Systemic Discrimination	88	Jamaica, Malawi, United Kingdom	"Religious instruction is mandatory in at least some public schools (without secular or humanist alternatives)"; "Preferential treatment is given to a religion or religion in general"
(4) Severe Discrimination	52	Russia, Tunisia, Denmark	"‘Blasphemy’ is outlawed or criticism of religion is restricted and punishable with a prison sentence"; "The non-religious are barred from some government offices"
(5) Grave Violations	31	Bangladesh, Egypt, Saudi Arabia	"‘Apostasy’ or conversion from a specific religion is outlawed and punishable by death"; "There is a pattern of impunity or collusion in violence by non-state actors against the nonreligious"

Responses to the Freedom of Thought Report

The various annual editions of the Freedom of Thought Report have been reported in the media under headlines such as: "How the right to deny the existence of God is under threat globally" (the Independent, UK); "Most countries fail to respect rights of atheists – report" (Christian Today); and "Stephen Fry's mockery of religion could land him the death penalty in these countries" (the Washington Post). The report has received coverage in the national media of countries that are severely criticised, for example "Malaysia's free thought, religious expression under 'serious assault', study shows" (the Malay Mail).

In his role as United Nations Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief, Heiner Bielefeldt provided a foreword to the first edition of the Freedom of Thought Report, saying "As a universal human right, freedom of religion or belief has a broad application. However, there seems to be little awareness that this right also provides a normative frame of reference for atheists, humanists and freethinkers and their convictions, practices and organizations. I am therefore delighted that for the first time the Humanist community has produced a global report on discrimination against atheists. I hope it will be given careful consideration by everyone concerned with freedom of religion or belief."

At a panel event at the European Parliament for the launch of the 2015 edition, Bielefeldt said he "unambiguously welcomed" the report and reiterated with regard to "freedom of religion or belief" that it is "only a kind of short-hand", and "Formulations such as "religious freedom" obfuscate the scope of this human right which covers the identity-shaping, profound convictions and conviction-based practices of human beings broadly."

The report was the subject of a question in the UK Parliament in 2013, to which David Lidington MP responded for the government asserting, "Our freedom of religion or belief policy is consistent with the key message of the International Humanist and Ethical Union's (IHEU) report: that international human rights law exists to protect the rights of individuals to manifest their beliefs, not to protect the beliefs themselves. The report records a sharp increase in the number of prosecutions for alleged criticism of religion by atheists on social media. Protecting freedom of expression online is a priority for the British Government and we have consistently argued against attempts to create a new international standard in order to protect religions from criticism."

Focus of advocacy and campaigns

Recurring themes of the IHEU's advocacy and campaigns work include LGBTI rights and women's rights, sexual and reproductive health and rights, laws against blasphemy and apostasy, caste-based discrimination, and advocacy of secularism.

Persecuted individuals

Individuals persecuted for expressing their non-religious views (actual or perceived) have frequently been the subject of IHEU campaigns. In the 1990s IHEU was instrumental in highlighting the exile and threats against Taslima Nasrin, who also acted as a representative of the IHEU at UNESCO. The IHEU and Amnesty International led the campaign in 2004 to try to obtain the release of Younus Shaikh who was accused of "blasphemy" in Pakistan. The IHEU urged the authorities in Egypt to ensure the safety of Alber Saber after he was accused of "offending religion" for allegedly linking to the YouTube video "Innocence of Muslims".

The IHEU delegation at the United Nations Human Rights Council has repeatedly raised the imprisonment and corporal punishment of Raif Badawi for "insulting religion", and Waleed Abulkhair for "disrespecting the authorities", both in Saudi Arabia.

The IHEU similarly highlights cases where individuals are accused of "apostasy", such as the blogger Mohamed Ould Cheikh M'Kheitir currently on death row in Mauritania, and the poet Ashraf Fayadh currently imprisoned in Saudi Arabia. In June 2016 at the 32nd session of the Human Rights Council the IHEU's delegate took the unusual step of reading one of Ashraf Fayadh's poems during General Debate.

Bangladesh machete murders

The IHEU complained that fundamentalists linked to the government were "terrorising" secular activists, including individuals in connection with IHEU Member Organisations, as far back as 2006. However, a series of machete attacks primarily targeting secular and atheist bloggers and freethinkers in Bangladesh has been especially severe since 2013, and the IHEU has campaigned persistently in response and highlighted the murders at the UN Human Rights Council.

The IHEU responded in 2013 to the murder of blogger and activist Ahmed Rajib Haider and the machete attack on his friend Asif Mohiuddin, and highlighted the subsequent arrest and imprisonment of Mohiuddin and others for "hurting religious sentiments".

When author and prominent leader of the Bengali freethought movement Avijit Roy was murdered, 26 February 2015, the IHEU revealed that he had been advising them on the situation in Bangladesh; the IHEU's Director of Communications commented, "This loss is keenly felt by freethinkers and humanists in South Asia and around the world. He was a colleague in humanism and a friend to all who respect human rights, freedom, and the light of reason."

Following the murder of Washiqur Rahman Babu (or Oyasiqur Rhaman), 30 March 2015, the IHEU republished some of his final writings.

Following the murder of Ananta Bijoy Das, 12 May 2016, the IHEU leaked parts of the letter Bijoy Das had recently received from Sweden rejecting his visa application, despite his having being invited to the country by Swedish PEN. The IHEU highlighted "the failures of the Bangladeshi authorities to bring to justice the individuals and to break the networks behind this string of targeted killings", and also criticised Sweden's rejection of his visa application, commenting, "We call on all countries to recognise the legitimacy and sometimes the urgency and moral necessity of asylum claims made by humanists, atheists and secularists who are being persecuted for daring to express those views."

Following the murder of Niladri Chattopadhyay Niloy (or Niloy Chatterjee, also known by his pen name Niloy Neel), 7 August 2015, the IHEU again attacked the government and authorities, saying, "Apparent failure to pursue the most obvious lines of inquiry even when initial arrests are made, and media manipulation resulting in conflicting stories, further makes reportage difficult and police operations opaque."

A coordinated attack against two separate publishing houses in Dhaka, 31 October 2016, killed the publisher Faysal Arefin Dipon and seriously injured the publisher Ahmedur Rashid Chowdhury. The IHEU later published an interview with Chowdhury about the attack and his escape to Norway.

In August 2015 the IHEU coordinated a joint open letter in English and Bangla by a coalition of "Bloggers, free speech campaigners, humanist associations, religious and ex-Muslim groups" calling on the president and prime minister of Bangladesh to "ensure the safety and security of those individuals whose lives are threatened by Islamist extremists... instruct the police to find the killers, not to harass or blame the victims... disassociate yourself publicly from those who call for death penalties against non-religious Bangladeshis..." and repeal the laws under which secular bloggers faced arrest and imprisonment.

Following the murder of a student and secular activist Nazimuddin Samad, 6 April 2016, and then the murder of university lecturer Professor Rezaul Karim Siddique, 23 April 2016, the IHEU's president Andrew Copson said "Unless the government [of Bangladesh] immediately begins to defend the right to speak and write freely, without adding the unprincipled and anti-secular qualifications that it keeps applying to freedom of expression, then very soon the only voices that will be heard will be those of murderous extremists."

The IHEU, along with the IHEU Member Organisation the Dutch Humanist Association, and Hague Peace Projects, organised a "solidarity book fair" in The Hague, 26 February 2016.

The range of targets for these attacks began to broaden in the later part of 2015 and throughout 2016 to more often include minority religious individuals and foreigners, culminating in the July 2016 Dhaka attack in Gulshan Thana.

End Blasphemy Laws campaign

In January 2015, in part as a response to the Charlie Hebdo shooting, the IHEU alongside other transnational secular groups the European Humanist Federation and Atheist Alliance International and a two-hundred strong organisational coalition, founded the End Blasphemy Laws Campaign. End Blasphemy Laws is "campaigning to repeal "blasphemy" and related laws worldwide."

Other campaigns

The "First World Conference on Untouchability" was organised by the IHEU in London, June 2009. Anticipating the event, the BBC News quoted then-Exeutive Director of the IHEU Babu Gogineni as saying that legal reforms alone would not end caste discrimination: "There are Dalit politicians in India, but nothing has changed. The answer is to educate Dalits and empower them." The event was preceded by questions in the UK Parliament and guests included Lord Desai and Lord Avebury from the UK House of Lords; Binod Pahadi, Member of the Constituent Assembly, Nepal; and Tina Ramirez, US Congressional Fellow on International Religious Freedom. The Second World Conference on Untouchability was held in Kathmandu, in April 2014.

In 2013 the IHEU criticised the US-based Appeal of Conscience Foundation for awarding their "World Statesman Award" to then-president of Indonesia Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono; IHEU argued that the award "is a slap in the face to prisoners of conscience across the world. While Alexander Aan suffers in an Indonesian jail for posting his beliefs to Facebook, his jailer will be honored in New York as a champion of freedom of belief."

In 2014 the IHEU as part of a "coalition of secular groups" led a campaign around the hashtag "#TwitterTheocracy" to protest the social media website Twitter's implementation of tools blocking "blasphemous" tweets in Pakistan.

Historical dates and figures

Chairs and presidents

Previous IHEU President Sonja Eggerickx.

Current IHEU President Andrew Copson.

Years	Position	Holder(s)
1952-1975	Chairman	Jaap van Praag
1975-1979	Chairman troika	Piet Thones	Mihailo Marković	Howard B. Radest
1979-1985		Bert Schwarz
1985-1986			Svetozar Stojanović
1986-1987		Rob Tielman		Paul Kurtz
1987-1990			Levi Fragell
1990-1993			Kari Vigeland
1993-1994			Jane Wynne Willson
1994-1995
1995-1996				Vern Bullough
1996-1998	President
1998-2003		Levi Fragell
2003-2006		Roy W Brown
2006-2015		Sonja Eggerickx
2015-		Andrew Copson

Awards

The IHEU makes a number of regular and occasional special awards.

International Humanist Award

The International Humanist Award recognises outstanding achievements and contributions to the progress and defence of Humanism.

• 1970: Barry Commoner (United States of America), environmentalist professor
• 1974: Harold John Blackham (UK), founding member IHEU, IHEU secretary (1952-1966)
• 1978: Vithal Mahadeo Tarkunde (India), former judge of the Bombay High Court
• 1982: Kurt Partzsch (Germany), former Minister for Social Affairs
• 1986: Arnold Clausse (Belgium), professor emeritus of education
• 1986: The Atheist Centre (India),for pioneering social reform activities
• 1988: Andrei Sakharov (USSR), nuclear physicist, developer of the hydrogen bomb for the Soviet military, and winner of the Nobel Prize for Peace
• 1990: Alexander Dubček (Czechoslovakia), leader of Czechoslovakia during the "Prague Spring" of 1968
• 1992: Pieter Admiraal (Netherlands), a Dutch anaesthetist, and euthanasia advocate
• 1999: Professor Paul Kurtz (USA), writer and founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry
• 2002: Amartya Sen (India), economist, social theorist, Master of Trinity College (Cambridge), and winner of the 1998 The Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel
• 2005: Jean-Claude Pecker (France), astronomer
• 2008: Philip Pullman (UK), best-selling author of children's literature, including "His Dark Materials" trilogy
• 2011: Sophie in 't Veld, (Netherlands) MEP and vice-chair of the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, and PZ Myers (USA), biology professor at University of Minnesota Morris, and author of the Pharyngula blog
• 2014: Gulalai Ismail (Pakistan), the founder and chair of Aware Girls, a charity which promotes the developmental and human rights of young women in Pakistan and Wole Soyinka (Nigeria), Nobel Prize-winning author

Distinguished Service to Humanism Award

The Distinguished Service to Humanism Award recognises the contributions of Humanist activists to International Humanism and to organised Humanism.

• 1988: Corliss Lamont (United States of America); Indumati Parikh (India); Mathilde Krim (United States)
• 1990: Jean Jacques Amy (Belgium)
• 1992: Indumati Parikh (India); Vern Bullough (USA); Nettie Klein, also volunteer IHEU secretary general (1982-1996)
• 1996: Jim Herrick (UK); James Dilloway
• 1999: Abe Solomon; Paul Postma
• 2002: Phil Ward
• 2005: Barbara Smoker (UK); Marius Dées de Stério
• 2007: Keith Porteous Wood (UK)
• 2008: Roy W Brown (UK)
• 2011: V B Rawat (India); Narendra Nayak (India); David Pollock (UK)
• 2012: Margaretha Jones (United States of America)
• 2013: Josh Kutchinsky (UK)
• 2014: Robbi Robson (UK)
• 2015: Hope Knutsson (Icleand)
• 2016: Sonja Eggerickx (Belgium)

Other Awards

• 1978: Special Award for Service to World Humanism: Harold John Blackham; Jaap van Praag; Sidney Scheuer {also IHEU treasurer (1952-1987)}
• 1988: Humanist Laureate Award: Betty Friedan; Herbert Hauptman; Steve Allen
• 1988: Humanist of the Year Award: Henry Morgentaler
• 1992: Distinguished Human Rights Award: Elena Bonner
• 1996: Humanist Awards: Shulamit Aloni; Taslima Nasrin; Xiao Xuehui
• 2008: Lifetime Achievement Award: Levi Fragell

See also

• World Humanist Congress
• World Humanist Day

External links

• Official website
• Freedom of Thought Report website
• End Blasphemy Laws campaign website