List of United States Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960
This is a complete list of United States Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960. The grade of vice admiral (or three-star admiral) is ordinarily the second-highest in the peacetime Navy, ranking above rear admiral and below admiral.
The grade of vice admiral was originally created to honor particularly successful Union Navy flag officers of the American Civil War. Between World War I and World War II, dozens of officers cycled through three designated vice admiral billets in the United States Fleet, holding the rank temporarily before reverting to their permanent grade of rear admiral upon relinquishing command. Dozens of temporary vice admirals were appointed during World War II alone, and by January 1, 1960, the Navy register listed 28 line officers as vice admirals on the active list in the peacetime Navy.
Many rear admirals received honorary tombstone promotions to vice admiral when they retired, having been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II, but only a handful were ever recalled to active duty in that grade. Tombstone promotions were abolished effective November 1, 1959.
Taxonomy
- A permanent vice admiral was an officer who was confirmed by the Senate to hold the permanent grade of vice admiral, which the officer retained regardless of assignment. Appointments to this permanent grade on the active list were only authorized between 1866 and 1873, and all subsequent appointments were on the retired list.[1]
- A designated vice admiral was an officer who was designated by the President to hold the temporary rank of vice admiral while serving in a billet carrying that ex officio rank, and who reverted to a lower permanent grade upon vacating that billet. From 1915 to 1947, such designations were at the sole discretion of the President, and did not require Senate confirmation, unlike the temporary vice admirals of World War II and later. The category was eliminated by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, which required all vice admiral appointments to be confirmed by the Senate.[2]
- A temporary vice admiral was an officer who was confirmed by the Senate to hold the temporary grade of vice admiral under some condition, such as while serving in a particular job or for the duration of the World War II national emergency, reverting to a lower permanent grade when the condition was over.[3]
- A civil engineer/medical director/naval constructor with rank of vice admiral was an officer in the Civil Engineer Corps/Medical Corps/Construction Corps with the title of civil engineer/medical director/naval constructor and the rank of vice admiral, prior to 1947. Each staff corps originally had its own hierarchy of titles to describe relative seniority within the corps. Staff corps titles were abolished by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, and all officers thereafter had the same title as their rank.[4]
- A tombstone vice admiral was a rear admiral who retired with the rank but not the pay of the next higher grade as a reward for being specially commended for the performance of duty in actual combat before the end of World War II. Most such officers never served as vice admirals while on active duty. Tombstone promotions were abolished in 1959.[5]
List of U.S. Navy vice admirals on active duty before 1960
This is a complete list of officers who held the rank of vice admiral while on active duty in the United States Navy before January 1, 1960, including officers who received a tombstone promotion to vice admiral if they were recalled to active duty in that rank.
Entries are indexed by the numerical order in which each officer became a vice admiral on the active list, or by an asterisk (*) if the officer served in that rank only after transferring to the retired list. Each entry lists the officer's name, date appointed,[6] date the officer vacated the active-duty rank,[7] number of years of service as vice admiral (Yrs),[8] positions held as vice admiral,[9] and other biographical notes.[10]
Italics denote active duty as vice admiral while on the retired list.
The list is sortable by active-duty appointment order, last name, date appointed, date vacated, and number of years on active duty as vice admiral.
Name | Photo | Date appointed[6] | Date vacated[7] | Yrs[8] | Position[9] | Notes[10] | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | David G. Farragut | 21 Dec 1864 | 24 Jul 1866 | 2 |
|
(1801–1870) Promoted to admiral, 25 Jul 1866. Brother-by-adoption of Navy admiral David D. Porter Jr. | |
2 | David D. Porter | 25 Jul 1866 | 14 Aug 1870 | 4 |
|
(1813–1891) Promoted to admiral, 15 Aug 1870. Brother-by-adoption of Navy admiral David G. Farragut. | |
3 | Stephen C. Rowan | 15 Aug 1870 | 26 Feb 1889 | 19 |
|
(1808–1890) | |
4 | Henry T. Mayo | 10 Jun 1915 | 18 Jun 1916 | 1 |
|
(1857–1937)[11] Promoted to admiral, 19 Jun 1916. Governor, U.S. Naval Home, 1924–1928. | |
5 | DeWitt Coffman | 19 Jun 1916 | 31 Aug 1918 | 2 |
|
(1876–1932)[12] | |
6 | William S. Sims | 22 May 1917 | 3 Dec 1918 | 2 |
|
(1858–1936)[11] Promoted to admiral, 4 Dec 1918. President, Naval War College, 1917; 1919–1922. Awarded Pulitzer Prize for History, 1921. | |
7 | Albert W. Grant | 20 Aug 1917 | 31 Mar 1919 | 2 |
|
(1856–1930)[12] | |
8 | Henry B. Wilson Jr. | 25 Sep 1918 | 30 Jun 1919 | 1 |
|
(1861–1954)[11] Promoted to admiral, 30 Jun 1919. Superintendent, U.S. Naval Academy, 1921–1925. Father-in-law of U.S. Secretary of War Patrick J. Hurley. | |
9 | Albert Gleaves | 4 Dec 1918 | 31 Aug 1919 | 1 |
|
(1858–1937)[11] Promoted to admiral, 1 Sep 1919. Governor, U.S. Naval Home, 1928–1931. | |
10 | William L. Rodgers | 28 Jun 1919 | 30 Jan 1920 | 1 |
|
(1860–1944)[12] Son of Navy rear admiral John Rodgers; grandson of Navy commodore John Rodgers. | |
11 | Clarence S. Williams | 1 Jul 1919 | 5 Jul 1921 | 2 |
|
(1863–1951)[13] Promoted to admiral, 14 Oct 1925. President, Naval War College, 1922–1925. | |
12 | Hilary P. Jones | 14 Jul 1919 | 29 Jun 1921 | 2 |
|
(1865–1939)[11] Promoted to admiral, 30 Jun 1921. | |
13 | Harry S. Knapp | 3 Feb 1920 | 27 Jun 1920 | 0 |
|
(1856–1928)[14] | |
14 | Harry M. P. Huse | 27 Jun 1920 | 15 Jan 1921 | 1 |
|
(1858–1942)[12] Awarded Medal of Honor, 1914. | |
15 | Albert P. Niblack | 15 Jan 1921 | 19 Jun 1922 | 1 |
|
(1859–1929)[14] Director of Naval Intelligence, 1919–1920; Director, International Hydrographic Bureau, 1927–1929. | |
16 | John D. McDonald | 1 Jul 1921 | 20 Jun 1923 | 2 |
|
(1862–1952)[12] | |
17 | William R. Shoemaker | 8 Jul 1921 | 20 Jun 1923 | 2 |
|
(1863–1938)[14] | |
18 | Edwin A. Anderson | 19 Jun 1922 | 22 Jul 1922 | 0 |
|
(1860–1933)[14] Promoted to admiral, 28 Aug 1922. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1914. | |
19 | Andrew T. Long | 7 Aug 1922 | 21 Jun 1923 | 1 |
|
(1866–1946)[15] Director, International Hydrographic Bureau, 1930–1937.[16] | |
20 | Henry A. Wiley | 20 Jun 1923 | 5 Oct 1925 | 2 |
|
(1867–1943)[17] Promoted to admiral, 8 Sep 1927. Chairman/Commissioner, U.S. Maritime Commission, 1936–1940. | |
21 | Newton A. McCully | 20 Jun 1923 | 22 Dec 1924 | 2 |
|
(1867–1951)[18] | |
22 | Philip Andrews | 21 Jun 1923 | 10 Oct 1925 | 2 |
|
(1866–1935)[14] | |
23 | Josiah S. McKean | 22 Dec 1924 | 4 Sep 1926 | 2 |
|
(1864–1951)[18] | |
24 | Richard H. Jackson | 5 Oct 1925 | 3 Sep 1926 | 1 |
|
(1866–1971)[17] Promoted to admiral, 4 Sep 1926. Distant cousin of Air Force four-star general Charles P. Cabell. | |
25 | Roger Welles | 10 Oct 1925 | 29 Oct 1926 | 1 |
|
(1862–1932)[14] Director of Naval Intelligence, 1917–1919. | |
26 | Ashley H. Robertson | 4 Sep 1926 | 12 Jul 1928 | 2 |
|
(1867–1930)[14] | |
27 | Louis R. de Steiguer | 4 Sep 1926 | 9 Sep 1927 | 1 |
|
(1867–1947)[17] Promoted to admiral, 10 Sep 1927. | |
28 | Guy H. Burrage | 29 Oct 1926 | 15 Sep 1928 | 2 |
|
(1867–1954)[18] | |
29 | William V. Pratt | 24 Sep 1927 | 25 Jun 1928 | 1 |
|
(1869–1957)[19] Promoted to admiral, 26 Jun 1928. President, Naval War College, 1925–1927. | |
30 | Louis M. Nulton | 26 Jun 1928 | 20 May 1929 | 1 |
|
(1869–1954)[17] Promoted to admiral, 21 May 1929. Superintendent, U.S. Naval Academy, 1925–1928. | |
31 | Montgomery M. Taylor | 12 Jul 1928 | 21 Jun 1929 | 1 |
|
(1869–1952)[17] Promoted to admiral, 1 Sep 1931. Grandnephew of U.S. President Zachary Taylor; distant cousin of Army four-star general Montgomery C. Meigs. | |
32 | John H. Dayton | 15 Sep 1928 | 5 Sep 1929 | 1 |
|
(1869–1953)[20] | |
33 | Lucius A. Bostwick | 21 May 1929 | 24 May 1930 | 1 |
|
(1869–1940)[14] | |
34 | William C. Cole | 21 Jun 1929 | 14 Jun 1930 | 1 |
|
(1868–1935)[14] | |
35 | Richard H. Leigh | 24 May 1930 | 14 Sep 1931 | 1 |
|
(1870–1946)[17] Promoted to admiral, 15 Sep 1931. | |
36 | Arthur L. Willard | 14 Jun 1930 | 24 Jun 1932 | 2 |
|
(1870–1935)[14] | |
37 | George R. Marvell | 21 Nov 1930 | 16 Dec 1931 | 1 |
|
(1869–1941)[14] | |
38 | Luke McNamee | 15 Sep 1931 | 10 Aug 1932 | 1 |
|
(1871–1952)[17] Promoted to admiral, 11 Aug 1932. Governor of Guam, 1907; Director of Naval Intelligence, 1921–1923; President, Naval War College, 1933–1934. | |
39 | William H. Standley | 16 Dec 1931 | 19 May 1933 | 1 |
|
(1872–1963)[19] Promoted to admiral, 20 May 1933. U.S. Ambassador to the Soviet Union, 1942–1943. | |
40 | Frank H. Clark | 24 Jun 1932 | 20 May 1933 | 1 |
|
(1871–1947)[15] | |
41 | Joel R. P. Pringle | 12 Aug 1932 | 25 Sep 1932 | 0 |
|
(1873–1932) Died in office. | |
42 | David F. Sellers | 27 Sep 1932 | 9 Jun 1933 | 1 |
|
(1874–1949)[17] Promoted to admiral, 10 Jun 1933. Superintendent, U.S. Naval Academy, 1934–1938. | |
43 | Frank H. Brumby | 20 May 1933 | 14 Jun 1934 | 1 |
|
(1874–1950)[17] Promoted to admiral, 15 Jun 1934. | |
44 | Harris Laning | 26 May 1933 | 31 Mar 1935 | 2 |
|
(1873–1941)[14] Promoted to admiral, 1 Apr 1935. President, Naval War College, 1930–1933; Governor, U.S. Naval Home, 1937–1941. | |
45 | Joseph M. Reeves | 10 Jun 1933 23 Feb 1942 |
30 Jun 1933 15 Jun 1942 |
0 |
|
(1872–1948)[21] Naval aviation observer. Promoted to admiral, 1 Jul 1933. | |
46 | Walton R. Sexton | 1 Jul 1933 | 15 Jun 1934 | 1 |
|
(1876–1943)[15] | |
47 | Edward H. Campbell | 15 Jun 1934 | 1 Apr 1935 | 1 |
|
(1872–1946)[15] | |
48 | Thomas T. Craven | 15 Jun 1934 16 Jun 1942 |
13 Jul 1935 10 Nov 1945 |
4 |
|
(1873–1950)[18] | |
49 | Henry V. Butler | 1 Apr 1935 24 Jul 1942 |
9 Jun 1936 31 Oct 1944 |
3 |
|
(1874–1957)[18] Naval aviation observer. | |
50 | Arthur J. Hepburn | 1 Apr 1935 | 23 Jun 1936 | 1 |
|
(1877–1964)[17] Promoted to admiral, 24 Jun 1936. | |
51 | William D. Leahy | 13 Jul 1935 | 29 Mar 1936 | 1 |
|
(1875–1959) Promoted to admiral, 30 Mar 1936; to fleet admiral, 15 Dec 1944. Governor of Puerto Rico, 1939–1940; U.S. Ambassador to France, 1941–1942. Wife's niece married Navy admiral David W. Bagley. | |
52 | Clarence S. Kempff | 30 Mar 1936 | 2 Jan 1937 | 1 |
|
(1874–1959)[20] | |
53 | Frederick J. Horne | 9 Jun 1936 21 Mar 1942 |
29 Jan 1938 28 Jan 1945 |
5 |
|
(1880–1959)[22] Naval aviation observer. Promoted to admiral, 15 Dec 1944. | |
54 | William T. Tarrant | 24 Jun 1936 1 Aug 1942 |
13 Jul 1938 12 Nov 1945 |
5 |
|
(1878–1972)[23] | |
55 | Edward C. Kalbfus | 2 Jan 1937 | 28 Jan 1938 | 1 |
|
(1877–1954)[17] Promoted to admiral, 29 Jan 1938. President, Naval War College, 1934–1936; 1939–1942. | |
56 | John W. Greenslade | 29 Jan 1938 30 May 1942 1 Feb 1944 |
20 May 1939 1 Feb 1944 24 Apr 1946 |
5 |
|
(1880–1950)[24] | |
57 | Ernest J. King | 29 Jan 1938 | 24 Jun 1939 | 1 |
|
(1878–1956)[25] Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 1 Feb 1941; to fleet admiral, 17 Dec 1944. Awarded Congressional Gold Medal, 1946. Father-in-law of Air Force four-star general Frederic H. Smith Jr. | |
58 | Adolphus Andrews | 13 Jul 1938 30 May 1942 1 Nov 1943 |
1 Feb 1941 1 Nov 1943 15 May 1945 |
6 |
|
(1879–1948)[26] | |
59 | Charles P. Snyder | 17 Jun 1939 | 5 Jan 1940 | 1 |
|
(1879–1964) Promoted to admiral, 6 Jan 1940. President, Naval War College, 1937–1939. | |
60 | Charles A. Blakely | 24 Jun 1939 | 13 Jun 1940 | 1 |
|
(1879–1950)[27] Naval aviation observer. | |
61 | William S. Pye | 6 Jan 1940 1 Jul 1944 |
20 Sep 1942 13 Dec 1945 |
4 |
|
(1880–1959)[27] | |
62 | William F. Halsey Jr. | 13 Jun 1940 | 17 Nov 1942 | 2 |
|
(1882–1959) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 18 Nov 1942; to fleet admiral, 4 Dec 1945. | |
63 | Wilson Brown Jr. | 1 Feb 1941 1 Dec 1944 |
1 Jul 1942 18 Sep 1945 |
2 |
|
(1881–1957)[27] | |
64 | Robert L. Ghormley | 19 Sep 1941 | 1 Aug 1946 | 5 |
|
(1883–1958)[28] | |
* | Arthur P. Fairfield | 1 Nov 1941 | 14 Dec 1946 | 5 |
|
(1877–1946)[29] Died in office. | |
65 | Royal E. Ingersoll | 1 Jan 1942 | 30 Jun 1942 | 0 |
|
(1883–1976) Promoted to admiral, 1 Jul 1942. | |
* | Alfred W. Johnson | 3 Jan 1942 | 14 Nov 1945 | 4 |
|
(1876–1963)[29] | |
66 | Samuel M. Robinson | 31 Jan 1942 | 26 Aug 1945 | 4 |
|
(1882–1972) Engineering duty officer. Promoted to admiral, 27 Aug 1945. Administrator, Webb Institute of Naval Architecture, 1946–1951. | |
67 | William A. Glassford Jr. | 31 Jan 1942 29 May 1943 |
2 Apr 1942 1 Mar 1947 |
4 |
|
(1886–1958)[30] | |
68 | Herbert F. Leary | 6 Feb 1942 20 Sep 1942 1 Nov 1943 |
11 Sep 1942 1 Apr 1943 16 Jan 1946 |
3 |
|
(1885–1957)[30] President, New York Maritime Academy, 1946–1949; President, New York State Maritime College, 1949–1951. | |
* | Harry E. Yarnell | 23 Feb 1942 | 15 Jun 1942 | 0 |
|
(1875–1959)[31] | |
69 | William L. Calhoun | 27 Feb 1942 | 1 Dec 1946 | 5 |
|
(1884–1963)[32] Great-grandson of U.S. Vice President John C. Calhoun. | |
70 | Ferdinand L. Reichmuth | 27 Feb 1942 | 22 Aug 1942 | 0 |
|
(1881–1978)[33] | |
71 | Jonas H. Ingram | 27 Feb 1942 | 14 Nov 1944 | 3 |
|
(1886–1952) Promoted to admiral, 15 Nov 1944. Commissioner, All-America Football Conference, 1947–1949. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1914. | |
72 | Arthur L. Bristol Jr. | 27 Feb 1942 | 20 Apr 1942 | 0 |
|
(1886–1942) Naval aviator. Died in office. | |
73 | Russell Willson | 21 Mar 1942 1 Jan 1943 |
1 Jan 1943 5 Feb 1946 |
4 |
|
(1883–1948) | |
74 | Roland M. Brainard | 20 Apr 1942 1 Nov 1943 |
2 May 1943 22 Aug 1946 |
4 |
|
(1886–1967)[27] | |
75 | John H. Hoover | 11 Jun 1942 1 May 1944 |
12 Aug 1943 1 Jul 1948 |
5 |
|
(1887–1970)[34] Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1948. | |
76 | Frank J. Fletcher | 26 Jun 1942 | 1 May 1947 | 5 |
|
(1885–1973) Retired as admiral, 1 May 1947. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1914. Nephew of Navy four-star admiral Frank F. Fletcher. | |
77 | Charles S. Freeman | 27 Jun 1942 | 1 Dec 1942 | 0 |
|
(1878–1969) | |
78 | Richard S. Edwards Jr. | 20 Aug 1942 | 2 Apr 1945 | 3 |
|
(1885–1956) Promoted to admiral, 3 Apr 1945. | |
79 | Alexander Sharp Jr. | 22 Aug 1942 | 11 Oct 1944 | 2 |
|
(1885–1975)[27] | |
80 | Arthur S. Carpender | 22 Sep 1942 3 Apr 1945 |
30 Nov 1943 1 Nov 1946 |
3 |
|
(1884–1959)[34] Retired as admiral, 1 Nov 1946. | |
81 | John H. Towers | 12 Oct 1942 | 6 Nov 1945 | 3 |
|
(1885–1955) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 7 Nov 1945. | |
82 | Henry K. Hewitt | 26 Nov 1942 | 2 Apr 1945 | 2 |
|
(1887–1972) Promoted to admiral, 3 Apr 1945. | |
83 | Aubrey W. Fitch | 28 Dec 1942 | 1 Jul 1947 | 5 |
|
(1883–1948) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1947. | |
* | Joseph K. Taussig | 28 Jan 1943 16 Jul 1943 |
30 Jan 1943 27 Apr 1947 |
4 |
|
(1877–1947)[29] | |
84 | Raymond A. Spruance | 29 May 1943 | 15 Feb 1944 | 1 |
|
(1886–1969) Promoted to admiral, 16 Feb 1944. President, Naval War College, 1946–1948; U.S. Ambassador to the Philippines, 1952–1955. | |
85 | Thomas C. Kinkaid | 16 Jun 1943 | 2 Apr 1945 | 2 |
|
(1888–1972) Promoted to admiral, 3 Apr 1945. Brother-in-law of Navy four-star admiral Husband E. Kimmel. | |
86 | Arthur B. Cook | 22 Jul 1943 | 15 May 1944 | 1 |
|
(1881–1952) Naval aviator. Retired 1 Dec 1944. | |
87 | John S. McCain Sr. | 6 Aug 1943 | 6 Sep 1945 | 2 |
|
(1884–1945)[35] Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 6 Sep 1945. Father of Navy four-star admiral John S. McCain Jr.; grandfather of U.S. Senator John S. McCain III. Died in office. | |
88 | Patrick N. L. Bellinger | 5 Oct 1943 | 1 Oct 1947 | 4 |
|
(1885–1962) Naval aviator. | |
89 | Charles A. Lockwood Jr. | 5 Oct 1943 | 1 Sep 1947 | 4 |
|
(1890–1967) | |
90 | John H. Newton | 19 Oct 1943 | 26 Nov 1945 | 2 |
|
(1881–1948) | |
91 | David W. Bagley | 1 Feb 1944 | 1 Apr 1947 | 3 |
|
(1883–1960)[36] Retired as admiral, 1 Apr 1947. Father of Navy four-star admiral David H. Bagley and Navy four-star admiral Worth H. Bagley; grandson of North Carolina Governor Jonathan Worth; aunt married U.S. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels; wife's aunt married Navy admiral William D. Leahy. | |
92 | Randall Jacobs | 1 Feb 1944 1 Nov 1946 |
15 Sep 1945 1 Nov 1952 |
8 |
|
(1885–1967)[27] | |
93 | Ross T. McIntire | 1 Feb 1944 | 3 Mar 1947 | 3 |
|
(1889–1959) Medical Corps. | |
94 | Ben Moreell | 1 Feb 1944 | 10 Jun 1946 | 2 |
|
(1892–1978) Civil Engineer Corps. Promoted to admiral, 11 Jun 1946. | |
95 | Richmond K. Turner | 7 Mar 1944 | 23 May 1945 | 1 |
|
(1885–1961) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 24 May 1945. | |
96 | Willis A. Lee Jr. | 21 Mar 1944 | 25 Aug 1945 | 1 |
|
(1888–1945) Died in office. | |
97 | Marc A. Mitscher | 21 Mar 1944 | 28 Feb 1946 | 2 |
|
(1887–1947) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 1 Mar 1946. | |
98 | Robert C. Giffen | 15 May 1944 | 3 Dec 1945 | 2 |
|
(1886–1962)[37] | |
* | Emory S. Land | 1 Jul 1944 | 15 Jan 1946 | 2 |
|
(1879–1971)[38] Construction Corps. | |
99 | Theodore S. Wilkinson | 12 Aug 1944 | 21 Feb 1946 | 2 |
|
(1888–1946) Died in office. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1914. | |
100 | Alan G. Kirk | 10 Sep 1944 | 1 Mar 1946 | 1 |
|
(1888–1963) Retired as admiral, 1 Mar 1946. Director of Naval Intelligence, 1941; U.S. Ambassador to Belgium and Luxembourg, 1946–1947; to Soviet Union, 1949–1952; to China, 1962–1963. | |
101 | Charles M. Cooke Jr. | 28 Sep 1944 | 7 Jan 1946 | 1 |
|
(1886–1970) Promoted to admiral, 8 Jan 1946. | |
102 | Howard L. Vickery | 30 Oct 1944 1 Oct 1945 |
1 Oct 1945 1 Jan 1946 |
1 |
|
(1892–1946) Engineering duty officer (ship or hull construction). | |
103 | William R. Munroe | 11 Nov 1944 | 1 May 1947 | 2 |
|
(1886–1966) | |
104 | Charles H. McMorris | 27 Nov 1944 | 30 Jun 1948 | 4 |
|
(1890–1954)[27] | |
105 | George D. Murray | 29 Nov 1944 | 1 Aug 1951 | 7 |
|
(1889–1956) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1951. | |
106 | Jesse B. Oldendorf | 7 Dec 1944 | 1 Sep 1948 | 4 |
|
(1887–1974) Retired as admiral, 1 Sep 1948. | |
107 | Daniel E. Barbey | 9 Dec 1944 | 30 Jun 1948 | 4 |
|
(1889–1969)[27] | |
108 | Sherwoode A. Taffinder | 23 Dec 1944 | 18 Apr 1946 | 1 |
|
(1884–1965) | |
* | Olaf M. Hustvedt | 1 Mar 1945 | 3 Jun 1946 | 1 |
|
(1886–1978)[29] | |
109 | William W. Smith | 6 Mar 1945 | 1 Oct 1946 | 2 |
|
(1888–1966) | |
110 | Walter S. Anderson | 3 Apr 1945 | 1 Mar 1946 | 1 |
|
(1881–1981) | |
111 | William S. Farber | 3 Apr 1945 | 1 Dec 1946 | 2 |
|
(1885–1963) | |
112 | James L. Kauffman | 3 Apr 1945 | 20 Jun 1946 | 1 |
|
(1887–1963)[27] | |
113 | Edward L. Cochrane | 3 Apr 1945 | 1 Oct 1947 | 2 |
|
(1892–1959) Engineering duty officer (ship or hull construction) | |
114 | Harry W. Hill | 22 Apr 1945 21 Oct 1952 |
1 May 1952 21 May 1954 |
9 |
|
(1890–1971)[39] Retired as admiral, 1 May 1952. | |
115 | Frederick C. Sherman | 13 Jul 1945 | 1 Mar 1947 | 2 |
|
(1880–1957) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Mar 1947. | |
116 | Louis E. Denfeld | 1 Sep 1945 | 31 Jan 1947 | 1 |
|
(1891–1972)[40] Promoted to admiral, 7 Jan 1946. Candidate for Republican Party nomination for Governor of Massachusetts, 1950. | |
117 | DeWitt C. Ramsey | 26 Nov 1945 | 27 Dec 1945 | 0 |
|
(1888–1961) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 28 Dec 1945. | |
118 | Howard F. Kingman | 10 Dec 1945 | 30 Nov 1946 | 1 |
|
(1890–1968)[27] | |
119 | Alfred E. Montgomery | 10 Dec 1945 | 14 Aug 1947 | 2 |
|
(1891–1972)[27] Naval aviator. | |
120 | John L. Hall Jr. | 10 Dec 1945 | 1 May 1953 | 7 |
|
(1891–1978) Retired as admiral, May 1953. | |
121 | Thomas L. Gatch | 10 Dec 1945 | 1 Sep 1947 | 2 |
|
(1891–1954) | |
122 | Richard L. Conolly | 11 Dec 1945 1 Dec 1950 |
22 Sep 1946 1 Nov 1953 |
4 |
|
(1892–1962)[41] Promoted to admiral, 23 Sep 1946. President, Long Island University, 1953–1962. | |
123 | William H. P. Blandy | 11 Dec 1945 | 2 Feb 1947 | 1 |
|
(1890–1954) Promoted to admiral, 3 Feb 1947. | |
124 | Bernhard H. Bieri | 11 Dec 1945 1 Mar 1949 |
15 Apr 1948 1 Jun 1951 |
5 |
|
(1889–1971)[30] | |
125 | George F. Hussey Jr. | 11 Dec 1945 | 4 Sep 1947 | 2 |
|
(1894–1983) | |
126 | Oscar C. Badger II | 13 Dec 1945 24 Feb 1948 |
7 Aug 1947 1 Jul 1952 |
6 |
|
(1890–1958)[34] Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1952. Awarded Medal of Honor, 1914. Cousin of U.S. Secretary of the Navy George E. Badger. | |
127 | Lynde D. McCormick | 19 Dec 1945 3 Apr 1950 3 May 1954 |
13 Nov 1948 21 Dec 1950 16 Aug 1956 |
6 |
|
(1895–1956)[42] Promoted to admiral, 22 Dec 1950. Died in office. | |
128 | Arthur W. Radford | 28 Dec 1945 | 29 Apr 1949 | 3 |
|
(1896–1973) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 30 Apr 1949. Married aunt of Army four-star general Michael S. Davison. | |
129 | Forrest P. Sherman | 28 Dec 1945 | 1 Nov 1949 | 4 |
|
(1896–1951) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 2 Nov 1949. | |
130 | Robert M. Griffin | 10 Jan 1946 | 9 Jul 1948 | 3 |
|
(1889–1976)[27] Naval aviation observer. | |
131 | Walter S. DeLany | 10 Jan 1946 30 Jun 1952 |
1 Jul 1948 1 Feb 1953 |
3 |
|
(1891–1980)[30] | |
132 | William M. Fechteler | 24 Jan 1946 | 31 Jan 1950 | 4 |
|
(1896–1967) Promoted to admiral, 1 Feb 1950. | |
133 | Gerald F. Bogan | 1 Feb 1946 | 1 Feb 1950 | 4 |
|
(1894–1973)[27] Naval aviator. | |
134 | Earle W. Mills | 6 Feb 1946 | 1 Mar 1949 | 3 |
|
(1896–1968) Engineering duty officer. | |
135 | Robert B. Carney | 15 Jun 1946 | 31 Oct 1950 | 4 |
|
(1895–1990) Promoted to admiral, 1 Nov 1950. Aunt married Navy four-star admiral Frank B. Upham. | |
136 | Harold G. Bowen Sr. | 10 Jul 1946 | 1 Jun 1947 | 1 |
|
(1883–1965) Engineering duty officer. | |
137 | William J. Carter Jr. | 22 Aug 1946 | 1 Oct 1946 | 0 |
|
(1893–1971) Supply Corps. | |
138 | John D. Price | 1 Sep 1946 | 1 Jun 1954 | 8 |
|
(1892–1957) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Jun 1954. | |
139 | John L. McCrea | 16 Sep 1946 | 29 Feb 1952 | 5 |
|
(1891–1990)[27] | |
140 | Donald B. Duncan | 31 Jan 1947 | 9 Aug 1951 | 5 |
|
(1896–1975) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 10 Aug 1951. Governor, U.S. Naval Home, 1957–1962. Brother-in-law of U.S. Secretary of Commerce Harry L. Hopkins. | |
141 | Francis S. Low | 12 Mar 1947 | 1 Jul 1956 | 9 |
|
(1894–1964) Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1956. | |
142 | Harold B. Sallada | 11 May 1947 | 1 Oct 1949 | 2 |
|
(1895–1977) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Oct 1949. | |
143 | Arthur C. Miles | 26 Jan 1948 | 4 Oct 1949 | 2 |
|
(1893–1972)[27] Aeronautical engineering duty officer. | |
144 | Arthur D. Struble | 14 Apr 1948 | 1 Jul 1956 | 8 |
|
(1894–1983) Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1956. | |
145 | Russell S. Berkey | 9 Jul 1948 | 1 Sep 1950 | 2 |
|
(1893–1984) Retired as admiral, 1 Sep 1950. | |
146 | Donald B. Beary | 1 Nov 1948 | 1 Oct 1950 | 2 |
|
(1888–1966) | |
147 | Felix B. Stump | 3 Dec 1948 | 9 Jul 1953 | 5 |
|
(1894–1972) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 10 Jul 1953. | |
148 | John W. Reeves Jr. | 1 Apr 1949 | 1 May 1950 | 1 |
|
(1888–1967) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 May 1950. General Manager, Los Angeles International Airport, 1950–1952. | |
149 | Calvin T. Durgin | 16 May 1949 | 22 Jan 1951 | 2 |
|
(1893–1965)[27] Naval aviator. | |
150 | C. Turner Joy | 26 Aug 1949 | 1 Jul 1954 | 5 |
|
(1895–1956) Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1954. | |
151 | Thomas L. Sprague | 1 Oct 1949 | 1 Apr 1952 | 3 |
|
(1894–1972) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Apr 1952. | |
152 | E. Dorsey Foster | 4 Oct 1949 | 31 Dec 1950 | 1 |
|
(1896–1979) Supply Corps. | |
153 | John J. Ballentine | 14 Nov 1949 | 1 May 1954 | 4 |
|
(1896–1970) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 May 1954. | |
154 | John H. Cassady | 16 Jan 1950 | 18 Mar 1954 | 4 |
|
(1896–1969) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 19 Mar 1954. | |
155 | John W. Roper | 26 Jan 1950 | 30 Mar 1951 | 1 | (1898–1963)[27] Son of U.S. Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper. | ||
156 | Matthias B. Gardner | 28 Sep 1950 | 1 Aug 1956 | 6 |
|
(1897–1975) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1956. | |
157 | Jerauld Wright | 7 Nov 1950 | 11 Apr 1954 | 3 |
|
(1898–1995) Promoted to admiral, 12 Apr 1954. U.S. Ambassador to China, 1963–1965. | |
158 | Albert G. Noble | 29 Dec 1950 | 1 Oct 1951 | 1 |
|
(1885–1980) Retired as admiral, 1 Oct 1951. | |
159 | Arthur C. Davis | 12 Feb 1951 1 Apr 1955 |
1 Apr 1955 1 Oct 1955 |
5 |
|
(1893–1965)[43] Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Apr 1955. | |
160 | Ingolf N. Kiland | 12 Feb 1951 | 26 Jan 1953 | 2 |
|
(1895–1992)[27] | |
161 | Robert P. Briscoe | 12 Feb 1951 | 1 Jul 1956 | 5 |
|
(1897–1968) Promoted to admiral, 2 Jul 1956. | |
162 | Harold M. Martin | 15 Feb 1951 | 1 Feb 1956 | 5 |
|
(1896–1972) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Feb 1956. | |
163 | Laurance T. DuBose | 30 Mar 1951 | 1 Jun 1955 | 4 |
|
(1893–1967) Retired as admiral, 1 Jun 1955. | |
164 | William M. Callaghan | 11 Apr 1951 | 1 Mar 1957 | 6 |
|
(1897–1991) | |
165 | James Fife Jr. | 10 Aug 1951 | 1 Aug 1955 | 4 |
|
(1897–1975) Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1955. Director, Mystic Seaport, 1956–1975. | |
166 | Charles W. Fox | 10 Oct 1951 | 1 Aug 1953 | 2 |
|
(1894–1975) Supply Corps. | |
167 | Frank G. Fahrion | 5 Jan 1952 | 1 May 1956 | 4 |
|
(1894–1970) Retired as admiral, 1 May 1956. | |
168 | Joseph J. Clark | 20 May 1952 | 1 Dec 1953 | 2 |
|
(1893–1971) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, Dec 1953. | |
169 | Ralph A. Ofstie | 16 Jun 1952 | 18 Nov 1956 | 4 |
|
(1897–1956) Naval aviator. Died in office. | |
170 | Francis C. Denebrink | 20 Dec 1952 | 1 Jul 1956 | 4 |
|
(1896–1987) | |
171 | James L. Holloway Jr. | 2 Feb 1953 | 31 Dec 1957 | 5 |
|
(1898–1984) Promoted to admiral, 1 Jan 1958. Superintendent, U.S. Naval Academy, 1947–1950; Governor, U.S. Naval Home, 1962–1966. Father of Navy four-star admiral James L. Holloway III. | |
172 | Roscoe F. Good | 27 Mar 1953 | 1 Mar 1958 | 5 |
|
(1897–1974) Retired as admiral, 1 Mar 1958. | |
173 | Thomas S. Combs | 30 Jun 1953 | 1 Apr 1960 | 7 |
|
(1898–1964) Naval aviator. | |
174 | John E. Gingrich | 1 Aug 1953 | 1 Oct 1954 | 1 |
|
(1897–1960) Retired as admiral, 1 Oct 1954. | |
175 | William K. Phillips | 1 Oct 1953 | 1 Aug 1955 | 2 |
|
(1894–1986) Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1955. | |
176 | Alfred M. Pride | 1 Dec 1953 | 1 Oct 1959 | 6 |
|
(1897–1988) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Oct 1959. | |
177 | Thomas G. W. Settle | 8 Mar 1954 12 Feb 1962 26 Aug 1963 |
6 Jul 1956 1 Jul 1963 10 Oct 1963 |
4 |
|
(1895–1980)[27] | |
178 | Edmund T. Wooldridge | 1 Apr 1954 | 1 Aug 1958 | 4 |
|
(1897–1968)[44] Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1958. | |
179 | Frederick G. McMahon | 1 May 1954 | 1 Jan 1959 | 5 |
|
(1898–1986) Naval aviator. | |
180 | Austin K. Doyle | 1 Jun 1954 | 1 Aug 1958 | 4 |
|
(1898–1970) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1958. | |
181 | Murrey L. Royar | 2 Oct 1954 | 1 Feb 1956 | 1 |
|
(1894–1985) Supply Corps. | |
182 | Charles Wellborn Jr. | 21 Jun 1955 | 1 Feb 1963 | 8 |
|
(1901–1988) | |
183 | Maurice E. Curts | 24 Jun 1955 1 Feb 1958 |
28 Apr 1957 1 Apr 1960 |
4 |
|
(1898–1976)[45] Promoted to admiral, 29 Apr 1957. | |
184 | Herbert G. Hopwood | 1 Aug 1955 | 31 Jan 1958 | 3 |
|
(1898–1966) Promoted to admiral, 1 Feb 1958. | |
185 | George L. Russell | 23 Nov 1955 | 15 Aug 1957 | 2 | (1900–1978) | ||
186 | Stuart H. Ingersoll | 19 Dec 1955 25 Jul 1960 |
1 Jul 1960 1 May 1961 |
5 |
|
(1898–1983) Naval aviator. | |
187 | Stuart S. Murray | 7 Dec 1955 | 1 Aug 1956 | 1 |
|
(1898–1980) Retired as admiral, 1 Aug 1956. Nephew of Oklahoma Governor William H. Murray. | |
189 | Cato D. Glover Jr. | 17 Jan 1956 | 1 Sep 1957 | 2 |
|
(1897–1988) Naval aviator. Retired as admiral, 1 Sep 1957. | |
190 | Charles R. Brown | 24 Jan 1956 | 31 Dec 1958 | 3 |
|
(1899–1983) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 1 Jan 1959. | |
191 | Edward W. Clexton | 1 Feb 1956 | 1 Jul 1960 | 4 |
|
(1900–1966) Aeronautical engineering duty officer. | |
192 | James H. Thach Jr. | 6 Feb 1956 | 23 Oct 1956 | 1 |
|
(1900–1962) | |
193 | Bernard L. Austin | 15 Mar 1956 1 Aug 1964 |
1 Aug 1964 17 Oct 1967 |
12 |
|
(1902–1979) | |
194 | Harry D. Felt | 12 Apr 1956 | 31 Aug 1956 | 0 |
|
(1902–1992) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 1 Sep 1956. | |
195 | Ruthven E. Libby | 1 May 1956 | 1 May 1960 | 4 |
|
(1900–1986) | |
196 | Lorenzo S. Sabin Jr. | 1 May 1956 | 1 Mar 1961 | 5 |
|
(1899–1988) | |
197 | William L. Rees | 29 May 1956 | 1 Oct 1960 | 4 |
|
(1900–1989) Naval aviator. | |
198 | Robert L. Dennison | 18 Jun 1956 | 30 Mar 1959 | 3 |
|
(1901–1980) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 31 Mar 1959. | |
199 | John M. Will | 2 Jul 1956 | 1 Jul 1959 | 3 |
|
(1899–1981) Retired as admiral, 1 Jul 1959. | |
200 | Carl F. Espe | 6 Jul 1956 | 11 Apr 1958 | 2 |
|
(1900–1988)[27] | |
201 | Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter | 1 Aug 1956 | 1 May 1957 | 1 |
|
(1897–1982) Director of Central Intelligence, 1947–1950. | |
202 | William V. Davis Jr. | 1 Aug 1956 | 1 Apr 1960 | 4 |
|
(1902–1981) Naval aviator. | |
203 | Robert Goldthwaite | 5 Aug 1956 | 20 Jun 1963 | 7 |
|
(1903–1979)[27] Naval aviator. | |
204 | Harold Page Smith | 24 Oct 1956 | 17 Feb 1960 | 3 |
|
(1904–1993) Promoted to admiral, 18 Feb 1960. Uncle of Navy four-star admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr. | |
205 | Wallace M. Beakley | 28 Jan 1957 | 3 Aug 1963 | 7 |
|
(1903–1975)[27] Naval aviator. | |
206 | George W. Anderson Jr. | 1 May 1957 14 Sep 1959 |
18 Jan 1958 31 Jul 1961 |
3 |
|
(1906–1992)[46] Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 1 Aug 1961. U.S. Ambassador to Portugal, 1963–1966. | |
207 | Robert B. Pirie | 3 Jul 1957 | 1 Nov 1962 | 5 |
|
(1905–1990) Naval aviator. | |
208 | Frank T. Watkins | 1 Aug 1957 | 27 Aug 1958 | 1 |
|
(1898–1980)[27] | |
209 | John H. Sides | 1 Aug 1957 | 30 Aug 1960 | 3 |
|
(1904–1978) Promoted to admiral, 31 Aug 1960. | |
210 | James S. Russell | 14 Aug 1957 | 20 Jul 1958 | 1 |
|
(1903–1996) Naval aviator. Promoted to admiral, 21 Jul 1958. | |
211 | Byron H. Hanlon | 4 Nov 1957 | 1 Oct 1958 | 1 |
|
(1899–1977) Retired as admiral, 1 Oct 1958. | |
212 | Ralph E. Wilson | 20 Dec 1957 | 1 Jul 1960 | 3 |
|
(1902–1990) | |
213 | Herbert D. Riley | 10 Feb 1958 | 1 Apr 1964 | 6 |
|
(1904–1973) Naval aviator. | |
214 | John Sylvester | 11 Apr 1958 | 1 Sep 1964 | 6 |
|
(1904–1990) | |
215 | Roland N. Smoot | 31 Jul 1958 | 1 Jun 1962 | 4 |
|
(1901–1984) | |
216 | William G. Cooper | 1 Aug 1958 | 1 Feb 1960 | 2 |
|
(1903–1971) | |
217 | Clarence E. Ekstrom | 30 Sep 1958 | 1 Dec 1962 | 4 |
|
(1902–1986) Naval aviator. | |
218 | Frederick N. Kivette | 30 Sep 1958 | 1 Oct 1961 | 3 |
|
(1902–1975) Naval aviator. | |
219 | George C. Towner | 1 Oct 1958 | 10 Dec 1960 | 2 |
|
(1901–1999)[27] | |
220 | Hyman G. Rickover | 23 Oct 1958 1 Feb 1964 |
1 Feb 1964 15 Nov 1973 |
15 |
|
(1900–1986)[47] Engineering duty officer. Promoted to admiral, 16 Nov 1973. Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom, 1980; Congressional Gold Medal, 1958 and 1982. | |
221 | William R. Smedberg III | 21 Mar 1959 | 1 Apr 1964 | 5 |
|
(1902–1994) | |
222 | John T. Hayward | 25 Apr 1959 13 Jun 1963 |
9 Mar 1962 1 Sep 1968 |
8 |
|
(1908–1999)[30] Naval aviator. | |
223 | Roy A. Gano | 30 Jun 1959 | 1 Jul 1964 | 5 |
|
(1902–1971) | |
* | Burton B. Biggs | 6 Aug 1959 11 Aug 1963 |
1 Aug 1963 1 Jan 1964 |
4 |
|
(1898–1967)[29] |
Timeline
An officer held the active-duty grade of vice admiral (Vice Adm.) in the U.S. Navy until his death; retirement; resignation; reversion to lower permanent grade upon vacating a position carrying the ex officio rank; or promotion to a higher grade such as admiral (Adm.) or fleet admiral (Fleet Adm.). An officer on the retired list could also be recalled to active duty in the grade of vice admiral (Vice Adm. (ret.)) or admiral (Adm. (ret.)).
Between World War I and World War II, there were three ex officio vice admiral positions. One commanded the battleships of the United States Fleet (BATSHIPS), and a second commanded the Scouting Force (SCOFOR). The third position was successively allocated to command the naval forces in Europe (NAVEUR), the cruisers of the Scouting Force (CRUSCOFOR), and the aircraft carriers of the Battle Force (AIRBATFOR).
History
Civil War
The grade of vice admiral in the United States Navy was created by Congress in December 1864 to honor David G. Farragut for his victory at the Battle of Mobile Bay during the American Civil War. The promotion made Farragut the senior officer in the Navy but did not give him command of all naval forces, unlike the corresponding grade of lieutenant general that had been revived for Ulysses S. Grant earlier that year.[48] After the war, Farragut was promoted to admiral and his vacated vice admiralcy was filled by David D. Porter. When Farragut died in 1870, Porter succeeded him as admiral and Stephen C. Rowan became vice admiral. Three years later, Congress stopped further promotions to admiral or vice admiral, and the vice admiral grade expired with Rowan in 1890.[1]
After the Spanish-American War, Congress tried to revive the grade to reward William T. Sampson and Winfield S. Schley for winning the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, but the officers feuded bitterly over credit for the victory and their partisans in the Senate could not agree on who would be the senior vice admiral, so neither was promoted.[49][50] Even after Sampson died in 1902, his admirers continued to prevent Schley from being promoted, while Schley's friends blocked all moves to elevate any other officer over him during his lifetime, such as an attempt to promote Robley D. Evans to vice admiral on the retired list in 1909. No new vice admirals were created until after Schley's death in 1911.[51][52]
World War I
In 1915, Congress authorized the President to designate the commanders in chief of the Pacific, Atlantic, and Asiatic Fleets to hold the rank of admiral, and their seconds in command the rank of vice admiral. The chief of naval operations (CNO) received the rank of admiral the following year.[53] Because Porter and Rowan had been promoted permanently to vice admiral and then never gone to sea again, Congress made these new ranks strictly ex officio. Upon relinquishing command, an officer lost his designation as admiral or vice admiral and reverted to his permanent grade of rear admiral.[54] The three fleet commanders were immediately made admirals to match the rank of their foreign counterparts, but only the second in command of the Atlantic Fleet, Henry T. Mayo, was designated a vice admiral, since the Pacific and Asiatic Fleets were too small to employ their vice admirals.[55]
When the United States entered World War I, Congress generalized the law to let the President designate up to six commanders of any fleet or subdivision of a fleet to hold ranks higher than rear admiral, of which up to three could be admirals and the rest vice admirals. This allowed William S. Sims to be designated vice admiral as commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters. The other two vice admiral designations went to the Atlantic Fleet's two battleship force commanders.[56] When the Asiatic Fleet's commander in chief retired in December 1918, his four-star designation was transferred to Sims, whose vacated vice admiralcy went to Albert Gleaves, commander of the Atlantic Fleet's cruiser and transport force.[57] By the end of 1918, all three seagoing admirals and all three vice admirals were assigned to the Atlantic and European theaters, including the four-star commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet, who had taken a force to patrol the South Atlantic Ocean.[58]
With the end of hostilities in Europe, the six designations for admirals and vice admirals were redistributed in 1919. The commanders in chief of the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets remained admirals. About half of the major ships in the Atlantic Fleet transferred to the Pacific Fleet, which was now large enough to employ a vice admiral to command its battleship force. A second vice admiral commanded the battleship force of the Atlantic Fleet, and a third vice admiral, Gleaves, commanded its cruiser and transport force. The sixth designation returned to the Asiatic Fleet when Sims left his European command, but its commander in chief, William L. Rodgers, was promoted only to vice admiral since Gleaves was already slated to be its admiral, so for a few months there were four vice admirals and only three admirals, including the CNO.[59]
In September 1919, Gleaves was appointed commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet with the rank of admiral. Rodgers remained vice admiral in command of Division 1 of the Asiatic Fleet until January 1920, so for the first and only time, the Pacific, Atlantic, and Asiatic Fleets each had an admiral and vice admiral, as originally envisioned in 1915.[60]
Interwar
In 1922 the three fleets were combined into a single United States Fleet with three admirals and three vice admirals. One admiral served as commander in chief of the United States Fleet (CINCUS), a second admiral as commander in chief of the Asiatic Fleet, and the third admiral as commander in chief of the former Pacific Fleet, now the Battle Fleet. A vice admiral commanded the former Atlantic Fleet, now the Scouting Fleet, and a second vice admiral commanded the battleship divisions of the Battle Fleet.[61] The Battle Fleet and Scouting Fleet became the Battle Force and Scouting Force, respectively, when the United States Fleet was reorganized into type commands in 1931.[62] When the Pacific and Atlantic Fleets were reconstituted in February 1941, CINCUS was dual-hatted as commander in chief of the Pacific Fleet (CINCPAC), and the commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet was made an admiral by downgrading the Battle Force's commander to vice admiral and its battleship commander to rear admiral.[63]
The third vice admiral designation moved from the Asiatic Fleet to the commander of U.S. Naval Forces in European Waters in 1920 and lapsed when the European force was disbanded in 1929. It was revived the next year for the commander of the Scouting Fleet's light cruiser divisions and subsequently the Scouting Force's cruisers, before migrating in 1935 to the commander of the Battle Force's aircraft.[64]
A flag officer in the United States Fleet climbed a cursus honorum that nominally began with command of a battleship division as a rear admiral, followed by command of all battleship divisions in the Battle Force as a vice admiral, then command of the entire Battle Force as an admiral, and finally either CINCUS, the highest office afloat, or CNO, the highest office ashore—or both, in the case of William V. Pratt.[65] Upon leaving the fleet, it was normal for a former three- or four-star commander to revert to his permanent grade of rear admiral and remain on active duty until statutory retirement as president of the Naval War College, commandant of a naval district, or member of the General Board.[53]
Since there were four admirals and only three vice admirals, it was not uncommon to skip the rank of vice admiral entirely, especially for commanders in chief of the Asiatic Fleet, which was seen as a four-star consolation prize for flag officers who were out of the running for CINCUS or CNO.[65] By the early 1940s, neither the CNO (Harold R. Stark), CINCUS (Claude C. Bloch, James O. Richardson), nor CINCPAC (Husband E. Kimmel, Chester W. Nimitz) had ever been a vice admiral.
World War II
In July 1941, Congress authorized the President to designate, at his own discretion, up to nine additional officers to carry the ex officio rank of vice admiral while performing special or unusual duty, for a total of 12 vice admirals in the permanent establishment.[66] The first of the nine new vice admiral designations was assigned to Robert L. Ghormley, then serving as special observer in the U.S. Embassy in London.[67] After the United States entry into World War II in December 1941, the new commander in chief of the Atlantic Fleet, Royal E. Ingersoll, was designated a vice admiral after his predecessor, Ernest J. King, was appointed commander in chief of the United States Fleet (COMINCH, formerly CINCUS) and took the Atlantic Fleet's four-star designation with him.[68] The remaining seven vice admiral slots were quickly filled by the director of the Office of Procurement and Material and the commanders of U.S. Naval Forces, Southwest Pacific; ANZAC Force; the service forces in the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets; and two anti-submarine task forces in the Atlantic Fleet.
All 12 vice admiral designations were in use by March 1942, when a headquarters reorganization called for two more vice admirals to be vice chief of naval operations and chief of staff to COMINCH. Frederick J. Horne and Russell Willson were nominated to be temporary vice admirals,[69] under a 1941 statute that authorized an unlimited number of appointments in all grades for temporary service during a national emergency, with temporary flag officers needing confirmation by the Senate.[3] The statute technically created temporary grades only up to rear admiral, but the Senate confirmed Horne and Willson as vice admirals anyway,[70] and continued to confirm temporary admirals and vice admirals when nominated. Dozens of temporary vice admirals were appointed during World War II, either to serve in a specified job or simply for the duration of the national emergency.
Postwar
The Officer Personnel Act of 1947 consolidated the various laws governing vice admiral appointments. Previously, the President had controlled a pool of 12 vice admiral designations that he could assign at his own discretion.[2] In addition, the Senate could confirm an unlimited number of officers nominated by the President to hold the temporary personal grade of vice admiral, either while serving in a particular job or for the duration of a national emergency.[3] Under the new law, all vice admirals had to be confirmed by the Senate, and held that temporary grade only while serving in a particular job. The maximum number of vice admirals was proportional to the total number of flag officers.[71]
The new law also made any former admiral or vice admiral eligible to retire with that rank,[71] simplifying the hodgepodge of rules that had promoted various classes of retirees piecemeal. Originally every designated admiral and vice admiral retired in his permanent grade of rear admiral. In 1930 Congress promoted officers on the retired list to their highest rank held during World War I, which was defined as having ended on July 2, 1921, so John D. McDonald, who became vice admiral on July 1, 1921, was promoted, but William R. Shoemaker, who became vice admiral only a week later, was not.[72][73] In 1942 former fleet commanders were allowed to retire as admiral or vice admiral if they had served in that grade for at least a year, a cutoff that John H. Dayton and Walton R. Sexton both missed by about two weeks. Dayton lived long enough to be advanced back to vice admiral by the Officer Personnel Act of 1947, but Sexton did not.[74]
Postwar vice admirals typically headed directorates in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, numbered fleets, type commands, sea frontiers, senior educational institutions like the National War College and the Naval War College, or other interservice or international positions. Upon completing their capstone assignments, many senior flag officers resumed the prewar pattern of remaining on active duty in a lower grade until statutory retirement, in contrast to Army and Air Force general officers who usually preferred to retire immediately to avoid demotion. For example, Lynde D. McCormick reverted from vice admiral to rear admiral but rose again to vice admiral and admiral before dropping to vice admiral for his final assignment.[75]
Tombstone promotions
In 1925 Congress authorized Navy and Marine Corps officers who had been specially commended for performance of duty in actual combat during World War I to retire with the rank of the next higher grade but not its pay. Such honorary increases in rank at retirement were dubbed tombstone promotions, since their only tangible benefit was the right to carve the higher rank on the officer's tombstone.[76][77] Later laws expanded eligibility beyond World War I and to officers already on the retired list. Tombstone promotions were limited in 1947 to duty performed before the end of World War II, meaning before January 1, 1947, and halted entirely in 1959.[5] By May 29, 1959, there were 154 vice admirals on the retired list who had never served on active duty in that rank, not counting those already deceased.[78]
Dozens of vice admirals received tombstone promotions to admiral.[78] Even if a vice admiral reverted to rear admiral, he could still retire as a vice admiral and then claim a tombstone promotion to admiral, but only if he had satisfactory service in the temporary grade of vice admiral during World War II. For example, Gerald F. Bogan, David W. Bagley, Robert C. Giffen, and Alexander Sharp Jr. all reverted to rear admiral after serving as a vice admiral, and all qualified for a tombstone promotion, but only Bagley was advanced to admiral when he retired.
- Bogan was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while commanding the First Task Fleet after World War II, but offended the secretary of the Navy during the so-called Revolt of the Admirals and was relieved of his three-star command only three weeks before he was scheduled to retire with a tombstone promotion to admiral. Instead, he reverted to rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.[79][80]
- Bagley was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while serving in a succession of jobs during World War II, before reverting to rear admiral. He retired in his highest wartime grade of vice admiral and received a tombstone promotion to admiral.[36][81]
- Giffen was confirmed by the Senate to be a temporary vice admiral while commanding the Caribbean Sea Frontier during World War II, but was reprimanded for misconduct in that role. Having unsatisfactory service as a vice admiral, he retired as a rear admiral and received a tombstone promotion back to vice admiral.[37][82][83]
- Sharp was designated by the President to hold the rank of vice admiral while commanding the Service Force, Atlantic Fleet during World War II, but was never confirmed by the Senate to hold the temporary personal grade of vice admiral, unlike Bagley and Giffen. Sharp retired with his highest active-duty rank of vice admiral but was not advanced to admiral because tombstone promotions were based on personal grades, not designated ranks.[81]
Legislative history
The following list of Congressional legislation includes all acts of Congress pertaining to appointments to the grade of vice admiral in the United States Navy before 1960.[84]
Each entry lists an act of Congress, its citation in the United States Statutes at Large, and a summary of the act's relevance.
Legislation | Citation | Summary |
---|---|---|
Act of December 21, 1864 | 13 Stat. 420 |
|
Act of July 25, 1866 | 14 Stat. 222 |
|
Act of January 24, 1873 | 17 Stat. 418 |
|
Act of December 20, 1886 | 24 Stat. 351 |
|
Act of March 3, 1915 | 38 Stat. 941 |
|
Act of May 22, 1917 | 40 Stat. 89 |
|
Act of March 4, 1925 | 43 Stat. 1278 |
|
Act of June 21, 1930 | 45 Stat. 793 |
|
Act of June 22, 1938 | 52 Stat. 839 |
|
Act of June 23, 1938 | 52 Stat. 951 |
|
Act of July 17, 1941 | 55 Stat. 598 |
|
Act of July 24, 1941 | 55 Stat. 603 |
|
Act of February 23, 1942 | 56 Stat. 120 |
|
Act of June 16, 1942 | 56 Stat. 370 |
|
Act of July 1, 1944
[Private Law 348] |
58 Stat. 1011 |
|
Act of February 21, 1946 | 60 Stat. 28 |
|
Act of August 7, 1947
[Officer Personnel Act of 1947] |
61 Stat. 886 |
|
Act of October 12, 1949
[Career Compensation Act of 1949] |
63 Stat. 806 |
|
Act of May 5, 1954
[Officer Grade Limitation Act of 1954] |
68 Stat. 65 |
|
Act of May 20, 1958 | 72 Stat. 124 |
|
Act of August 11, 1959 | 73 Stat. 337 |
|
See also
- Vice admiral (United States)
- List of lieutenant generals in the United States Army before 1960
- List of lieutenant generals in the United States Air Force before 1960
- List of United States Marine Corps lieutenant generals on active duty before 1960
- List of United States Navy tombstone vice admirals
- List of United States Navy vice admirals from 2010 to 2019
- List of United States Navy vice admirals since 2020
- List of United States Navy four-star admirals
Notes
- ^ a b Acts of December 21, 1874 (13 Stat. 420); July 25, 1866 (14 Stat. 222); and January 24, 1873 (17 Stat. 418). Chisholm, pp. 311-313, 349-353.
- ^ a b Acts of March 3, 1915 (38 Stat. 941); May 22, 1917 (40 Stat. 89); July 17, 1941 (55 Stat. 598); and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886). Chisholm, pp. 763-764. Congressional Record (June 30, 1941), Vol. 87, Part 1, p. 5727.
- ^ a b c Acts of July 24, 1941 (55 Stat. 603) and August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886). "Personal Money Allowance—Admirals And Vice Admirals (22 Comp. Gen. 1071)". Decisions of the Comptroller General of the United States. Vol. 22. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1943. p. 1071.
- ^ Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886). Wheeler, Rexford V. Jr.; Kinne, Sheldon H. (July 1954). "The Promotion of Career Officers (Part II)". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 80 (6): 761. Laws Relating to the Navy, Annotated. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1922. pp. 683–684.
- ^ a b Acts of March 4, 1925 (43 Stat. 1278); July 17, 1941 (55 Stat. 598); June 6, 1942 (56 Stat. 370); August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886); October 12, 1949 [Career Compensation Act of 1949] (63 Stat. 806); and August 11, 1959 (72 Stat. 337). Patrick, Howard A. (August 1948). "The Effect of Combat Commendation Upon Retirement". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 74 (8): 957–965.
- ^ a b Dates appointed are taken from U.S. Naval Officers, Vice Admiral and Above, 1864–1963.
- ^ a b Dates vacated are taken from U.S. Naval Officers, Vice Admiral and Above, 1864–1963. An officer could vacate the active-duty rank of vice admiral via death, retirement, promotion, or reversion to a lower permanent grade upon relinquishing an office designated to carry the rank of vice admiral.
- ^ a b The number of years on active duty as vice admiral is taken to be the number of days rounded to the nearest whole year and excluding any gaps in appointment.
- ^ a b Positions are compiled from the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, Modern Biographical Files, Generals of the Army and the Air Force and Admirals of the Navy, Ancell and Miller, Cogar, Schuon, and Marquis Who's Who.
- ^ a b Biographical notes include years of birth and death; any staff corps affiliation or line officer designation as naval aviation observer, naval aviator, or engineering duty officer; dates of promotion to higher rank; awards of the Medal of Honor, Congressional Gold Medal, Presidential Medal of Freedom, or honors of similar significance; major government appointments; university presidencies or equivalents; familial relationships with significant military officers or significant government officials such as U.S. Presidents, cabinet secretaries, U.S. Senators, or state governors; and other unusual career events such as death in office or resignation.
- ^ a b c d e Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 21, 1930, as highest World War I rank.
- ^ a b c d e Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Act of June 21, 1930, as highest World War I rank.
- ^ Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Act of June 21, 1930, as highest World War I rank; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Retired as rear admiral.
- ^ a b c d Retired as rear admiral; ineligible for advancement by Act of June 16, 1942, having served as vice admiral for less than one year.
- ^ McCarver Jr., Charles. "Long, Andrew Theodore". Dictionary of North Carolina Biography. Retrieved January 31, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ a b c d e Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ a b Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of August 14, 1938, as highest rank held while serving as Chief of Naval Operations.
- ^ a b Retired as rear admiral; ineligible for advancement by Act of June 16, 1942, having served as vice admiral for less than one year; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral by Officer Personnel Act of 1947, as highest rank held on active duty.
- ^ Retired as rear admiral; advanced on the retired list to tombstone vice admiral by Act of February 23, 1942; advanced on the retired list to admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral, 29 Jan 1938; reappointed as vice admiral, 21 Mar 1942; appointed as admiral, 29 Jan 1945.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral; retired as vice admiral by Act of June 16, 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral, 20 May 1939; confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Western Sea Frontier, 27 May 1942; retired as vice admiral, 1 Feb 1944, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral, 24 Jun 1939; appointed as admiral, 1 Feb 1941; promoted to fleet admiral, 17 Dec 1944.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral, 1 Feb 1941; confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Eastern Sea Frontier, 27 May 1942; retired as vice admiral, 1 Nov 1943, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet for at least one year.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Reverted to rear admiral; retired as vice admiral.
- ^ Appointed as vice admiral for special duty, 19 Sep 1941; confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service, 27 Apr 1942.
- ^ a b c d e Retired as tombstone vice admiral.
- ^ a b c d e Reverted to rear admiral; reappointed as vice admiral.
- ^ Appointed as admiral, 30 Oct 1936; reverted to rear admiral, 25 Jul 1939, and retired, 1 Nov 1939; advanced on the retired list to tombstone vice admiral, 23 Feb 1942; advanced on the retired list to admiral, 16 Jun 1942, as highest rank held while commanding a fleet or subdivision of a fleet.
- ^ Retired as vice admiral, 1 Dec 1946; advanced on the retired list to tombstone admiral, Jan 1954.
- ^ Date of rank 16 Jun 1942. Retired as rear admiral, 1 Aug 1946; advanced on the retired list to vice admiral, 28 May 1948.
- ^ a b c Reverted to rear admiral; reappointed as vice admiral; retired as tombstone admiral.
- ^ Died, 6 Sep 1945, and posthumously promoted to admiral.
- ^ a b Confirmed by Senate as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Western Sea Frontier, 18 Jan 1944; while serving as Commander, Hawaiian Sea Frontier, 27 Nov 1944; and until detachment from duty as member of the Joint Mexican-United States Defense Commission, 28 Jul 1945. Reverted to rear admiral, 31 Jan 1946; retired as vice admiral and advanced to tombstone admiral, 1 Apr 1947.
- ^ a b Confirmed as vice admiral for temporary service while serving as Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, 22 Mar 1944; and until detachment from duty as Commander, Service Force, Atlantic Fleet, 24 Jul 1945. Reverted to rear admiral, 3 Dec 1945; reprimanded for misconduct while Commander, Caribbean Sea Frontier, preventing retirement in highest wartime grade; retired as rear admiral and advanced to tombstone vice admiral, 1 Sep 1946.
- ^ Retired as naval constructor with rank of rear admiral, 1 Apr 1937; advanced on the retired list to naval constructor with rank of vice admiral, 1 Jul 1944, by special Act of Congress.
- ^ Retired as tombstone admiral, 1 May 1952; recalled to active duty as vice admiral, 21 Oct 1952–21 May 1954.
- ^ Appointed as admiral, 1 Feb 1947, retroactive to 7 Jan 1946.
- ^ Appointed as admiral, 23 Sep 1946–30 Nov 1950; reappointed as vice admiral, 1 Dec 1950; retired as admiral, 1 Nov 1953.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral, 13 Nov 1948; reappointed as vice admiral, 3 Apr 1950; appointed as admiral, 22 Dec 1950–2 May 1954; reappointed as vice admiral, 3 May 1954; died, 16 Aug 1956.
- ^ Retired as tombstone admiral, 1 Apr 1955; recalled to active duty as vice admiral, 1 Apr 1955–1 Oct 1955, and as admiral, 10 Aug 1959–18 Jan 1960.
- ^ Retired as tombstone admiral, 1 Aug 1958; recalled to active duty as admiral, 25 Jul 1960–1 May 1961.
- ^ Appointed as admiral, 29 Apr 1957–31 Jan 1958; reappointed as vice admiral, 1 Feb 1958; retired as admiral, 1 Apr 1960.
- ^ Reverted to rear admiral, 18 Jan 1958; reappointed as vice admiral, 14 Sep 1959; appointed as admiral, 1 Aug 1961.
- ^ Retired as vice admiral, 1 Feb 1964; advanced on the retired list to admiral, 16 Nov 1973.
- ^ "Vice-Admiral Farragut". The New York Times. December 23, 1864. p. 6.
- ^ "Sampson Doomed". The Wilkes-Barre Record. February 28, 1901. p. 5.
- ^ "Case Is Lost". The Courier-Journal. January 29, 1902. p. 1.
- ^ "Evans No Vice Admiral". The Baltimore Sun. February 16, 1909. p. 2.
- ^ a b Peeks, Ryan (October 2016). "Temporary Admirals Might Do". United States Naval Institute Proceedings. 142 (10).
- ^ Chisholm, pp. 557, 565, 568. House Report No. 377, 63d Congress, 2d Session: Admirals and Vice Admirals, United States Navy. Government Printing Office. March 13, 1914.
- ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs, House of Representatives, Sixty-Fourth Congress, First Session, on Estimates Submitted by the Secretary of the Navy, 1916, Volume 3. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1916. pp. 3565–3566, 3653–3654.
- ^ "Two Divisions Of Atlantic Battleship Fleet Announced". The Official Bulletin. July 19, 1917. p. 2.
- ^ "Half Of U.S. Navy Soon Will Be Sent To The Pacific Ocean". The Capital. November 30, 1918. p. 1.
- ^ Johnson, pp 181–183.
- ^ "To Command Our Atlantic Fleet". The Beattie Eagle. July 10, 1919. p. 2.
- ^ Annual Reports of the Navy Department For The Fiscal Year 1923. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1924. p. 122.
- ^ Wheeler, pp. 325–326.
- ^ King and Whitehill, p. 318.
- ^ "Marvell Awarded Vice Admiralcy As Third Of Rank". The Honolulu Advertiser. December 14, 1930. p. 1.
- ^ a b Wheeler, pp. 242, 252–255.
- ^ Chisholm, pp. 763–764. Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1941–[1942]: Seventy-Sixth Congress, First–[Second] Session, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1942. pp. 1426–1433.
- ^ Rear Admiral Robert L. Ghormley Advanced To Vice Admiral. Navy Department press release. September 20, 1941.
- ^ "Ingersoll Raised To Full Admiral". The Muncie Evening Press. July 3, 1942. p. 2.
- ^ "Admiral King Named To Head Operations; Two Are Promoted". The Cincinnati Enquirer. March 14, 1942. p. 7.
- ^ Hearings Before the Committee on Naval Affairs of the House of Representatives on Sundry Legislation Affecting the Naval Establishment, 1943–[1944]: Seventy-Sixth Congress, First–[Second] Session, Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1944. p. 3202.
- ^ a b Act of August 7, 1947 [Officer Personnel Act of 1947] (61 Stat. 886.)
- ^ "Ten Admirals For Life". The Cincinnati Enquirer. August 23, 1930. p. 7.
- ^ "Army and Navy News". The Sunday Star. August 17, 1930. p. 65.
- ^ "Navy Officers' Elevation Due". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. July 10, 1942. p. 15.
- ^ "Biographic Sketch: Vice Admiral Lynde D. McCormick, U.S.N." Naval War College Review. 9 (2): 54–55. October 1956. JSTOR 45183760.
- ^ "Navy Officers Make Honorary Rank Bid". The Fresno Bee. August 5, 1959. p. 3.
- ^ Hearings Before the Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Eighty-Sixth Congress, Second Session, Part 3: Financial Statements: Manpower, Personnel, and Reserves. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1960. pp. 742–743.
- ^ a b Hearing Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Armed Services, United States Senate, Eighty-Sixth Congress, First Session on S. 1795: A Bill Amending Title 10, United States Code, to Revise Certain Provisions Relating to the Promotion and Involuntary Retirement of Officers of the Regular Components of the Armed Forces. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1959. pp. 25–26, 61–62.
- ^ Wooldridge, E. T. (1995). Into the Jet Age: Conflict and Change in Naval Aviation, 1945–1975, An Oral History. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 104–105.
- ^ "Bogan's Retirement Rank In Jeopardy". News-Pilot. January 31, 1950. p. 12.
- ^ a b Court-Martial Order No. 4–1948: Advancement in rank on retired list: special commendation for performance of duty in actual combat. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. April 1948. pp. 127–131.
- ^ "Admonish, Reprimand 5 Naval Men". The Windsor Daily Star. May 24, 1946. p. 8.
- ^ Investigation of the National Defense Program: Hearings Before A Special Committee Investigating The National Defense Program, United States Senate, Seventy-Ninth Congress, Second Session, Pursuant To S. Res. 55 (79th Congress), Part 33. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. 1946. pp. 17307–17322, 17539.
- ^ Legislative history compiled from Chisholm and the Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps.
References
Navy Department
- U.S. Naval Officers, Vice Admiral and Above, 1864–1963, Washington, D.C.: Navy Office of Information, Internal Relations Division, 1963, OCLC 11685515
- Register of the Commissioned and Warrant Officers of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1916–1960
- Modern Biographical Files, Navy Department Library
Other registers
- Generals of the Army and the Air Force and Admirals of the Navy, Washington, D.C.: Dunleavy Publishing Company, 1955–1956
- Who Was Who in American History—The Military, Chicago, Illinois: Marquis Who's Who, Inc., 1975
- Ancell, R. Manning; Miller, Christine M. (1996), The Biographical Dictionary of World War II Generals and Flag Officers: The U.S. Armed Forces, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press
- Cogar, William B. (1989), Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy - Volume 1, 1862–1900, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press
- Cogar, William B. (1991), Dictionary of Admirals of the U.S. Navy - Volume 2, 1901–1918, Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press
- Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (1999), Civil War High Commands, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
- Schuon, Karl (1964), U.S. Navy Biographical Dictionary, New York City, New York: Franklin Watts, Inc.
Other resources
- Chisholm, Donald (2001), Waiting for Dead Men's Shoes: Origins and Development of the U.S. Navy's Officer Personnel System, 1793–1941, Stanford, California: Stanford University Press
- Johnson, Robert Erwin (1963), Thence Round Cape Horn: The Story of United States Naval Forces on Pacific Station, 1818–1923, Annapolis, Maryland: United States Naval Institute
- Wheeler, Gerald E. (1974), Admiral William Veazie Pratt, U.S. Navy: A Sailor's Life, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office
- King, Ernest J.; Whitehill, Walter Muir (1952), Fleet Admiral King: A Naval Record, New York City, New York: W. W. Norton and Company, Inc.