Jump to content

List of the deadliest tropical cyclones

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Materialscientist (talk | contribs) at 06:21, 9 November 2022 (Reverted edits by 69.254.61.90 (talk) to last version by Evaxooooof25). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Satellite image of the 1970 Bhola cyclone, the deadliest tropical cyclone on record

This is a list of the deadliest tropical cyclones, including all known storms that caused at least 1,000 direct deaths. There were at least 74 tropical cyclones in the 20th century with a death toll of 1,000 or more, including the deadliest tropical cyclone in recorded history. In October 1970, the Bhola cyclone struck what is now Bangladesh and killed at least 300,000 people. There have been 13 tropical cyclones in the 21st century so far with a death toll of at least 1,000, of which the deadliest was Cyclone Nargis, with at least 138,373 deaths when it struck Myanmar. In recent years, the deadliest Atlantic hurricane was Hurricane Mitch of 1998, with at least 11,374 deaths attributed to it, while the deadliest Atlantic hurricane was the Great Hurricane of 1780, which resulted in at least 22,000 fatalities. The most recent tropical cyclone with at least 1,000 fatalities was Cyclone Idai in 2019, which killed 1,303 people.

19th century and earlier

Name Dates active Basin Areas affected Deaths Refs
Unnamed 957 Western Pacific China 10,000 [1]
Unnamed 1245 Western Pacific China 10,000 [1]
Unnamed 1601 North Atlantic Veracruz, Mexico 1,000 [2]
Unnamed 1605 North Atlantic Nicaragua 1,300 [2]
Unnamed October 10, 1617 Western Pacific Philippines 1,000 [3]
Unnamed September 5, 1622 North Atlantic Straits of Florida 1,090 [2]
Unnamed October 1644 North Atlantic Cuba, Florida 1,500 [2]
Unnamed August 14–15, 1666 North Atlantic Martinique and Guadeloupe 2,000 [2]
Fiona September 27, 1694 North Atlantic Florida, Newfoundland 1,000+ [2]
Unnamed July 31, 1715 North Atlantic Bahamas, Florida Treasure Coast 1,000–2,500 [2]
Unnamed August 5–7, 1767 North Atlantic Martinique 1,600 [2]
Unnamed October 15, 1768 North Atlantic Cuba 43–1,000 [2]
Newfoundland August 29 – September 9, 1775 North Atlantic North Carolina, Virginia, Newfoundland 4,000 – 4,163 [2]
Pointe-à-Pitre Bay September 5–12, 1776 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles, Louisiana 6,000+ [2]
St. Lucia Hurricane of 1780 June 13, 1780 North Atlantic Puerto Rico St. Lucia 4,000–5,000
Unnamed July 1780 Western Pacific China 100,000 [3]
Savanna-la-Mar Hurricane of 1780 October 1–5, 1780 North Atlantic 1,115 [2]
Great Hurricane of 1780 October 9–20, 1780 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Hispaniola, Bermuda 22,000–27,501 [2]
Solano's Hurricane October 18–21, 1780 North Atlantic Gulf of Mexico 2,000 [2]
Unnamed 1781 North Atlantic Offshore Florida 2,000+ [2]
1782 Central Atlantic hurricane September 16, 1782 North Atlantic destroyed Admiral Thomas Graves fleet 3,000+ [2]
Great Cuba Hurricane of 1791 June 21–22, 1791 North Atlantic Cuba 3,000 [2]
Martinique and Dominica August 25, 1813 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles 3,000+ [2]
Unnamed May 1822 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 40,000 [4]
1825 Santa Ana hurricane July 26–27, 1825 North Atlantic Caribbean and Puerto Rico 1,300 [2]
Great Caribbean-Louisiana Hurricane of 1831 August 10–17, 1831 North Atlantic Barbados, St. Vincent, Haiti, Cuba Louisiana 2,500 [2]
Unnamed 1862 Western Pacific China 80,000 [1]
Angela September 20–26, 1867 Western Pacific Philippines 1,800 [3]
San Marcos October 5–14, 1870 North Atlantic Cuba, Florida, Bahamas 800–2,000 [5]
Unnamed September 22–23, 1874 Western Pacific China 10,000 [1]
Unnamed October 29 – November 1, 1876 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 200,000 [6]
Unnamed September 27 – October 8, 1881 Western Pacific Ocean Philippines, Vietnam 3,000 [7]
Unnamed April 20–25, 1892 South-West Indian Ocean Mauritius 1,200 [8]
Sea Islands August 15 – September 2, 1893 North Atlantic Georgia, South Carolina 1,000–2,000 [2]
Chenier Caminada September 27 – October 5, 1893 North Atlantic Yucatán Peninsula, Louisiana, Mississippi 1,800–2,000 [2]
Unnamed September 15, 1894 Western Pacific Philippines, China 2,000 [3]
Unnamed 1897 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 175,000 [9]
Unnamed October 7, 1897 Western Pacific Philippines 1,500 [3]
San Ciriaco August 3 – September 4, 1899 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Eastern United States 3,855 [2]
Galveston August 27 – September 15, 1900 North Atlantic The Caribbean, Texas 6,000–12,000 [2]
Unnamed September 23–30, 1900 Western Pacific Philippines, Vietnam 1,600 [10]

20th century

Name Dates active Basin Areas affected Deaths Refs
Unnamed September 7–18, 1906 Western Pacific China 15,000 [1]
Monterrey August 20–28, 1909 North Atlantic Greater Antilles, Mexico 4,000
Unnamed April 1911 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 120,000 [4]
Unnamed August 1912 Western Pacific China 50,000 [11]
Unnamed September 1912 Western Pacific Japan 1,000 [12]
Unnamed May 1917 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 70,000 [4]
Unnamed September 1919 Western Pacific Japan 4,000 [12]
Unnamed September 1919 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 40,000 [4]
Swatow July 27 - August 3, 1922 Western Pacific China 60,000 [11]
Unnamed September 1923 Western Pacific Japan 3,000 [12]
Unnamed July 20–27, 1927 Western Pacific China 10,000 [13]
Unnamed August 19–30, 1927 Western Pacific China 5,000 [14]
Unnamed September 26, 1927 Western Pacific China 5,000 [15]
Okeechobee September 6–20, 1928 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico, Florida 4,075
San Zenon August 29 – September 17, 1930 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola 2,000–8,000 [2]
1931 August 14–28, 1931 Western Pacific China 300,000 [16][17][18]
Belize September 6–13, 1931 North Atlantic Belize 1,500–2,500 [2]
Cuba October 30 – November 13, 1932 North Atlantic Netherlands Antilles, Cuba, Bahamas 3,142 [19][20]
Central America June 4–18, 1934 North Atlantic Central America, Eastern United States 2,000–3,000
Muroto September 13–21, 1934 Western Pacific Japan 3,066 [21]
Jérémie October 18–27, 1935 North Atlantic Greater Antilles, Central America 2,150
Unnamed August 28, 1936 Western Pacific South Korea 1,104 [22]
Unnamed August 28 - September 4, 1937 Western Pacific China 13,000 [1]
Unnamed May 21–27, 1941 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 7,000 [4]
Ida September 10–20, 1945 Western Pacific Japan 2,473 [23]
Kathleen September 10–17, 1947 Western Pacific Japan 1,077 [24]
Trix October 15-26 1952 Western Pacific Philippines, Vietnam 1,400 [25][26]
Marie September 19–28, 1954 Western Pacific Japan 1,761 [27]
Janet September 21–30, 1955 North Atlantic Barbados, Windward Islands, British Honduras, Yucatán Peninsula, Mainland Mexico 1,023
Wanda July 25 - August 5, 1956 Western Pacific Taiwan, China 4,935 [28]
Ida September 20–27, 1958 Western Pacific Japan 1,269 [27]
Unnamed October 21–24, 1958 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 12,000 [4]
Sarah September 11–19, 1959 Western Pacific Japan, South Korea 2,000 [29]
Vera September 20–27, 1959 Western Pacific Japan 5,000 [30]
Mexico October 22–28, 1959 Eastern Pacific Southwest Mexico 1,800 [31]
Mary June 2–12, 1960 Western Pacific China 1,600 [32]
Unnamed October 5–12, 1960 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 6,000 [4]
Unnamed October 27 - November 1, 1960 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 8,149 [4]
Unnamed May 5–9, 1961 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 11,468 [4]
Harriet October 19–31, 1962 Western Pacific and North Indian Ocean Bangladesh, Thailand 50,935 [33][4]
Unnamed May 25–29, 1963 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 11,520 [4]
Flora September 26 – October 12, 1963 North Atlantic The Caribbean, Florida 7,193 [34]
Rameswaram December 18–24, 1964 North Indian Ocean Sri Lanka, India 1,800 [35]
Unnamed May 5–12, 1965 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 19,270 [4]
Unnamed May 26 – June 1, 1965 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 12,000 [4]
Unnamed December 15, 1965 North Indian Ocean Pakistan 10,000 [36]
Unnamed May 7–10, 1968 North Indian Ocean Myanmar 1,037 [37]
Bhola November 3–13, 1970 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh, India ≥300,000 [38][9]
Unnamed October 27–31, 1971 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh, India 11,000 [4]
Flores April 26–30, 1972 Australian Indonesia 1,653 [39]
Fifi-Orlene September 14–24, 1974 North Atlantic Jamaica, Central America, Mexico 8,210 [40][2]
Nina July 30 – August 8, 1975 Western Pacific Ocean China 26,000 [38]
Liza September 25 - October 2, 1976 Eastern Pacific Mexico, Southwestern United States 1,263
Unnamed November 14–21, 1977 North Indian Ocean India (especially Andhra Pradesh) 10,000 [41]
Unnamed November 17–29, 1978 North Indian Ocean Sri Lanka, India 1,000 [42]
David August 25 – September 8, 1979 North Atlantic The Caribbean, Eastern United States 2,068 [43][44]
Paul September 18–30, 1982 Eastern Pacific Central America, Mexico 1,800
Ike August 26 - September 6, 1984 Western Pacific Philippines, China 1,474 [45][46][47]
Agnes October 30 - November 9, 1984 Western Pacific Philippines, Vietnam 1,029 [48][49]
Unnamed May 22–25, 1985 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 11,069 [4]
Unnamed November 21–30, 1988 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh, India 6,240 [50][51]
Unnamed April 24–30, 1991 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 138,000 [52]
Thelma November 1–8, 1991 Western Pacific Philippines 5,081 [53]
Fred August 14–22, 1994 Western Pacific Japan, Taiwan, China 1,248 [54]
Gordon November 8–21, 1994 North Atlantic Central America, Greater Antilles, Florida 1,152
Unnamed November 4–7, 1996 North Indian Ocean India 1,077 [55]
Linda October 31 - November 9, 1997 Western Pacific and North Indian Ocean Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand 3,275 [56][57][58]
Unnamed June 4–10, 1998 North Indian Ocean India 4,000 [59]
Mitch October 22 – November 5, 1998 North Atlantic Central America, Yucatán Peninsula, South Florida 11,374 [60][61][62]
Unnamed May 16–22, 1999 North Indian Ocean Pakistan 6,200 [63]
Unnamed October 25 - November 4, 1999 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh, India (especially Odisha), Myanmar 9,899 [64][65][66]

21st century

Name Dates active Basin Areas affected Deaths Refs
Jeanne September 13–28, 2004 North Atlantic The Caribbean, Eastern United States 3,037 [43][67][68][69]
Winnie November 29–30, 2004 Western Pacific Philippines 1,593 [70]
Katrina August 23–30, 2005 North Atlantic Bahamas, United States Gulf Coast 1,836 [71]
Stan October 1–5, 2005 North Atlantic Mexico, Central America 1,668 [43][72]
Durian November 25 – December 6, 2006 Western Pacific Philippines, Vietnam 1,500
Sidr November 11–16, 2007 North Indian Ocean Bangladesh 3,447 [73]
Nargis April 27 – May 3, 2008 North Indian Ocean Myanmar ≥138,373 [74]
Fengshen June 17–27, 2008 Western Pacific Philippines, China 1,371 [25]
Washi December 13–19, 2011 Western Pacific Philippines ≥1,268
Bopha November 25 - December 9, 2012 Western Pacific Philippines 1,901 [25]
Haiyan November 3–11, 2013 Western Pacific Philippines 6,352 [75][76][77][78][79]
Maria September 16 – October 2, 2017 North Atlantic Lesser Antilles (particularly Dominica), Puerto Rico 3,059 [80]
Idai March 4–21, 2019 South-West Indian Ocean Mozambique, Malawi, Madagascar, Zimbabwe 1,303 [81][82][83][84][85]
[nb 1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Reference for dates for Atlantic hurricanes.[86]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/188774/2/Content.pdf?accept=1 [bare URL PDF]
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Rappaport, Edward N; Fernandez-Partagas, Jose; National Hurricane Center (January 1995). The Deadliest Atlantic Tropical Cyclones, 1492 – 1994 (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-47). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. p. 7; 23. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 1, 2013. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  3. ^ a b c d e Pedro Ribera, Ricardo Garcia-Herrera and Luis Gimeno (July 2008). "Historical deadly typhoons in the Philippines" (PDF). Weather. 63 (7): 196. Bibcode:2008Wthr...63..194R. doi:10.1002/wea.275. S2CID 122913766.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Damen, Michiel. "Cyclone Hazard in Bangladesh".
  5. ^ Guadalupe, Luis Enrique Ramos. Bezanilla, Alejandro (ed.). "The Hurricane of Matanzas". Bulletin of the Cuban Meteorological Society. 6 (2). Retrieved 24 April 2014.
  6. ^ Chowdhury, Masud Hasan. "Cyclone". Banglapedia. Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Retrieved 6 August 2015.
  7. ^ Terry, James P.; Winspear, Nigel; Cuong, Tran Quoc (2012-03-01). "The 'terrific Tongking typhoon' of October 1881 - implications for the Red River Delta (northern Vietnam) in modern times". Weather. 67 (3): 72–75. Bibcode:2012Wthr...67...72T. doi:10.1002/wea.882. ISSN 0043-1656. S2CID 123200315.
  8. ^ Charles Meldrum (June 1892). "The Mauritius Hurricane, April 29th, 1892". Symones's Monthly Meteorological Magazine. Vol. 27.
  9. ^ a b Frank, Neil; Husain, S. A. (June 1971). "The deadliest tropical cyclone in history?". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 52 (6). American Meteorological Society: 438. Bibcode:1971BAMS...52..438F. doi:10.1175/1520-0477(1971)052<0438:TDTCIH>2.0.CO;2.
  10. ^ Brooklyn Daily Eagle Almanac. New York: Buckley, Denton & Company. 1901. p. 615.
  11. ^ a b "NOAA's Top Global Weather, Water and Climate Events of the 20th Century" (PDF). NOAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 June 2007. Retrieved 2007-06-28.
  12. ^ a b c https://www.adrc.asia/publications/databook/ORG/databook_20th/JPN.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  13. ^ "10,000 Drown in Chinese Flood". Chicago Daily Tribune. Associated Press. July 30, 1927. p. 5. Archived from the original on May 12, 2021. Retrieved May 21, 2017.
  14. ^ José Coronas, S.J. "Five Typhoons in the Far East During September, 1927" (PDF). 55 (9): 431–432. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 25, 2017. Retrieved May 31, 2017. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  15. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2021-05-12.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  16. ^ "History's worst flood finally revealed". www.chinadaily.com.cn.
  17. ^ Courtney, Chris (2018-02-15). The Nature of Disaster in China: The 1931 Yangzi River Flood. ISBN 9781108284936.
  18. ^ "Flood Horror". Geraldton Guardian and Express. September 1931.
  19. ^ Christopher Landsea; et al. (2003). "Hurricane Vulnerability in Latin America and The Caribbean" (PDF). NOAA. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2007. Retrieved 2007-10-15.
  20. ^ https://www.cigouk.ky/downloads/Cayman-Islands-e-book-October2018.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  21. ^ Pingping Luo; Yousuke Yamashiki; Kaoru Takara; Daniel Nover; Bin He (2010). "Assessment of Japanese and Chinese Flood Control Policies" (PDF). Annuals of Disaster Prevention Research Institute (53 B). Kyoto University: 61–70. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  22. ^ https://www.adrc.asia/publications/databook/ORG/databook_20th/KOR.pdf [bare URL PDF]
  23. ^ "枕崎台風 昭和20年（1945年） ９月17日～９月18日". www.data.jma.go.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  24. ^ "カスリーン台風 昭和22年（1947年） ９月14日～９月15日". www.data.jma.go.jp. Retrieved 2020-08-08.
  25. ^ a b c Alojado, Dominic (2015). Worst typhoons of the philippines (1947-2014) (PDF) (Report). Weather Philippines. Retrieved September 25, 2015.
  26. ^ "New Typhoon may be Peril to Philippines, Indo-china". The Honolulu Adviser. Honolulu, Hawaii. October 29, 1952. p. 3. Archived from the original on October 19, 2021. Retrieved October 7, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.Open access icon
  27. ^ a b "Digital Typhoon: Typhoon Damage List". National Institute of Informatics. Retrieved 2011-11-25.
  28. ^ Peijun Shi, ed. (2016). Natural Disasters in China. Nature. pp. 123–126. ISBN 9783662502709.
  29. ^ Shri. P.G. Dhar Chakrabarti. Cyclones (PDF) (Report). South Asia Association of Regional Cooperation Disaster Management Center. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 10, 2015. Retrieved March 22, 2015.
  30. ^ Tilden, Charles E. (1959). 1959 Annual Typhoon Report (PDF). Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (Report). San Francisco, California: Joint Typhoon Warning Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 February 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Hurricane Warnings for Mexico as Hurricane Willa Intensifies to Category 5".
  32. ^ "Typhoon Mary Killed 1,600 on China Coast". The Troy Record. Associated Press. June 21, 1960. p. 9. Retrieved May 29, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  33. ^ Climatological Center, Meteorological Development Bureau, Thai Meteorological Department, Thai Meteorological Department (2011). Tropical cyclones in Thailand: Historical data 1951–2010 (PDF) (Report). Thai Meteorological Department. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2020.{{cite report}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  34. ^ Dunn, Gordon E; Staff (March 1, 1964). "The hurricane season of 1963". Monthly Weather Review. 92 (3): 128. Bibcode:1964MWRv...92..128D. doi:10.1175/1520-0493-92.3.128.
  35. ^ "Ceylon-India death toll now 1,800". The Milwaukee Sentinel. December 28, 1964.
  36. ^ M.J. Paulikas; M.K. Rahman (March 2015). "A temporal assessment of flooding fatalities in Pakistan (1950–2012)". Journal of Flood Risk Management. 8 (1): 62–70. doi:10.1111/jfr3.12084. S2CID 129667583. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  37. ^ "CYCLONE, BURMA DISASTER RELIEF, MAY 1968" (PDF). United States Agency for International Development (USAID). May 1968. Retrieved May 21, 2021.
  38. ^ a b "World: Highest Mortality, Tropical Cyclone". World Meteorological Organization's World Weather & Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. November 12, 2020. Retrieved February 23, 2022.
  39. ^ "Death toll". The Canberra Times. Australian Associated Press. June 18, 1973. Retrieved April 22, 2020.
  40. ^ "Aid Efforts Start For Honduras, Fifi Deaths Soar". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Associated Press. September 24, 1974. Retrieved November 8, 2009.
  41. ^ "India Begins Major Relief Effort As Cyclone Deaths Reach 10,000". New York Times. November 23, 1977. Archived from the original on October 14, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  42. ^ "Thousands homeless in cyclone-battered Sri Lanka - Sri Lanka | ReliefWeb".
  43. ^ a b c Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The OFDA/CRED International Disaster Database". Université catholique de Louvain. Retrieved 2012-11-30.
  44. ^ Hebert, Paul J (July 1, 1980). "Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979" (PDF). Monthly Weather Review. 108 (7). American Meteorological Society: 976. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108..973H. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1520-0493. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 4, 2011. Retrieved December 3, 2012.
  45. ^ Hong Kong Observatory (1985). "Part III – Tropical Cyclone Summaries". Meteorological Results: 1984 (PDF). Meteorological Results (Report). Hong Kong Observatory. pp. 26–29. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
  46. ^ Longshore, David (2008). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones New Edition. Checkmark Books. p. 186. ISBN 978-0-8160-7409-9.
  47. ^ Gaw, Alex (September 7, 1984). "Typhoon Ike Runs Out Of Steam, Leaves Path Of Destruction". Associated Press.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  48. ^ Destructive Typhoons 1970–2003 (Report). National Disaster Coordinating Council. November 9, 2004. Archived from the original on November 9, 2004. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  49. ^ Disaster History: Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide, 1900–Present (PDF) (Report). United States Agency for International Development. August 1993. p. 221. Retrieved May 29, 2017.
  50. ^ International Center for Disaster-Mitigation Engineering (February 1995). "Disasters In Bangladesh" (PDF). Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras Biblioteca Médica Nacional. Retrieved June 9, 2015.
  51. ^ "Thousands believed dead in wake of Bangladesh cyclone". The Daily Tar Heel. Vol. 96, no. 94. Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Associated Press. December 5, 1988. p. 2. Retrieved June 9, 2015 – via Newspapers.com. Open access icon
  52. ^ Annual Tropical Cyclone Report (PDF). Joint Typhoon Warning Center (Report). United States Navy, United States Airforce. 1992. p. 155. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 13, 2020. Retrieved August 30, 2020.
  53. ^ Dominic Alojado and Michael Padua (July 29, 2010). "The Twelve Worst Typhoons Of The Philippines (1947–2009)". Typhoon2000. Retrieved May 6, 2013.
  54. ^ Jiayi Fang; Wei Liu; Saini Yang; Sally Brown; Robert Nicholls; Jochen Hinkel; Xianwu Shi; Peijun Shi (April 2017). "Spatial-temporal changes of coastal and marine disasters risks and impacts in Mainland China". Ocean & Coastal Management. 139: 125–140. doi:10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.02.003.
  55. ^ C.M. Muralidharan (2000). "A Description and Analysis of the Events Occurring at Sea and on Land 6 and 7 November 1996 in East Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, India". Report of the Government of India/Government of Andhra Pradesh/FAO Workshop on Measure to Reduce the Loss of Life During Cyclones (Report). FAO Fisheries Report. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. pp. 36–38. ISSN 0429-9337.
  56. ^ United Nations Development Programme (2003). "Summing-up report on disaster situations in recent years and preparedness and mitigation measures in Vietnam". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  57. ^ "Typhoon Victims' bodies found on Vietnam shores". Reuters. 1997. Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  58. ^ The Nation (1997). "The Nation". Retrieved 2010-03-22.
  59. ^ "Port town of Kandla in Gujarat comes to term with cyclone tragedy".
  60. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2004). "Mitch: The Deadliest Atlantic Hurricane Since 1780". United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  61. ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- Costa Rica". Archived from the original on December 19, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  62. ^ Inter-American Development Bank. "Central America After Hurricane Mitch- El Salvador". Archived from the original on October 26, 2005. Retrieved January 13, 2013.
  63. ^ "15th Anniversary of Pakistani Cyclone". Hurricane Research Division. May 20, 2014. Archived from the original on October 19, 2020. Retrieved October 14, 2020.
  64. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances Over North Indian Ocean During 1999 (PDF). India Meteorological Department (Report). RSMC-Tropical Cyclones New Delhi. February 2000. pp. 50–64. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.
  65. ^ International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies (30 October 1999). Orissa, India: Cyclone Information Bulletin No. 1 (Report). ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  66. ^ United Nations Office for the Coordination of Human Affairs (29 October 1999). Bangladesh/India – Cyclone OCHA Situation Report No. 2 (Situation Report). Geneva, Switzerland: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  67. ^ Hurricane Committee (August 12, 2005). Twenty-seventh Session (March 31 to April 5, 2005) (PDF) (Final Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2012. Retrieved August 4, 2013.
  68. ^ Lawrence, Miles B; Cobb, Hugh D; National Hurricane Center (November 22, 2004). Hurricane Jeanne: September 13 – 28 (Tropical Cyclone Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on August 1, 2013. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  69. ^ Blake, Eric S; Landsea, Christopher W; Gibney, Ethan J; National Hurricane Center (August 2011). The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (And Other Frequently Requested Hurricane Facts) (PDF) (NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 21, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  70. ^ "Former Super Typhoon Hagupit (Ruby) Moves Away from Philippines".
  71. ^ Knabb, Richard D; Rhome, Jamie R; Brown, Daniel P; National Hurricane Center (December 20, 2005). Hurricane Katrina: August 23 – 30, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  72. ^ Pasch, Richard J; Roberts, David P; National Hurricane Center (February 4, 2006). Hurricane Stan: October 1 - 5, 2005 (PDF) (Tropical Cyclone Report). United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Weather Service. Retrieved December 10, 2012.
  73. ^ "Bangladesh: Cyclone Sidr OCHA Situation Report No. 5 - Bangladesh | ReliefWeb".
  74. ^ "Number of dead and missing in Myanmar cyclone raised to 138,000 - Myanmar | ReliefWeb".
  75. ^ del Rosario, Eduardo D. (April 2014). FINAL REPORT Effects of Typhoon YOLANDA (HAIYAN) (PDF) (Report). NDRRMC. Retrieved April 21, 2014.
  76. ^ "IBTrACS - International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship".
  77. ^ "18 người chết và mất tích, 81 người bị thương do bão số 14" (in Vietnamese). Tuổi Trẻ. November 11, 2013. Archived from the original on August 20, 2019. Retrieved November 13, 2013.
  78. ^ "8-meter waves kill 8 in Taiwan". Xinhua News Agency. November 10, 2013. Archived from the original on November 11, 2013. Retrieved November 12, 2013.
  79. ^ China Meteorological Administration (November 22, 2013). Member Report: China (PDF). ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee: 8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum. ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee. p. 16. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2013.
  80. ^ "Hurricane Maria caused an estimated 2,975 deaths in Puerto Rico, new study finds". Retrieved August 28, 2018.
  81. ^ "Floods kill 126 people in SA, Malawi, Mozambique". ZBC News. 14 March 2019. Retrieved 14 March 2019.
  82. ^ "Cyclone Idai death toll passes 750 with more than 110,000 now in camps". The Guardian. 24 March 2019. Archived from the original on 24 March 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  83. ^ Eisenhammer, Stephen; Rumney, Emma (27 March 2019). "'The water kept rising': How Mozambicans were caught in path of deadly cyclone". Reuters. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
  84. ^ "Bilan d'IDAI: 1 mort et 2 disparus à Besalampy". NewsMada. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  85. ^ Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  86. ^ "Atlantic hurricane best track (HURDAT version 2)" (Database). United States National Hurricane Center. April 5, 2023. Retrieved November 6, 2024. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_the_deadliest_tropical_cyclones&oldid=1120862320"