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This article is about the Public Image Ltd record. For boxes made out of metal, see Tin box.

Untitled

Metal Box is the second album by Public Image Ltd, released by Virgin Records on 23 November 1979.[3] It was reissued as Second Edition in February 1980 by Virgin Records in the United Kingdom, and by Warner Bros. Records and Island Records in the United States. The album was a departure from PiL's relatively conventional debut First Issue, released in 1978, with the band moving into a more avant-garde sound characterised by John Lydon's cryptic vocals, propulsive dub-inspired rhythms led by bassist Jah Wobble, and an abrasive, "metallic" guitar sound developed by guitarist Keith Levene.

Metal Box is widely regarded as a landmark of post-punk.[4] In 2003, the album was ranked number 469 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.[5]

Background

Metal Box was recorded in several sessions with several different drummers, none of whom were credited on the original release. "Albatross" and "Swan Lake"/"Death Disco" were recorded with new drummer David Humphrey at The Manor Studio in Shipton-on-Cherwell. "Poptones" was recorded with Levene on drums. During this time, additional tracks were recorded at Townhouse Studios in London, namely "Beat the Drum for Me" (which later turned up on Wobble's first solo album), and a new version of "Fodderstompf" (which became the B-side of PiL's "Death Disco" 12" single). Humphrey left the band around mid-May 1979. "Memories", "No Birds", "Socialist" and "Chant" were recorded with new drummer Richard Dudanski at Townhouse Studios in London. The instrumental "Graveyard" was recorded at Rollerball Rehearsal Studios in Bermondsey, PiL's rehearsal studio, with Dudanski. For the B-side of PIL's "Memories" single vocals were added at The Manor and the track re-titled to "Another". Dudanski left the band around mid-September 1979. "The Suit" was recorded as a solo track by Jah Wobble at Gooseberry Sound Studios in London. Vocals and some overdubs were added at The Manor. "Careering" was recorded at Townhouse Studios with Wobble on drums. "Bad Baby" was recorded with new drummer Martin Atkins at Townhouse Studios. Except for a brief period during 1980, Atkins remained with the band until 1985. "Radio 4" was recorded as a solo piece by Keith Levene at Advision Studios and an unknown second studio. According to Levene, this was the last recorded track. Levene utilized aluminum Veleno guitars throughout the recording sessions to achieve a distinctively sharp and metallic guitar sound.[6]

Recording and music

According to John Lydon regarding album opener "Albatross", he said the band recorded the song live at The Manor Studio in Oxfordshire, with Lydon free-forming his lyrics. Guitarist Keith Levene, bassist Jah Wobble, and session drummer David Humphrey made the song up as they went along, and they recorded the song in one take.[7][8] PiL also recorded at Townhouse Studios in West London with session drummer Richard Dudanski and produced the songs "Memories", "No Birds", "Socialist", and "Chant";[9] Levene recalls that "Memories" features him playing "this normal Spanish guitar thing that goes dun-da-da-dun da-da-dun... it's one of the first things I learned to play on guitar, very simple. I was very fond of that. I totally knew what the fuck John was singing about [...] All I'm doing when I'm playing those notes over the top. I just had the guitar going through an Electric Mistress."[8] The song "Death Disco", which was released as a single in late June 1979, was re-recorded and retitled "Swan Lake" when it was released on Metal Box. Levene stated that, "I realised that this tune that I was bastardising by mistake was 'Swan Lake', so I started playing it on purpose but I was doing it from memory. You can hear that I'm not playing it exactly right. It just worked. [...] There's a few versions of that. The one on Metal Box is version two, which is very different from the simpler, original 12-inch version."[8] The subject matter of the lyrics is based on Lydon's mother's dying of cancer: "When I had to deal with my mother's death, which upset the fuck out of me, I did it partly through music. I had to watch her die slowly of cancer for a whole year. I wrote 'Death Disco' about that. I played it to her just before she died and she was very happy. That's the Irish in her, nothing drearily sympathetic or weak. Like her you've got to really get to grips with your emotions and attack them, confront them head on. You won't solve things any other way. It works for me, I can't run away from things."[10] PiL recorded the song at an empty hall in Brixton to test a three-bass sound system and worked with drummer Jim Walker but didn't record with him.[8] Following song "Poptones" was one of the first songs the band recorded for the album, according to Levene, who also stated that he inadvertently played "Starship Trooper" during the song.[11] According to Lydon, the song "Poptones" was based on a story "straight out of the Daily Mirror" about a girl who was kidnapped and "bundled blindfolded into the back of a car by a couple of bad men and driven off into a forest, where they eventually dumped her. The men had a cassette machine with an unusual tune on the cassette, which they kept playing over and over. The girl remembered the song, and that, along with her recollection of the car and the men's voices, is how the police identified them. The police eventually stopped the car and found the cassette was still in the machine, with the same distinctive song on the tape."[12] In his 2009 autobiography Memoirs of a Geezer, Jah Wobble highlighted the song as "the jewel in the PiL crown. [...] That [bass] line is as symmetrical as a snowflake. To give him his due Levene went mental for it. We were at The Manor. We had a drummer [David Humphrey] with us who was pretty good – he played on one of my solo tracks ['Beat the Drum For Me'] – but the bloke just couldn't get the right feel for 'Poptones'. [...] In the end Levene put the drums down on that track, his drums are a bit loose, but that is actually a good thing."[13]

Wobble stated that the song "Careering" is "my second-favourite track from Metal Box, and probably my favourite John Lydon vocal performance."[14] Lyrically, the song is "basically about a gunman [in Northern Ireland] who is careering as a professional businessman in London."[15] The song was recorded at the Townhouse during a quick nighttime session helmed by Wobble; he told journalist Simon Reynolds in an interview: "If you listen to the drum rhythm it is very similar to the sort of rhythm a drum and fife band would create. [...] By now Keith had got hold of a Prophet synth, he used that on 'Careering'."[14] Wobble created the drum track and bassline, while Levene played synth. Levene explained his synth playing in the song was an attempt to replicate the sound of ambient machine noise heard from a downstairs toilet, achieved by dropping an item on one of the synth keys to keep it going.[8] The song "No Birds Do Sing" (also listed as just "No Birds") features a line from La Belle Dame sans Merci, a poem by John Keats, which Lydon "just borrowed a bit of because it suited this particular rant about suburbia."[12] The song was recorded at the Townhouse with drummer Richard Dudanski, whom Keith Levene knew during his tenure with The 101ers. Wobble said that Dudanski made extensive and imaginative use of the tom-tom drums,[9][13] and Levene told Simon Reynolds that "No Birds" is one of his favourite songs on the album.[8] "All that it is is me playing the guitar part and duplicating it, but feeding the second one through this effect I'd set up on the harmoniser. Meanwhile John is lying under the piano and singing that weird feedback voice, while twinkling the keys at the same time, just to be annoying. You can hear the piano on the record," said Levene.[11]

"Graveyard" features a guitar part that was "made up on the spot," according to Levene. "I was in a very Clint Eastwood mood. I didn't know what I was going to play. Wobble's playing the bassline and drums are playing so I had to do something."[8] The album version is an instrumental; a version with lyrics and vocals was retitled "Another" and released as the B-side to "Memories" in October 1979. "The Suit", which was described by Lydon as being about "people of low origins trying to be posh," is one of Levene's least-favourite tracks.[16] Levene said, "It was never one of my favourite pieces because of what it was really about. [...] There was this guy that was an old mate of John's who lived in this apartment. At some point John decided he hated his guts. He just wrote this really nasty, finger-pointing, over-exaggerated, ripping parody of what the guy was – 'Society boy.' [...] This guy, [fashion designer] Kenny MacDonald, made his suit and all of ours and it made him look good to have the guys from PiL wearing his stuff. We'd wear it wrong and it looked even better, we didn't want the black leather jacket look like these punk bands. So John just decided to hate this guy, that's what happens and there's nothing you can do. He wouldn't be his lapdog and John thought he was a star and wanted that."[8] Jah Wobble played and recorded the backing track of drums and piano for "The Suit" at Gooseberry Studios with Mark Lusardi, which started out as a cover of "Blueberry Hill".[13] He brought the backing track to the band at The Manor, to which Lydon "freaked out when he heard that... He was galvanised into action and within a few hours 'The Suit' existed."[13] The song "Bad Baby", whose title was a nickname of Levene's,[8] was recorded at the Townhouse with drummer Martin Atkins. Wobble's bass playing in the song was inspired by bassist Cecil McBee, and he and Atkins recorded the song together.[13]

For "Socialist", Levene recalls that the song features cheap synthesizers he had purchased. "...Me and Wobble were really having fun fucking around with these things, whilst submerged in the mix was this huge soaring sound, rising upwards from the drum and the bass, like a whale's cry. Later on I dubbed up the cymbals, so you have that spiralling metallic sound. Dubwise!" Wobble recalled to Simon Reynolds, "At the time I was a bit of a socialist. [...] I hated Thatcher, I hated everything Reagan stood for to be quite honest, you know, and at that time I just wanted that old-style, left-wing socialism."[14] Lydon called "Chant" an "old English ditty with a string synthesizer,"[17] and drummer Richard Dudanski called the song one of his favourite tunes. Album closer "Radio 4" was named after the BBC radio station; Levene said, "I called it 'Radio 4' because in England, you got Radio 1, 2, 3... Radio 1 played pop tunes. Before that, the BBC was so boring! It took until about 1985 before we had FM radio."[8] "Radio 4" was recorded and performed by Levene, initially with Ken Lockie from Cowboys International on drums, at Advision Studio. Levene played the bassline "as if it was Wobble playing," and played a Yahama String Ensemble to create the layered synth sounds. "I was using this thing and I start building it up, all I'm doing is taking different sounds from this thing and layering it. When I heard it, I pulled the drums out. I got on the idea of trying to make it sound orchestrated with the long chords played shorter. To get round the other stuff, I just used what was at hand. I played bass like I imagined Wobble would play bass to it, I wanted a Wobble feel to it. But basically, it's all me – that's when I realised I can completely do everything. You just hear the drums at the end. [...] With 'Radio 4', I was just alone in the studio one night, and I was overwhelmed with the sense of space. I just took everything out of the studio, moved the drum kit out and played everything myself, reproducing this sense of cold spaciousness I felt around me."[8]

Packaging

The title of the album refers to its original packaging, which consisted of a metal 16mm film canister embossed with the band's logo and containing three 12" 45rpm records. It was designed by Dennis Morris[18] and was innovative and inexpensive, costing little more to the label than the cost of standard printed sleeves for equivalent 12" releases (although Virgin did ask for a refund of 1/3 of the band's advance due to the cost).[19] Before the metal tin was finalised, there was discussion of the album being released in a sandpaper package that would effectively ruin the sleeve art of any records shelved next to it. That idea would later be realised by the Durutti Column for their 1980 Factory Records debut, The Return of the Durutti Column.

Metal Box opened

The album's lack of accessibility extended to the discs themselves. Packed tightly inside the canister and separated by paper sheets, they were difficult to remove, and were prone to being nicked and scratched in the process. Since each side only contained about ten minutes of music, the listener was required to frequently change sides to hear the complete album.[20]

Deleted from the catalogue on 23 November 1979 after an initial release of 60,000 units, the album was re-issued on 22 February 1980[21] as Second Edition, a double LP packaged in a more conventional gatefold. The sleeve art of Second Edition consists of distorted photographs of the band members, achieving a funhouse mirror effect. (The front cover is a photo of Keith Levene.) The lyrics are printed on the rear cover; these were originally printed in a magazine advertisement and not included with Metal Box. The band initially wanted the album released with a lyric sheet but no track titles; the United Kingdom version of Second Edition appears as the band intended, with lyrics on the back cover, but no titles, and "PiL" logo labels on all four sides of the vinyl. The US edition of Second Edition has track titles both on the back cover and the labels.

The original metal canister idea was used a few years later during the compact disc era; by the late 1980s a number of CDs were packaged in metal canisters. In 1990 the concept came full circle, with the compact disc release of Metal Box employing a smaller version of the original metal canister, containing a single disc and a small paper insert.

Critical reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
AllMusic[22]
Drowned in Sound10/10[23]
Encyclopedia of Popular Music[24]
Mojo[25]
NME9/10[26]
Rolling Stone[27]
The Rolling Stone Album Guide[28]
Spin Alternative Record Guide10/10[29]
Uncut[30]
The Village VoiceA−[31]

Metal Box is now considered a post-punk classic, and is highly acclaimed. Allmusic gave it a five star rating, saying "PIL managed to avoid boundaries for the first four years of their existence, and Metal Box is undoubtedly the apex" and that it "hardly [sounds] like anything of the past, present, or future". The reviewer, Andy Kellman, also compared it to the works of Captain Beefheart and Can.[32] Drowned in Sound also gave it a perfect score, with reviewer Mark Ward stating "it tears away from Lydon's sweaty punk roots and into the cold chambers of dub evoked by Can, the more outré electronics of Bowie's Berlin years and the coruscating post-punk sound that guitarist Levene was in the process of pioneering" and that "if you don't yet have a copy, you really should".[33]

In 2003, the album was included in Rolling Stone's 500 Greatest Albums of All Time list at No. 469, the magazine calling it "eerie, futuristic art punk with dub bass and slashing guitar".[34] Rolling Stone also included it in their 100 Best Albums of the Eighties, ranking it at No. 76.[35] In 2002, Pitchfork Media ranked Metal Box at No. 19 on its "Top 100 Albums of the 1980s".[36] It was also, along with their debut album, included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die, with the reviewer Stevie Chick saying "the abrasive textures and powerful sounds they discovered...would influence all manner of experimental music for decades to come", while describing it as "cold dank, unforgiving, subterranean." The songs "Albatross", "Poptones", "Careering", "Chant" and "Radio 4" were selected as "key tracks".[37]

Track listing

All words, music and production credited to Public Image Ltd.[38]

Original Release

The original release of Metal Box comprised six sides of 12-inch vinyl, played at 45rpm.

Side A
No.TitleLength
1."Albatross"10:34
Side B
No.TitleLength
1."Memories"5:05
2."Swan Lake"4:11
Side C
No.TitleLength
1."Poptones"7:46
2."Careering"4:32
Side D
No.TitleLength
1."No Birds"4:41
2."Graveyard"3:07
Side E
No.TitleLength
1."The Suit"3:29
2."Bad Baby"4:30
Side F
No.TitleLength
1."Socialist/Chant/Radio 4"12:34

Second Edition

Second Edition fits the album onto four 33rpm sides and features a slightly different song order ("Socialist/Chant/Radio 4" is split into its component parts, with "Socialist" and "No Birds" swapping places).[39] This is the track order used by all subsequent CD releases.

Side One
No.TitleLength
1."Albatross"10:34
2."Memories"5:05
Side Two
No.TitleLength
1."Swan Lake"4:11
2."Poptones"7:46
3."Careering"4:32
Side Three
No.TitleLength
1."Socialist"3:09
2."Graveyard"3:07
3."The Suit"3:29
Side Four
No.TitleLength
1."Bad Baby"4:30
2."No Birds"4:41
3."Chant"5:01
4."Radio 4"4:24

Personnel

Note: Levene played all instruments on "Radio 4".

  • Nick Cook, Hugh Padgham, George Chambers - engineers
  • PiL, Dennis Morris - sleeve design and concept
  • The Metal Box Company - packaging

Charts

UK

  • The original limited edition of "Metal Box" entered the UK albums chart, where it stayed for 8 weeks and reached No. 18 on 8 December 1979.[41]
  • The re-release edition of "Second Edition" briefly entered the UK albums chart, where it stayed for 2 weeks and reached No. 46 on 8 March 1980.[41]
  • The single "Death Disco" entered the UK Top 75, where it stayed for 7 weeks and reached No. 20 on 7 July 1979.[41]
  • The single "Memories" briefly entered the UK Top 75, where it stayed for 2 weeks and reached No. 60 on 20 October 1979.[41]

USA

  • The album "Second Edition" did not enter the Billboard 200 album charts.
  • No singles were released from the album in the USA.

Other countries

  • In New Zealand, both "Metal Box" and "Second Edition" briefly entered the Top 50 Albums Chart. "Metal Box" entered the chart for 1 week at No. 21 on 23 March 1980, "Second Edition" stayed in the chart for 2 weeks and reached No. 28 on 30 March 1980.[42]

References

  1. ^ Reynolds, Simon (2006). Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21570-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ Kellman, Andy. "Second Edition – Public Image Ltd. : Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards : AllMusic". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  3. ^ "Record News". NME. London, England: IPC Media: 4. 10 November 1979.
  4. ^ Metal Box - Public Image Ltd., AllMusic
  5. ^ rolling stone 500 best albums Metal Box Entry Archived 2011-12-11 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ^ Keith Levene: His Metal Box, By Paul Barrel, 2013-11-04, Innocent Words
  7. ^ Murphy, Scott (January 2004). "Fodderstompf - PiL Interviews - John Lydon interview". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gross, Jason (May 2001). "Keith Levene interview - Part 2 of 4". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  9. ^ a b Clinton Heylin: "Babylon's Burning – From Punk to Grunge", Canongate 2007, page 466
  10. ^ Jack Barron: "I Cry Alone", New Musical Express, printed 10 October 1987
  11. ^ a b Simon Reynolds: "Albatross Soup", printed in The Wire, December 2002
  12. ^ a b John Lydon's liner notes in Public Image Ltd.'s Plastic Box compilation, Virgin Records, 1999)
  13. ^ a b c d e Jah Wobble: Memoirs of a Geezer (Serpent's Tail, 2009, pages 108–109)
  14. ^ a b c Simon Reynolds: "Totally Wired: Postpunk Interviews and Overviews", Soft Skull Press, 2009, page 20
  15. ^ Peter Noble: "Jah Wobble of PIL", Impulse magazine, Toronto, May 1980)
  16. ^ Gross, Jason (September 2001). "Keith Levene interview - Part 4 of 4". Retrieved 11 March 2016.
  17. ^ Alfred Hilsberg: "Public Image Ltd. – Wir sind keine Rock 'n' Roll Band!", Sounds magazine, Germany, April 1980
  18. ^ Metal Box Stories from John Lydon's Public Image Limited, book by Phil Strongman, published by Helter Skelter, ISBN 978-1-900924-66-5
  19. ^ Reynolds, Simon: "Rip It Up and Start Again: Postpunk 1978–1984", page 216. Penguin Press, 2005.
  20. ^ Marcus, Greil (29 May 1980). "PiL box". Rolling Stone (318). Straight Arrow Publishers, Inc.: 53.
  21. ^ "PiL Chronology 1980". Fodderstompf. Retrieved 20 July 2011.
  22. ^ Kellman, Andy. "Second Edition – Public Image Ltd". AllMusic. Retrieved 9 September 2013.
  23. ^ Ward, Mark (8 December 2009). "Album Review: Public Image Ltd – Metal Box (Remastered)". Drowned in Sound. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  24. ^ Larkin, Colin (2007). The Encyclopedia of Popular Music (5th ed.). Omnibus Press. ISBN 0-857-12595-8.
  25. ^ Gilbert, Pat (November 2016). "The sound and the fury". Mojo (276): 100.
  26. ^ Cameron, Keith (7 September 1996). "Public Image Ltd – Metal Box". NME. Archived from the original on 15 October 2000. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  27. ^ Sheffield, Rob (15 November 2006). "Metal Box". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  28. ^ DeCurtis, Anthony; Henke, James; George-Warren, Holly, eds. (1992). The Rolling Stone Album Guide (3rd ed.). Random House. ISBN 0-679-73729-4.
  29. ^ Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig, eds. (1995). Spin Alternative Record Guide. New York City: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-67975574-8.
  30. ^ Spencer, Neil (8 February 2010). "PiL – Metal Box/Plastic Box". Uncut. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  31. ^ Christgau, Robert (28 April 1980). "Christgau's Consumer Guide". The Village Voice. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  32. ^ Kellman, Andy. "Allmusic review". Allmusic.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  33. ^ Ward, Mark (8 December 2009). "DrownedinSound Review". Drownedinsound.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  34. ^ "Rolling Stone 500 Best Albums Entry". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  35. ^ "Public Image Ltd., 'Second Edition' - 100 Best Albums of the Eighties". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  36. ^ "Pitchfork Feature: Top 100 Albums of the 1980s". Pitchfork.com. 20 November 2002. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  37. ^ 1001 albums you must hear before you die (2008 edition) Dimery, Robert page 442
  38. ^ "Original Release + Credits". Discogs.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  39. ^ "second edition tracklisting". Discogs.com. Retrieved 29 May 2013.
  40. ^ "Humphrey Blue Drums". Archived from the original on 30 April 2006. Retrieved 5 February 2007. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help) David Humphrey
  41. ^ a b c d Theofficialcharts.com website
  42. ^ Charts.org.nz website
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