Musqueam First Nation
Musqueam Indian Band
xʷməθkʷəy̓əm Musqueam | |
|---|---|
 Territory of the Musqueam Indian Band | |
| Country | Canada |
| Province | British Columbia |
| Government | |
| • Type | Band council |
| • Chief | Wayne Sparrow |
| • Councillors | List of Councillors |
| Area | |
| • Total | 1,448.88 km2 (559.42 sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC-8 (PST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC-7 (PDT) |
| Postal code span | V3H, V3J–N, V3V V4C, V4K, V4G V5- to V7- |
| Area code(s) | 604, 778 |
| Ethnic groups | Coast Salish |
| Languages | hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓, English |
| Website | www |
The Musqueam Indian Band (Halkomelem: xʷməθkʷəy̓əm IPA: [xʷməθkʷəjˀəm]) is a First Nations band government in the Canadian province of British Columbia and is the only First Nations band whose reserve community lies within the boundaries of the City of Vancouver.
Name
The name Musqueam relates to the grass [məθkʷəy̓] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) which grew in throughout the community of Musqueam. It was noted that in some periods the [məθkʷəy̓] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) grass flourished, and in some periods it could scarcely be found. It was also noted that in some periods the Musqueam people would flourish and in some periods the population would dwindle, perhaps by a plague or war. In this way the people became known as the [xʷməθkʷəy̓əm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) or Musqueam.[1]
History
The Musqueam are the oldest-known residents of Vancouver. The Great Marpole Midden[2] (also known as the Eburne Site, or Great Fraser Midden), is an ancient Musqueam village and burial site located in the Marpole neighbourhood of Vancouver, British Columbia. Also known as the Great Fraser Midden, a thousands-year old deposit of skeletal remains, artefacts, stone and wooden tools, artwork and shells.[1] The village itself was known as [c̓əsnaʔəm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help).[1] Formerly there was a second residential area near the current one, [maləy̓] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), known in English as Mahlie.[3]
Musqueam's ancestors, the Coast Salish, have lived in the Fraser River estuary for thousands of years. Their traditional territory encompasses the lands, lakes and streams defined and included by a line commencing at Harvey Creek in Howe Sound and proceeding eastward to the height of land and continuing on the height of land around the entire watershed draining into English Bay, Burrard Inlet and Indian Arm; south along the height of land between Coquitlam River and Brunette River to the Fraser River, across to the south or left bank of the Fraser River and proceeding downstream taking in the left bank of the main stream and the South Arm to the sea, including all those intervening lands, islands and waters back along the sea shore to Harvey Creek, and the sea, its reefs, flats, tidal lands and islands adjacent to the above described land and out to the centre of Georgia Strait.[citation needed]
The area of the Musqueam Reserve is the closest Hudson's Bay Company explorer Simon Fraser made it to the Strait of Georgia; he was driven back by hostile Musqueam who had had bad experiences with white men on ships just previously. Chief Whattlekainum of the Kwantlen warned Fraser of an impending attack, thereby saving his life.
Language
Their traditional language is [hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), the Downriver Dialect of the Salishan language Halkomelem, and they are closely related to neighbouring peoples of the lower Fraser River. The nearby Kwantlen and Katzie peoples just upriver share the same [Hun'qumi'num'] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) dialect, while the upriver Sto:lo people speak another dialect, [Halq’əméyləm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (known as the Upriver Dialect). The Cowichan, Chemainus, Snuneymuxw and neighbouring Coast Salish peoples of Vancouver Island and the parts of the Gulf Islands of the southern Gulf of Georgia speak another dialect, [Hul'qumi'num'] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) (usually spelled Hulquminum), often called the Straits dialect, or Island Halkomelem, but not to be confused with North Straits Salish, which is a group of related dialects to the south. Musqueam is currently the centre of [hən̓q̓əmin̓əm̓] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) revitalization.
The [xʷməθkʷəy̓əm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) Musqueam dialect, [hən̓q̓əmin̓əm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) is from the [Hul’q’umi’num’/Halq'eméyle/hən̓q̓əmin̓əm] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help) language family.[4]
Indian Reserves
Indian Reserves under the administration of the band are:[5]
- Musqueam Indian Reserve No. 2, at the mouth of the Fraser River to the north of Sea Island, 190.40 ha.[6]49°14′00″N 123°13′00″W / 49.23333°N 123.21667°W
- Musqueam Indian Reserve No. 4, to the east of Canoe Passage near Westham Island, 57.30 ha.[7]49°04′00″N 123°07′30″W / 49.06667°N 123.12500°W
- Sea Island Indian Reserve 3, on the northwest corner of Sea Island, 6.50 ha.[8]49°12′00″N 123°12′00″W / 49.20000°N 123.20000°W
The former Musqueam Indian Reserve No. 1, known in Hunquminum as [qiqéyt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), in Halqemeylem as [Qiqayt] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), and often anglicized historically as Kikait, is now named the New Westminster Indian Reserve and in recent times was allocated to the fledgling Qayqayt First Nation after many years of not being attached to any band.
Miscellaneous dates
- In 1952, Musqueam elected the youngest chief and council ever in Canada.
- Musqueam elected one of the first female chiefs and first female councillors in Canada
- Musqueam was one of the first to assume delegated authority of Sections 53/60 of the Indian Act to assume control over reserve lands.
- Musqueam was one of the first to assume membership authority in Section 10 of the Indian Act.
Notes
- ^ a b c Musqueam Indian Band 2011.
- ^ Parks Canada 2010.
- ^ Early Vancouver, Vol. 1, Maj. J. S. Mathews, Vancouver Archives
- ^ FPHLCC & 2011-2012.
- ^ Indian and Northern Affairs Canada - Reserves/Villages/Settlements detail
- ^ BCGNIS entry "Musqueam Indian Reserve 2"
- ^ BCGNIS entry "Musqueam Indian Reserve 4"
- ^ BCGNIS entry "Sea Island Indian Reserve 3
References
- "c̓əsnaʔəm", Musqueam: a living culture, Vancouver, BC: Musqueam Indian Band, 2011, retrieved 2 December 2013
- "Marpole Midden National Historic Site of Canada at Parks Canada". Parks Canada.
- "xʷməθkʷəy̓əm (Musqueam)", First Peoples Language Map, Aboriginal Languages Initiative (ALI), First Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council (FPHLCC), 2011–2012, retrieved 4 December 2013
- "Canada's Historic Places: Marpole Midden National Historic Site of Canada", Canadian Register, Parks Canada, 2010
- Roy, Susan (Winter 2006–2007). ""Who Were These Mysterious People?" -- ç¢sna:m, the Marpole Midden, and the Dispossession of Aboriginal Lands in British Columbia". BC Studies (152): 67–95.
- These Mysterious People Shaping History and Archaeology in a Northwest Coast Community, McGill/Queen's University Press, October 2010, p. 240, ISBN 9780773537217
Further reading
- Dunkley, Katharine. Indian Rights and Federal Responsibilities: Supreme Court Musqueam Decision. [Ottawa]: Library of Parliament, Research Branch, 1985.
- Guerin, Arnold, and J. V. Powell. Hunq̓umỉn̉um ̉= Musqueam Language. Book 1. [Vancouver, B.C.?]: Musqueam Band, 1975.
- Johnson, Elizabeth Lominska, and Kathryn N. Bernick. Hands of Our Ancestors: The Revival of Salish Weaving at Musqueam. [Vancouver?]: University of British Columbia, Museum of Anthropology, 1986. ISBN 0-88865-108-2
- Suttles, Wayne P. Musqueam Reference Grammar. First Nations languages. Vancouver: UBC Press, 2004. ISBN 0-7748-1002-5
- Weightman, Barbara Ann. The Musqueam Reserve: A Case Study of the Indian Social Milieu in an Urban Environment. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington, 1978.