Operation Desert Hawk

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Operation Desert Hawk
Part of Pre 1965 war conflicts
DateApril 1965
Location
Rann of Kutch, India
Result Ceasefire[1]
Belligerents
 India  Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
Gen. J. N. Chaudhuri Major general Tikka Khan[2]
Brigadier Iftikhar Khan Janjua[3]

Operation Desert Hawk was the codename of a military operation planned and executed by the Pakistan Army in the Rann of Kutch area, the disputed area which was under Indian control from the long-standing status quo.[4] The boundary of Rann of Kutch was one of the few un-demarcated boundaries pending since the 1947 partition of India.[5][6]

Background

The Rann of Kutch (alternately spelled as Kuchchh) is a large area of salt marshes that span the border between India and Pakistan. The area was originally part of the princely state of Kutch, which was acceded to India[6][7] in present-day Kutch region of Gujarat. Both countries maintained few armed police posts scattered along the border.

Objectives

Pakistan planned to achieve several things through this operation. First was to assess the response of the Indian government and military,[5] which was relatively unstable under the governance of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri after the death of India's first Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru in 1964 and the loss in the 1962 Sino-Indian war.[3] The second objective was to draw Indian armor southward to Kutch, away from the Punjab and Kashmir region.[5][4] One of the objectives was to test the United States' protest over the use of US-supplied military equipment against the India, which was a violation of Pakistan's commitment.[4][6] The Pakistan Army also got a rehearsal opportunity for the planned invasion of India later the same year.[5]

Operation

In January 1965, Pakistan claimed the area of Rann of Kutch on the basis of the Sindh province. Pakistan's paramilitary force Indus Rangers started activity and took control over the ruined fort of Kanjarkot located on the north-west fringe of the Rann,[3] Pakistani Indus Rangers started patrolling below the Indian claimed line by January 1965 and occupied an Indian police post near the Kanjarkot fort, which was in violation of the long-standing status quo.[4]

The region's terrain and communication network and logistics was favorable to Pakistan[5][8][6] with all the approaches to the Rann of Kutch from the Indian side being more difficult than from Pakistan. The Pakistani railway station situated at Badin was 26 miles north of the Indian claim line and Karachi was 113 miles east from the Badin, where the Pakistan Army's 8 Division was based. Pakistan was able to move the troops quickly and easily along the border line. The nearest Indian railway station at Bhuj was located 110 miles from the border and the nearest Indian Army formation, 31 Infantry Brigade situated at Ahmedabad, was 160 miles east of Bhuj railway station.[8]

In February 1965, bilateral talks for the negotiation failed.[9]

The Pakistan Army, equipped with US-made Patton tanks, struck the Indian forces on 9 April.[9][10] Pakistan launched a major offensive on the Sardar post comprising a brigade strength.[11][12]

On 24 April, Pakistan launched "Operation Desert Hawk" a decisive thrust towards the Indian posts in the area deploying an infantry division and two armored regiments equipped with Patton tanks and field guns. The Pakistan Army captured four more posts and claimed the whole Kanjarkot stretch. With poor logistics and inferior military hardware, India had no other option than to retreat after offering decent resistance.[6]

Aerial Engagements

On 14 April, PAF's C-in-C Air Marshal Asghar Khan telephoned his Indian counterpart, while both agreed to keep their airforces away from an aerial war, aerial supplies to frontline troops continued and PAF fighters kept performing Combat Air Patrols in Pakistani airspace near Kutch but aerial engagements barely took place.[13][14]

However, an F-104 flown by Flight Lt. Farooq Umer assisted the Army's 24th Cavalry, 15th Frontier Force and 15th Punjab regiments in capturing "Biar Bet" from Indian forces.[15][16][17]

On 17 April, a PAF F-104 intercepted an Indian Canberra PR.57 reconnaisance aircraft but was not given clearance to shoot it down.[18]

The Indian Dassault Ouragan which was forced to land after being intercepted by a PAF Starfighter.

On 24 June 1965, an IAF Dassault Ouragan fighter-bomber penetrated deep into Pakistani airspace, which resulted in PAF scrambling fighters from Mauripur Air Base to intercept the intruder. A Griffin F-104 managed to intercept the Indian aircraft and forced it to land at Jangshahi village near Badin. The pilot, Flight Lt. Rana Lal Chand Sikkawere, was captured along with his aircraft. While the pilot was later returned, his Dassault Ouragan was retained and ended up being put on display at a museum in Peshawer as a war trophy.[18][19]

Ceasefire

Both nations withdrew all troops from the disputed and held areas after the peace talks as of June 30 and a pre-conflict status as of January 1965 was established. The dispute later on went for Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal and was solved in 1968.[20] The British Prime Minister Harold Wilson proposed a ceasefire on 28 April. Both countries signed an agreement to settle the disputed border through international arbitration by the International Court of Justice on 30 June 1965.[21][6] The ceasefire became effective on 1 July 1965. India and Pakistan both agreed to demarcate the border by a three-member arbitration committee. The possibility of the armed conflict escalation was avoided by the active interventions of the British Prime Minister and the United Nations' Secretary-General.[22]

Aftermath

The Pakistan Army decision makers assessed the Indian Army's strength and capability based on the minor success in the Rann of Kutch area and headed towards their next planned execution of Operation Gibraltar in August 1965.[23]

Despite India's repeated protests against the use of US-made weaponry by Pakistan against India, the President of the United States Lyndon B. Johnson took no effective action against Pakistan.[6]

This attack exposed the inadequacy of the Indian State Armed Police to cope with armed aggression. So after the end of the 1965 war, the government of India formed the Border Security Force as a unified central agency with the specific mandate of guarding India's international boundaries. The Border Security Force came into formal existence on 1 December 1965.[24]

See also

References

  1. ^ Cardozo, I. (2021). 1971: Stories of Grit and Glory from the Indo-Pak War. Penguin Random House India Private Limited. p. 153. ISBN 978-93-5492-028-8. Retrieved 2022-08-20.
  2. ^ Sagar, Krishna Chandra (1997). The War of the Twins. Northern Book Centre. p. 57. ISBN 978-81-7211-082-6. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
  3. ^ a b c McGarr, Paul M., ed. (2013), "Triumph and tragedy:: the Rann of Kutch and the 1965 Indo-Pakistani War", The Cold War in South Asia: Britain, the United States and the Indian Subcontinent, 1945–1965, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 301–344, ISBN 978-1-107-00815-1, retrieved 2022-05-14
  4. ^ a b c d "Rann of Kutch". www.globalsecurity.org. Archived from the original on 2021-08-24. Retrieved 2022-05-14.
  5. ^ a b c d e Hiranandani, G. M. (2000). Transition to Triumph: History of the Indian Navy, 1965-1975. Lancer Publishers. p. 21. ISBN 978-1-897829-72-1.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Hiro, Dilip (24 February 2015). The Longest August: The Unflinching Rivalry Between India and Pakistan. Nation Books, Hiro. OPERATION DESERT HAWK: A DRY RUN. ISBN 9781568585031. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  7. ^ Brecher, Angus Professor Department of Political Science Michael; Brecher, Michael; Wilkenfeld, Jonathan (1997). A Study of Crisis. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-10806-0.
  8. ^ a b Bajwa, Farooq (2013-09-30). From Kutch to Tashkent: The Indo-Pakistan War of 1965. Hurst Publishers. pp. 65–96. ISBN 978-1-84904-230-7.
  9. ^ a b SCHOFIELD, JULIAN (2000). "Militarized Decision-Making for War in Pakistan: 1947-1971". Armed Forces & Society. 27 (1): 139–140. doi:10.1177/0095327X0002700108. ISSN 0095-327X. JSTOR 45346403. S2CID 144532810.
  10. ^ Chaudhuri, Rudra (2018-01-01). "Indian "Strategic Restraint" Revisited: The Case of the 1965 India-Pakistan War". India Review. 17 (1): 55–75. doi:10.1080/14736489.2018.1415277. ISSN 1473-6489. S2CID 159008785.
  11. ^ "THE WAR IN KUTCH: DEFENCE OF SARDAR POST | Salute". 2015-10-30. Archived from the original on 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
  12. ^ Colman, Jonathan (2009-09-01). "Britain and the Indo-Pakistani Conflict: The Rann of Kutch and Kashmir, 1965". The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History. 37 (3): 465–482. doi:10.1080/03086530903157664. ISSN 0308-6534. S2CID 159494083.
  13. ^ Farooq Naseem Bajwa (30 September 2013). "Fighting In Kutch". From Kutch To Tashkent. p. 76. ISBN 9781849042307.
  14. ^ Air Comodore Muhammad Ali (20 February 2021). "Fast & Furious: A Tale of Starfighter – Speedster of PAF". Second To None PAF.
  15. ^ Sentinels In The Sky (A Saga of PAF's Gallant Air Warriors) (PDF). Directorate of Media Affairs, Pakistan Air Force. pp. 395–396.
  16. ^ "Guides Paltan Celebrates Biar Bet Day". Hilal English. The Paltan was ordered to capture the disputed territory of Biar Bet, which is located 6 miles west of Serabet, in Indian Rann of Kutch. Enemy's 13 Commando Battalion 50 Para Brigade was defending the area. Two companies of 15 Punjab, a squadron of 24 Cavalry (FF) and an R&S Company of 15 Frontier Force Regiment were placed under the command of Guides Infantry for this operation.
  17. ^ "PAKISTANIS HOLD POST OF BIAR BET; Assert Indians Fled 'Island' in Rann of Cutch Wastes". The New York Times. 29 April 1965.
  18. ^ a b Tom Spencer (20 January 2022). "WHY INDIA FEARED PAKISTAN'S F-104 STARFIGHTERS". Key.Aero.
  19. ^ "Dassault Ouragan IC-698". Bharat Rakshak.
  20. ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20210824155244/https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/rann-of-kutch.htm
  21. ^ Dutt, Sagarika; Bansal, Alok (2013-06-17). South Asian Security: 21st Century Discourses. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-136-61767-6.
  22. ^ Pradhan, R. D. (2007). 1965 War, the Inside Story: Defence Minister Y.B. Chavan's Diary of India-Pakistan War. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN 978-81-269-0762-5.
  23. ^ Yamin, Tughral (2012). "An appreciation of the Pakistani military thought process". Strategic Studies. 32 (2/3): 123. ISSN 1029-0990. JSTOR 48529363.
  24. ^ Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. "Report 1965-66" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-05-15. Retrieved 2022-05-15.
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