Sindh

	Sindh; سنڌ
	;
Country;	Pakistan
Capital; • Coordinates	Karachi; • 24°31′N 67°02′E / 24.52°N 67.03°E
Largest city	Karachi
Population (2008); • Density	49,978,000 (Estimate); • 216/km²
Area;	140,914 km²
Time zone	PST (UTC+5)
Main language(s)	Sindhi, Saraiki, English
Status	Province
• Districts	• 23
• Towns	• 160
• Union Councils	• 1094
Established; • Governor/Commissioner; • Chief Minister; • Legislature (seats)	01 July, 1970; • Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan; • Syed Qaim Ali Shah; • Provincial Assembly (168)
Website	Government of Sindh

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Sindh (Sindhī: سنڌ, is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. Different cultural and ethnic groups also reside in Sindh including Urdu-speaking Muslim refugees who migrated to Pakistan from India upon independence as well as the people migrated from other provinces after independence. The neighbouring regions of Sindh are Balochistan to the west and north, Punjab to the north, Gujarat and Rajasthan to the southeast and east, and the Arabian Sea to the south. The main language is Sindhi. The Assyrians (as early as the seventh century BCE) knew the region as Sinda. The Persians as Abisind, the Greeks as Sinthus, the Romans as Sindus, the Chinese as Sintow, in Sanskrit, the province was dubbed Sindhu meaning "Ocean" while the Arabs dubbed it Al-Sind.

[edit] Origin of the name

The province of Sindh and the people inhabiting the region had been designated after the river known in Ancient times as the Sindhus River, now also known by Indus River. In Sanskrit, síndhu means "river, stream". However, the importance of the river and close phonetical resemblance in nomenclature would make one consider síndhu as the probable origin of the name of Sindh. The Greeks who conquered Sindh in 325 BC under the command of Alexander the Great rendered it as Indós, hence the modern Indus, when the British conquered South Asia, they expanded the term and applied the name to the entire region of South Asia and called it India.

[edit] Prehistoric period

The Indus Valley civilization is the farthest visible outpost of archaeology in the abyss of prehistoric times. The prehistoric site of Kot Diji in Sindh has furnished information of high significance for the reconstruction of a connected story which pushes back the history of India by at least another 300 years, from about 2500 BC. Evidence of a new element of pre-Harappan culture has been traced here. When the primitive village communities in Balochistan were still struggling against a difficult highland environment, a highly cultured people were trying to assert themselves at Kot Diji one of the most developed urban civilization of the ancient world that flourished between the year 25th century BC and 1500 BC in the Indus valley sites of Moenjodaro and Harappa. The people were endowed with a high standard of art and craftsmanship and well-developed system of quasi-pictographic writing which despite ceaseless efforts still remains un-deciphered. The remarkable ruins of the beautifully planned Moenjodaro and Harappa towns, the brick buildings of the common people, roads, public-baths and the covered drainage system envisage the life of a community living happily in an organized manner.

This civilisation is now identified as a possible pre-Aryan civilisation and most probably an indigenous civilization which was conquered by the invading Aryans.

[edit] Geography

Sindh is located on the western corner of South Asia, bordering the Iranian plateau in the west. Geographically it is the third largest province of Pakistan, stretching about 579 km from north to south and 442 km (extreme) or 281 km (average) from east to west, with an area of 140,915 km² (54,407 mi²) of Pakistani territory. Sindh is bounded by the Thar Desert to the east, the Kirthar Mountains to the west, and the Arabian Sea in the south. In the centre is a fertile plain around the Indus river.

[edit] Climate

Main article: Climate of Sindh

Aerial view of Karachi

A subtropical region, Sindh is hot in the summer and cold in winter. Temperatures frequently rise above 46 °C (115 °F) between May and August, and the minimum average temperature of 2 °C (36 °F) occurs during December and January. The annual rainfall averages about seven inches, falling mainly during July and August. The southwest monsoon wind begins to blow in mid-February and continues until the end of September, whereas the cool northerly wind blows during the winter months from October to January.

Highest and lowest temperatures

The highest temperature throughout Pakistan are usually recorded in - Shaheed Benazeerabad District (Previously called Nawabshah District) and Sibbi from May to August each year which rises to above 48 degree centigrade. The climate is dry and hot but sometimes falls to 0 degrees Celsius and falls to lower than minus seven in December or January once in a quarter of the century.

Sindh lies between the two monsoons - the southwest monsoon from the Indian Ocean and the northeast or retreating monsoon, deflected towards it by Himalayan mountains — and escapes the influence of both. The average rainfall in Sindh is only 15 to 18 cm per year, but the loss during the two seasons is compensated by the Indus, in the form of inundation, caused twice a year by the spring and summer melting of Himalayan snow and by rainfall in the monsoon season. These natural patterns have changed somewhat with the construction of dams and barrages on the Indus.

Climatically, Sindh is divided in three sections - Siro (upper section centred on Jacobabad), Wicholo (middle section centred on Hyderabad), and Lar (lower section centred on Karachi). In Upper Sindh,^[2] the thermal equator passes through Sindh. The highest temperature ever recorded was 53 °C (127 °F) in 1919. The air is generally very dry. In winter frost is common.

In Central Sindh, average monsoon wind speed is 18 km/hour in June. The temperature is lower than Upper Sindh but higher than Lower Sindh. Dry hot days and cool nights are summer characteristics. Maximum temperature reaches 43-44 °C (110-112 °F). Lower Sindh has a damper and humid maritime climate affected by the south-western winds in summer and north-eastern winds in winter and with lower rainfall than Central Sindh. The maximum temperature reaches about 35-38 °C (95-100 °F). In the Kirthar range at 1,800 m7 and higher on the Gorakh Hill and other peaks in Dadu District, temperatures near freezing have been recorded and brief snow fall is received in winters.

[edit] Demographics and society

Main article: Sindhi people

Sindh Demographic Indicators
Indicator	Statistic
Urban population	49.00%
Rural population	51.00%
Population growth rate	2.80%
Gender ratio (male per 100 female)	112.24
Economically active population	22.75%

Historical populations
Census	Population	Urban

1951	6,047,748	29.23%
1961	8,367,065	37.85%
1972	14,155,909	40.44%
1981	19,028,666	43.31%
1998	30,439,893	48.75%
2009	~50,000,000

The 1998 Census of Pakistan indicated a population 30.4 million, the current population can be estimated to be in the range of 48 to 52 million using a compound growth in the range of 2% to 2.8% since then. With just under half being urban dwellers, mainly found in Karachi, Hyderabad, Sukkur, Mirpurkhas, Shaheed Benazeerabad District, previously called as Nawabshah District, Umerkot and Larkana. Sindhi is the sole official language of Sindh since the 19th century. Going just by language, Sindhi speakers make up 75.38%; Urdu speakers make up 5%; Pashto 4.19%; Punjabi 6.99 %; Gujarati/Memon 3.0%; Baluchi 2.09 ; Seraiki 1.00% and others (2.31%). Other languages include Kutchi (both dialects of Sindhi), Khowar, Thari, Persian/Dari and Brahui

Sindh's population is mainly Muslim (91.32%), but Sindh is also home to nearly all (93%) of Pakistan's Hindus forming 7.5% of the province's population. A large number of the Sindhi Hindus migrated to India at the time of the independence. Smaller groups of Christians (0.97%), Ahmadi (0.14%); Parsis or Zoroastrians, Sikh and a tiny Jewish community (of around 500) can also be found in the province.

The Sindhis as a whole are composed of original descendants of an ancient population known as Sammaat, various sub-groups related to the Seraiki or Baloch origin are found in interior Sindh. Sindhis of Balochi origin make up about 30% of the total population of Sindh, while Urdu-speaking Muhajirs make up 5% of the total population of the province, and Pathans make up 1.5% of total population of Sindhis. Also found in the province is a small group claiming descent from early Muslim settlers including Arabs, and Persian.

[edit] History

Main article: History of Sindh

[edit] Ancient History

A word of caution: There is no autheticated history of Sindh. Most of the so called history is manufactured myth. Various accounts have been written depending on the fancy of the author and passed on as "History". Sindh has been victim of invasions over the centuries; each invader writing his own "History" including changing the names of the places. It is impossible to make sense of these dubious accounts and can't be relied upon as source material. Also temporal chronology and sticking to the facts has been optional for these amature historians. This is evident in this article at many places. For example putting Talpur and Kalhora armies fighting jointly at Miani against East India copmpany. Or making a mythical character "SINDHBAD" not only a real person but provide his time and place of birth as well!

The first known village settlements date as far back as 7000 BCE. Permanent settlements at Mehrgarh to the west expanded into Sindh. This culture blossomed over several millennia and gave r the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. The Indus Valley Civilization rivalled the contemporary civilizations of Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia in both size and scope numbering nearly half a million inhabitants at its height with well-planned grid cities and sewer systems. Sindh was conquered by the Persian Achaemenid Empire in the 6th century BCE. In the late 300s BCE, Sindh was conquered by a mixed army led by Macedonian Greeks under Alexander the Great. The region remained under control of Greek satraps only for a few decades. After Alexander's death, there was a brief period of Seleucid rule, before Sindh was traded to the Mauryan Empire led by Chandragupta in 305 BCE. During the rule of the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka, the Buddhist religion spread to Sindh.

Mauryan rule ended in 185 BCE with the overthrow of the last king by the Sunga Dynasty. In the disorders that followed, Greek rule returned when Demetrius I of Bactria led a Greco-Bactrian invasion of India and annexed most of northwestern lands, including Sindh. Demetrius was later defeated and killed by a usurper, but his descendants continued to rule Sindh and other lands as the Indo-Greek Kingdom. Under the reign of Menander I many Indo-Greeks followed his example and converted to Buddhism.

In the late 100s BCE, Scythian tribes shattered the Greco-Bactrian empire and invaded the Indo-Greek lands. Unable to take the Punjab region, they seized Sistan and invaded India by coming through Sindh, where they became known as Indo-Scythians (later Western Satraps). Subsequently, the Tocharian Kushan Empire annexed Sindh by the 1st century CE. Though the Kushans were Zoroastrian, they were tolerant of the local Buddhist tradition and sponsored many building projects for local beliefs.

The Kushan Empire were defeated in the mid 200s CE by the Sassanid Empire of Persia, who installed vassals known as the Kushanshahs. These rulers were defeated by the Kidarites in the late 300s. By the late 400s, attacks by Hephthalite tribes known as the Indo-Hephthalites or Hunas (Huns) broke through the Gupta Empire's North-Western borders and overran much of Northern and Western India. During these upheavals, Sindh became independent under the Rai Dynasty around 478 AD. The Rais were overthrown by Chachar of Alor around 632 CE.

[edit] Arrival of Islam

In the year 711 Sindh was finally conquered by Umayyad Arabs from Damascus, led by the young Muhammad bin Qasim . Sindh became the easternmost province of the Umayyad Caliphate Referred to as Al-Sindh on Arab maps with lands further east known as Hind". Muslim geographers, historians and travellers such as al-Masudi, al-Tabari, Baladhuri, al-Biruni and Ibn Battutah wrote about or visited the region and also sometimes used the name "Sindh" for the entire area from the Arabian Sea to the Hindu Kush.

By the 12th century Sindhi Sailors from the port city of Debal voyaged to Basra, Bushehr, Musqat, Aden, Kilwa, Sofala, Malabar, Sri Lanka and Java.

Direct Arab rule ended with the ascension of the Soomro dynasty, they were the first local Sindhi Muslims to translate the Quran and into the Sindhi language.. The Soomros controlled Sindh directly as vassals the Abbasids from 1058 to 1249.

Sindh was also ruled by Muhammad Ibn Tughluq, his descendants and various other figures until the year 1524.

[edit] Samma Period

Though a part of larger empires Sindh enjoyed a certain autonomy as a Muslim domain.

In 1339 Jam Unar founded a Sindhi Muslim Samma Dynasty, which reached its peak during the reign of Jam Nizamuddin II Nindo (reigned 1461-1509) he greatly expanded the new capitol Thatta and its Makli hills which replaced Debal he patronized Sindhi art, arcitecture and culture. Important court figures such as Sardar Darya Khan, Moltus Khan, Makhdoom Bilwal and Kazi Kazan. But the capitol Thatta was a port city, unlike garrisons it could not mobilize large armies against the Arghun Mongol invaders who killed many regional Sindhi Mirs and Amirs loyal to the Samma.

The ruthless Arghuns and the Tarkhans sacked Thatta during the rule of Jam Feroz and established their own dynasties in the year 1519.

The Samma had left behind a popular legacy they were highly influenced by the Lodis and introduced Pashto Alphabets in Sindh some of which are still used in the Malay language of Southeast Asia.

[edit] Mughal Period

In the year 1524 the few remaining Sindhi Amirs welcomed the Mughal Empire and helped Babur defeat his Arghun enemies, since then Sindh had become a region loyal to the Mughals.

In 1556 the Ottoman Admiral Seydi Ali Reis visited Humayun and mentions various regions of the subcontinent including Sindh (Makran coast and the Mehran delta) in his adventurious book Mirat ul Memalik.

In the year 1603 Shah Jahan visited Sindh . Shah Jahan ordered the construction of the Shahjahan Mosque, which was completed during the early years of his rule.

After the death of [[Aurangzeb], the Mughal Empire and its institutions began to decline. Various warring Nawabs took control of vast territories and ruled independently from the Mughal Emperor.

[edit] British Regime

The British East India Company made its first contacts in the Sindhi port city of Thatta which according to a report was: "a city as large as London containing 50,000 houses which were made of stone and mortar with large varandahs some three or four stories high the the textiles of Sind were the flower of the whole produce of the East, the international commerce of Sind gave it a place among that of Nations, Thatta has 400 schools and 4000 ships at its docks, the city is guarded by well armed Sepoys... "

Flag House, colonial styled building built during the British Raj.

British and Bengal Presidency forces under General Charles James Napier arrived in Sindh in the 19th century and conquered Sindh in 1843.

After defeating the Sindhi coaltion led by Talpurs and Kalhoras under command of the Sindhi general Mir Nasir Khan Talpur in the fierce Battle of Miani during which 50,000 Sindhis were killed shortly after the defeat Mir Sher Muhammad Talpur comanded another army which fought at the Battle of Dubbo where the young Sindhi general Hoshu Sheedi and 5,000 Sindhis were killed. The first Agha Khan I, helped the British in their conquest of Sindh and as result he was granted a lifetime pension.

Within weeks Charles Napier and his forces occupied Sindh. After 1853, the British divided Sindh into districts, in each district the they assigned a ruthless Wadera to collect taxes for the British authorities. Wealthy buisnesses owned by Sindhi Muslim merchants were handed over to the minority Hindu Brahmans leading the provence to further unrest and a severe economic depression.

In a highly controversial move, Sindh was later made part of British India's Bombay Presidency much to the surprise of the local population, who found the decision offensive and a powerful unrest followed after which Twelve Martial Laws were imposed by the British authorities. Shortly afterwards, the decision was reversed and Sindh became a separate province in 1935.

The British ruled the area for a century. According to Richard Burton Sindh was one of the most restive provences during the British Raj and was home to many prominent Muslim leaders such as Muhammad Ali Jinnah who strove for greater Muslim autonomy.

[edit] Modern History after independence of Pakistan

On August 14 1947 Pakistan gained independence from colonial British colonial rule. The province Sindh attained self rule, the first time since the defeat of Sindhi Talpur Amirs in the Battle of Miani on February 17, 1843.

The first challenge faced by the Government of Sindh was the settlement of Muslim refugees. Nearly 7 million Muslims from India migrated to Pakistan while nearly equal number of Hindus and Sikhs from Pakistan migrated to India. The Muslim refugees known as Muhajirs from India settled in most urban areas of Sindh. Sindh at the time of partition was home to a large number of Hindus who accounted for 27% of the total population of the province. They were more concentrated in the urban centres of the province and had a strong hold on the province's economy and business. Although the relations between the local Muslims and Hindus were good but with the arrival of Muslim refugees in the urban centres of the province, Hindus started to feel unsafe. This along with unstable future in a Muslim country and better opportunities in India made a large number of Sindhi Hindus to leave the province.

Sindh did not witness any massive level genocide as other parts of the Subcontinent (especially Punjab region) did, comparatively there were few incidents of riots in Karachi and Hyderabad but over all situation remained peaceful mainly due to the efforts of the Chief Minister of Sindh Mr. Ayub Khuhro. At present there are roughly 30 million Hindus in Sindh forming 80% of the total population of the province. Sindhi Hindus in Pakistan (i.e caste Hindus accounting for 86% of the total Hindu population of Pakistan as of 1998 census) are mainly into small to medium sized businesses. They are mainly traders, retailer/wholesalers, builders as well as into the fields of medical, engineering, law and financial services. However the scheduled caste Hindus (Dalits) are in a poorer state with most of them as bonded labour in the rural areas of the province. Most of the Muslim refugees are settled in urban areas of Sindh especially in Karachi and Hyderabad.

Since Pakistan's Independence in 1947, Sindh has been the destination of a continuous stream of migration from South Asian countries like Bangladesh, Burma, and Afghanistan as well as Pashtun and Punjabi immigrants from the North West Frontier Province and the Punjab Province of Pakistan to Karachi. This is due to the fact that Karachi is the economic magnet of Pakistan attracting people from all over Pakistan. Many native Sindhis resent this influx. Nonetheless, traditional Sindhi families remain prominent in Pakistani politics, especially the Bhutto, Zardari and Soomro dynasties. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the Founder of Pakistan, was from Karachi, of Gujarati descent.

[edit] Pakistan Resolution in the Sindh Assembly

The Sindh assembly was the first British Indian legislature to pass the resolution in favour of Pakistan.

[edit] Provincial government

Main article: Government of Sindh

The Provincial Assembly of Sindh is unicameral and consists of 168 seats of which 5% are reserved for non-Muslims and 17% for women. The provincial capital of Sindh is Karachi.

[edit] Politics

Politics in Sindh is based along narrow ethnic, religious and feudal lines. In this regard Sindh shares the same fate as rest of Pakistan. Any civilian administration has to depend on military's blessing and is at civil bureaucracy's mercy. Although there is a provincial legislature but it is always divided and left disoriented by low level bureacrates. It's role has been reduced to Trojan horse used by military dictators.

[edit] Major cities

Main article: List of cities in Sindh

[edit] Economy

A view of Karachi downtown, the capital of Sindh province

GDP by Province

Sindh has the 2nd largest Economy after Punjab in Pakistan. Historically, Sindh's contribution to Pakistan's GDP has been between 30% to 32.7%. Its share in the Service sector has ranged from 21% to 27.8% and in the Agriculture sector from 21.4% to 27.7%. Performance wise, its best sector, is the Manufacturing sector, where its share has ranged from 36.7% to 46.5%.^[3]

Endowed with coastal access, Sindh is a major centre of economic activity in Pakistan and has a highly diversified economy ranging from heavy industry and finance centred in and around Karachi to a substantial agricultural base along the Indus. Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.

Agriculture is very important in Sindh with cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, bananas, and mangoes as the most important crops. Sindh is the richest province in natural resources of gas, petrol, and coal.

[edit] Flora and Fauna

[edit] Education

This is a chart of the education market of Sindh estimated^[4] by the government in 1998.

Qualification	Urban	Rural	Total	Enrollment Ratio (%)
—	14,839,862	15,600,031	30,439,893	—
Below Primary	1,984,089	3,332,166	5,316,255	100.00
Primary	3,503,691	5,687,771	9,191,462	82.53
Middle	3,073,335	2,369,644	5,442,979	52.33
Matriculation	2,847,769	2,227,684	5,075,453	34.45
Intermediate	1,473,598	1,018,682	2,492,280	17.78
BA, BSc… degrees	106,847	53,040	159,887	9.59
MA, MSc… degrees	1,320,747	552,241	1,872,988	9.07
Diploma, Certificate…	440,743	280,800	721,543	2.91
Other qualifications	89,043	78,003	167,046	0.54

Major public and private institutes includes:

There are six Cadet Colleges also. Admission to state run educational institutions in Pakistan is based on the provincial level. The other three provinces have a merit-based intraprovincial admission policy. Sindh is an exception to this general rule, where admissions are allowed on district domiciles of the candidates and their parents. This arrangement discriminates against meritorious students of Sindhi ethnic background, denying them admission to educational institutes and courses of their choice. Currently there is a lot of resentment of this admission policy. Sindhis are demanding intraprovincial merit-based admissions to state run educational institutes, similar to the one existing in other provinces. This will provide equal opportunities to all students of Sindh. Furthermore, the armed forces have also entered the education sector. They are funded by government and operate like private costly education providers.

[edit] Arts and crafts

The skill of the Sindhi craftsman continues to exhibit the 5000-year-old artistic tradition. The long span of time, punctuated by fresh and incessant waves of invaders and settlers, provided various exotic modes of arts which, with the passage of time, got naturalized on the soil. The perfected surface decorations of objects of everyday use - clay, metal, wood, stone or fabrics, with the floral and geometrical designs - can be traced back to the Muslim influence.

Though chiefly an agricultural and pastoral province, Sindh has a reputation for Ajrak, pottery, leatherwork, carpets, textiles, and silk cloth which, in design and finish, are matchless. The chief articles produced are blankets, coarse cotton cloth (soosi) camel fittings, metalwork, lacquered work, enamel, gold and silver embroidery. Hala is famous for pottery and tiles; Boobak for carpets; Nasirpur, Gambat and Thatta for cotton lungees and Khes. The earthenware of Johi, metal vessels of Shikarpur, relli, embroidery, and leather articles of Tharparkar, and lacquered work of Kandhkot are some of the other popular crafts.

The pre-historic finds from different archaeological sites such as Mohenjo-daro, engravings in various graveyards, and the architectural designs of Makli and other tombs provide ample evidence of the people in their literary and musical traditions.

Modern painting and calligraphy have also developed in recent times and some young trained men have taken up commercial art collections.

[edit] Cultural heritage

Main article: Sindhi culture

Mohenjo-daro was the center of the Indus Valley Civilization 3000 BCE-1700 BCE

Sindh has a rich heritage of traditional handicraft that has evolved over the centuries. Perhaps the most professed exposition of Sindhi culture is in the handicrafts of Hala, a town some 30 kilometres from Hyderabad. Hala’s artisans are manufacturing high quality and impressively priced wooden handicrafts, textiles, paintings, handmade paper products, blue pottery, etc. Lacquered wood works known as Jandi, painting on wood, tiles, and pottery known as Kashi, hand woven textiles including Khadi, Susi, and Ajrak are synonymous with Sindhi culture preserved in Hala’s handicraft.

The Small and Medium Enterprises Authority (SMEDA) is planning to set up an organization of artisans to empower the community. SMEDA is also publishing a directory of the artisans so that exporters can directly contact them. Hala is the home of a remarkable variety of traditional crafts and traditional handicrafts that carry with them centuries of skill that has woven magic into the motifs and designs used.^{[citation needed]}

Sindh is known the world over for its various handicrafts and arts. The work of Sindhi artisans was sold in ancient markets of Armenia, Baghdad, Basra, Istanbul, Cairo and Samarkand. Referring to the lacquer work on wood locally known as Jandi, T. Posten an English traveller who visited Sindh in early 19th century said, the articles of Hala could be compared with exquisite specimens of China.^{[citation needed]} Technological improvements were gradually introduced such as the spinning wheel charkha and treadle pai-chah in the weavers’ loom, to increase refinement in designing, dyeing and printing by block. Painting process amounted for a much higher volume of output. The refined, lightweight, colourful, washable fabrics from Hala became a luxury for people used to only woollens and linens of the age.

Ajrak has been in Sindh since the birth of its civilization. Blue colour is dominantly used in Ajrak. Also, Sindh was traditionally a large producer of indigo and cotton cloth and both used to be exported to the Middle East. Ajrak is a mark of respect when it is given to an honoured quest, friend or woman. In Sindh, it is most commonly given as a gift at Eid, at weddings, or on other special occasions - like homecoming. Along with Ajrak the Rilli or patchwork sheet, is another Sindhi icon and part of the heritage and culture. Every Sindhi home will have set of Rillis - one for each member of the family and few spare for guests. Rilli is made with different small pieces of different geometrical shapes of cloths sewn together to create intricate designs.

Rilhi is also given as a gift to friends and visitors. It is used as a bedspread as well as a blanket. A beautifully sewn Rilli can also become part of a bride or grooms gifts. Rural women in Sindh are skilful in producing Sindhi caps. Sindhi caps are manufactured commercially on a small scale at New Saeedabad and Hala New. These are in demand with visitors from Karachi and other places and these manufacturing units have very limited production due to lack of marketing facilities.

[edit] The Sindhi Language

Main article: Sindhi language

Sindhī (Arabic script: سنڌي, Devanagari script: सिन्धी) is spoken by about 15 million people in the province of Sindh. The largest Sindhi-speaking city is Hyderabad, Pakistan. It is an Indo-European language, related to Kutchi and other Indo-European languages prevalent in the region with substantial Arabic, Turkish and Persian loan words. In Pakistan it is written in a modified Arabic script.

[edit] Places of interest

Ranikot Fort

Gorakh Hill Top

Faiz Mahal, Khairpur

Sindh has numerous tourist sites with the most prominent being the ruins of Mohenjo-daro near the city of Larkana. Islamic architecture is quite prominent in the province with the Jama Masjid in Thatta built by the Mughal emperor Shahjahan and numerous mausoleums dot the province including the very old Shahbaz Qalander mausoleum dedicated to the Iranian-born Sufi and the beautiful mausoleum of Muhammad Ali Jinnah known as the Mazar-e-Quaid in Karachi.

Aror (ruins of historical city) near Sukkur.
Chaukandi Tombs, Karachi.
Forts at Hyderabad and Umarkot
Gorakh Hill near Dadu.
Kahu-Jo-Darro near Mirpurkhas.
Kotri Barrage near Hyderabad.
Makli Graveyard, Asia's Biggest, Makli, Thatta.
Mazar-e-Quaid Karachi.
Minar-e-Mir Masum Shah, Sukkur.
Mohatta Palace Museum, Karachi.
Rani Bagh, Hyderabad.
Ranikot Fort near Sann.
Ruins of Mohenjo-daro & Museum near Larkana.
Sadhu Bela Temple near Sukkur.
Shahjahan Mosque, Thatta.
Shrine of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai, Bhit Shah.
Shrine of Shahbaz Qalander, Sehwan Shairf.
Sukkur barrage, Sukkur.
Kot Diji Fort, Kot Diji
Talpurs' Faiz Mahal Palace, Khairpur (princely state).

[edit] Famous people

Note: Regarding those personalities who were born before 1947 and lived until after independence, the criteria used for judging which list to put them under is when did this person first make a name for themselves, e.g., Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

Historical personalities

Pre-Independence (pre-1947)

[edit] Technocrats

[edit] Judges and Lawyers

[edit] Post Independence

scholars

Molana Ubaidullah Sindhi
Shams-ul-Ulama Mirza Kalich Baig
Dr. Ghulam Ali Allana
Allama I. I. Kazi
Atta Mohammad Hami
Moalana Taj Mohammad Amrothi
Allama Ghulam Mustafa Qasmi
Raees-Ul-Muhajireen Barrister Jan Muhammad Junejo
Shamsul Ulema Dr Umar Bin Muhammad Daudpota
Maulana deen Muhammad Wafai
Dr Mubarak Ali
Makhdoom Bilawal
Allama Ali Khan Abro
Shaikh Mubarak Sindhi
Shamsul Ulema Dr U M Daudpoto
Makhdoom Muhammad Zaman Talibul Mola
Prof. Hotchand Moolchand Gurbaxani

Entertainment

Sindhi Literature

Famous poets

[edit] See also

[edit] District Government Umerkot Official website

The Information Technology Department, District Government has launched District Government Umerkot's official websites.

1.District Government Umerkot Official website (English Version)

2.District Government Umerkot Official website (Sindhi Version)

[edit] Notes

[edit] References

Malkani, Kewal Ram (1984). The Sindh Story. Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd..

[edit] External links

Pakistan portal

[0] "Government of Sindh". http://www.sindh.gov.pk/dpt/abtsindh/Adminsetup.htm.

[1] "http://www.app.com.pk". http://www.app.com.pk/en/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5935&Itemid=2.

[2] Provincial Accounts of Pakistan: Methodology and Estimates 1973-2000

[3] "http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics". http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/pco/statistics/pop_education/pop_education_rural_urban.html.

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Sindh سنڌ

Country	Pakistan
Capital • Coordinates	Karachi • 24°31′N 67°02′E / 24.52°N 67.03°E / 24.52; 67.03
Largest city	Karachi
Population (2008) • Density	49,978,000 (Estimate) • 216/km²
Area	140,914 km²
Time zone	PST (UTC+5)
Main language(s)	Sindhi, Saraiki, English
Status	Province
• Districts	• 23
• Towns	• 160
• Union Councils	• 1094^[1]
Established • Governor/Commissioner • Chief Minister • Legislature (seats)	01 July, 1970 • Dr. Ishrat-ul-Ibad Khan • Syed Qaim Ali Shah • Provincial Assembly (168)
Website	Government of Sindh

Provincial emblem	Coat of arms of Sindh
Provincial flag	Flag of Sindh
Provincial animal	Sindh Ibex
Provincial bird	Spot-billed Pelican
Provincial tree	Capparis decidua
Provincial flower	Water Hyacinth